UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Fundamentals of Mathematics for

Engineers
Math 101E
 Analytic Geometry I: Lines
and Graphs
Topic Outline:
• Cartesian Plane
• Distance and Midpoint Formula
• Polar Coordinates

Analytic Geometry I: Lines and Graphs 2

 Cartesian Plane
The Cartesian plane is named in honor of the French mathematician
René Descartes (1596–1650)

Cartesian Plane is representation of the

(−, +) (+, +)
following:
(Ordered pair)
• The x-axis – the line is horizontal with
positive direction to the right an
• The y-axis – the line is vertical with
positive direction upward
• The origin O – the point of intersection
of the x-axis and the y-axis, and
(−, −) (+, −) • The four quadrants – division of plane
into labeled I, II, III, and IV

Cartesian and Polar Coordinate Plane 3

Distance Formulas

Distance Formula 4
 Distance Formulas
• Example: Which of the points 𝑃 1, −2 or Q 8,9
is closer to the point A 5,3 ?

Distance Formula 5
 Distance Formulas
• Solution:

Test Yourself: Find the distance between the pair of

points.
a. −2,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3, −6) Answer: 9.4
b. −1, −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−1,2) Answer: 7

Distance Formula 6
 Midpoint Formulas
• The midpoint of the line segment 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑡𝑜 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2

𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐
• 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = ,
𝟐 𝟐

Distance Formula 7
 Midpoint Formulas
• Example: Show that the quadrilateral with
vertices 𝑃 1,2 , 𝑄 4,4 , 𝑅 5,9 and S(2,7) is a
parallelogram by proving that its two diagonals
bisect each other.
Solution:.

Midpoint Formula 8
 Polar Coordinates
• Polar Coordinate System uses distances and
directions to specify the location of a point in the
plane.

Pole or Origin

Polar Coordinates 9
 Polar Coordinates
Examples: Plot the points whose polar coordinates
𝜋 7𝜋
are given by: 2, 4 3, 4

Polar Coordinates 10
 Polar Coordinates
Examples: Plot the points whose polar coordinates
are given by:
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a. 1, 4 𝑏. 3, − 6 𝑐. 3,3𝜋 𝑑. −4, 4

Polar Coordinates 11
 Polar to Cartesian Coordinate
• To convert from Polar to Cartesian coordinates,
we use the identities:
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 y = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

• To convert from rectangular to polar coordinates

2 2 2 𝑦
𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and tan 𝜃 = (𝑥 ≠ 0)
𝑥

Polar to Cartessian 12
 Polar to Cartesian Coordinate
Example: Find the rectangular coordinate for the
2𝜋
point that has a polar coordinate 4, 3
Solution:
2𝜋
Since 𝑟 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒:
3
2𝜋 1
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 4 cos 3 = 4 ∙ − 2 = −2
2𝜋 3
y = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 4 sin 3 = 4 ∙ 2 = 2 3
Thus, the point has rectangular coordinates (−2, 2 3)

Polar to Cartesian 13
 Cartesian Coordinate to Polar
Example: Find polar coordinates for the point that
has rectangular coordinates 2, −2
Solution:
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −2, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡:
𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 22 + (−2)2 = 8
𝑠𝑜: 𝑟 = 2 2

−2
and tan 𝜃 = 2
= −1
𝜋
Hence, P (2 2,− 4 )

Polar to Cartesian 14
 Polar to Cartesian Coordinate
Test yourself:
Convert to polar coordinates:
1. 3,3
2. (2 3, −2)
Convert to rectangular coordinates:
𝜋
1. 10, 3
2. (−5, 135°)

Polar to Cartesian 15
 Analytic Geometry II: Lines
and Graphs
Topic Outline:
• Circle
• Ellipse
• Parabola
• Hyperbola

Analytic Geometry II: Lines and Graphs 16

 Circle
• A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are
at a fixed distance from a fixed point (the center)
in the plane
• Standard equation:

Circle 17
 Circle
• General Equation of second degree:
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
If A = C and B = 0, then equation becomes:
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 divide by A
𝐷 𝐸 𝐹
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝐴
𝑥 + 𝐴
𝑦 + =0
𝐴
Reduces to:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑓 = 0

Circle 18
 Examples:
1. Find the center and the radius of

Solution:
• Complete the square twice:
• 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16x + 14y + 32 = 0
• 𝑥 2 − 16x ______ + 𝑦 2 + 14y______ = −32
• 𝑥 2 − 16x + 64 + 𝑦 2 + 14y + 49 = −32 + 64 + 49
• (𝑥 − 8)2 +(𝑥 + 7)2 = 81
Writing in standard form:
• (𝑥 − 8)2 +[𝑦 − 7 ]2 = 92
• Hence, the center is 8, −7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑠 9

Circle 19
 Examples:
2. Find the center and the radius of 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 20x + 4y − 55 = 0
Solution:
• Divide through by 4 :
55
• 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5x + y − =0
4
Complete the square twice
25 1 55 1 25
• 𝑥 2 − 5x + + 𝑦2 + y + = + +
4 4 4 4 4
5 1 81 9
• (𝑥 − 2)2 +(𝑥 + 2)2 = = (2)2
4
Writing in standard form:
5 1 9
• (𝑥 − 2)2 +[𝑦 − − 2 ]2 = (2)2
5 5 9
Hence, Center is (2 , − 2) and radius is 2

Circle 20
 Examples:
3. Find the center and the radius of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8y −
9=0
Solution:
• Complete the square twice
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8y + 16 = 9 + 16
(𝑥)2 +(𝑦 + 4)2 = 25
• Writing in standard form:
(𝑥 − 0)2 +[𝑦 − −4 ]2 = (5)2
Hence, Center is (0, −4) and radius is 5

Circle 21
 Examples:
3. Find the equation of the circle passing through
𝑃1(2,3), 𝑃2 (6,1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃3(4, −3)
Solution:
• Substitute the coordinates using
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑓 = 0

−2𝑑 + 3𝑒 + 𝑓 = −13
6𝑑 + 𝑒 + 𝑓 = −37
4𝑑 − 3𝑒 + 𝑓 = −25
• Solving the three equations simultaneously:
𝑑 = −6; 𝑒 = 0; 𝑓 = −1

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6x − 1 = 0

Circle 22
 Examples:
4. Write the equation of the line that is tangent to the circle
(𝑥 − 3)2 +(𝑦 + 2)2 = 61 at the point (−2, −8)

Solution:
• A line tangent to a circle means that it touches the circle
at one point on the outside of the circle, at a radius that is
perpendicular to that line.
• For this problem, since we only have one point on the
tangent line (−2, −8), we’ll have to get the slope of the line
to get its equation. Remember that perpendicular lines
have slopes that are opposite reciprocals of each other.

Circle 23
 Examples:
• We can get the slope of the line that connects the
center of the circle (3,-2) and the point on the tangent
line (-2,-8)and then take the negative or opposite
reciprocal to get the slope of the tangent line.
The slope of the line:
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −8 − (−2) −6 6
𝑀= = = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2−3 −5 5

* Since the tangent line is perpendicular to this

𝟓
line, its slope is
𝟔
*Using the slope-intercept:
5 5 29
𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 𝑏; −8 = − −2 + 𝑏; 𝑏 = −
6 6 3
Hence:
𝟓 𝟐𝟗
𝒚 = −𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑 Circle 24
 Test yourself:
1. Find the center and the radius of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 55 = 0
Answer: Center is 3,6 and radius i𝑠 10
2. Find the equation of the circle with center (1,4) and the radius is 5
Answer: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 8 = 0
3. Find the equation of a circle passing through
𝑃1(2,1), 𝑃2(0,5), 𝑃3(−1,2)
Answer: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0
4. Find the equation of the circle with center (2, −5) passing through
(3,4).
Answer: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 53 = 0

Circle 25
 Ellipse
• An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the
sum of whose distances from two fixed points
(the foci) is constant. The center of an ellipse is
the midpoint of the segment between the foci.

Ellipse 26
Ellipse

Ellipse 27
 Ellipse
• Examples:
1. Find the standard equation of the ellipse with
vertices −5,0 and 5,0 and foci −3,0 and
3,0 . Then graph the ellipse.
Solution:
Since the foci is are on the x-axis and the origin is
the midpoint of the segment between them, the
major axis is horizontal and 0,0 is the center of
the ellipse.

Ellipse 28
 Ellipse
𝑥2 𝑦2
Thus, the equation is the form of: + 𝑏2 =1
𝑎2
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
32 = 52 − 𝑏 2
𝑏 = 25 − 9
𝑏=4
Thus, the equation is :
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
2
+ 2 = 1 𝑜𝑟 + =1
5 4 25 16

Ellipse 29
 Ellipse
2. For the ellipse 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 36, find the vertices and
the foci. Then draw the graph

Solution:
9𝑥 2 4𝑦 2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1; + 9= 1; 22+ =1
36 36 4 32
Thus, 𝑎 = 3 & 𝑏 = 2, the major axis is vertical, so the
• vertices are (0, −3) and (0,3)
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑐 2 = 32 − 22 ; 𝑐 = 5
• foci are (0, 5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑(0, − 5)
• X-intercepts are: −2,0 and0, (2,0)

Ellipse 30
Ellipse

Ellipse 31
 Ellipse
Example: For the ellipse 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 24𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 21 = 0, find the vertices and the foci. Then
draw the graph
Solution:
• Complete the square to get the standard form
4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 24𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 21 = 0 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ:
4(𝑥 2 +6𝑥 + 9) + 𝑦 2 −2𝑦 + 1 = −21 + 36 + 1
1
4(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 16 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦
16
Standard form:
𝑥+3 2 𝑦−1 2 ([𝑥− −3 ]2 𝑦−1 2
+ = 1; + =1
4 16 22 42
Hence: Center (−3, 1), 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 12 ; b = 2 3
Major Axis: Vertical
Vertices: −3, 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −3, −3
Foci: −3, 1 + 2 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−3, 1 − 2 3)
End point of Minor Axis: (−1,1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (5,1)
Ellipse 32
 Ellipse
• Test Yourself:
I. Find the equation of the ellipse satisfying the given
equation.
1. Foci: (−2,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2,0), length of major axis: 6
2. Vertices:
0, −8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0,8 , 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠: 10
II. Find the center, vertices and foci of the ellipse.
Then sketch the graph
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦−2)2
1. 9
+
4
=1
2. 3(𝑥 + 2) +4(𝑦 − 1)2
2

Ellipse 33
 Parabola
• A parabola is the set of all points in a plane
equidistant from a fixed line (the directrix) and a
fixed point not on the line (the focus).
1. The standard equation with vertex (0,0) and
directrix 𝑦 = −𝑝 is 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒚
- The focus is (0, 𝑝) and the y-axis is the axis of
symmetry.
2. The standard equation with vertex (0,0) and
directrix x = −𝑝 is 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑x
- The focus is (𝑝, 0) and the x-axis is the axis of
symmetry.

Parabola 34
 Parabola
Example: Find the focus and 1 the
directrix of the parabola 𝑦 = − 𝑥 2.
12
Then graph the parabola. Sketch the graph:

Solution:
• Rewrite
2
in the standard form of
𝑥 = 4𝑝𝑦
1 2
• 𝑦=− 𝑥 ; 𝑥 2 = −12y ;
12
𝑥 2 = 4 −3 𝑦
• Thus, 𝑝 = −3, 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑠 0, −3
• Directrix is 𝑦 = −𝑝 = −(−3) = 3

Parabola 35
 Parabola
Example 2: Find an equation of the
parabola with vertex (0,0) and focus
(5,0) . Then graph the parabola.
Sketch the graph:

Solution: The focus is on the x-axis

so the line of symmetry is the x-axis.

• Thus, the equation is of the type

𝑦 2 = 4𝑝x
• Since the focus (5,0) is 5 units to
the right of the vertex, and the
equation is
• 𝑦 2 = 4 5 x or 𝑦 2 = 20𝑥
Parabola 36
Parabola

Parabola 37
Parabola

Parabola 38
 Parabola
Example 1. Find the vertex, the focus,
2
and the
directrix. Then draw the graph of 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 +
5=0

Solution: Sketch the graph:

• Complete the square and find the standard
form (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘)
• 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 = −4𝑦 − 5 + 9
• (𝑥 + 3)2 = −4𝑦 + 4 ; (𝑥 + 3)2 = −4(𝑦 − 1)
• [𝑥 − (−3)2 = 4(−1)(𝑦 − 1)
We see that:
ℎ = −3, 𝑘 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 = −1, 𝑠𝑜 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑓:
Vertex ℎ, 𝑘 : −3,1
Focus: ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑝 : −3,1 + −1 𝑜𝑟 −3,0
Directrix: 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑝: 𝑦 = 1 − −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 2

Parabola 39
 Parabola
Example 1. Find the vertex, the focus, and the
directrix. Then draw the graph of
𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 8𝑥 − 31 = 0

Solution:
Sketch the graph:
• Complete the square and find the standard
form (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ)
• 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 8𝑥 + 31 + 1
• (𝑦 − 1)2 = 8𝑥 + 32 ;
(𝑦 − 1)2 = 4 2 [𝑥 − (−4)
We see that:
ℎ = −4, 𝑘 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 = 2, 𝑠𝑜 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑓:
Vertex ℎ, 𝑘 : −4,1
Focus: ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑝 : −4 + 2,1 𝑜𝑟 −2,1
Directrix: 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑝: 𝑥 = −4 − 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −6

Parabola 40
 Parabola
• Test Yourself:
1. Find the equation of a parabola if focus is − 2, 0 ,
𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = 2
2. Find the equation of a parabola if focus is 3,2 , 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 =
−4
Find the vertex, the focus, and the directrix. Then draw the graph of the
ff:
3. 𝑦 2 = −6𝑥
4. 𝑥 2 = 20y
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
6. 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 6 = 0

Parabola 41
 Hyperbola
• the set of all points in a plane for which the
absolute value of the difference of the distances
from two fixed points (the foci) is constant. The
midpoint of the segment between the foci is the
center of the hyperbola.
𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 = 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖
𝑉1 𝑉2 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 = 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠

Hyerbola 42
Hyperbola

Hyperbola 43
 Hyperbola
To graph Hyperbola:
1. Graph the asymptotes
𝑏 𝑏
𝑦 = − 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑎
𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 = 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖
𝐵1 𝐵2 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 = 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠

Hyperbola 44
 Hyperbola
Example: Find the equation of the hyperbola with
vertices (0, −4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,4) and foci (0, −6) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,6).
Solution:
• We know that 𝑎 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 6. Then find 𝑐 2
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ; 62 = 42 + 𝑏2 ; 𝑏 = 20
• Since the vertices and the foci are on the y-axis, we
know that the transverse axis is vertical. Hence, the
equation is:
𝑦2 𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑥 2
2
− 2 =1; − =1
𝑎 𝑏 16 20
Hyperbola 45
 Hyperbola
2. Find the vertices, foci and asymptotes of the hyperbola
9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 = 144. The graph the hyperbola.
Solution:
Find the standard form:
1 2 2
1
( )9𝑥 − 16𝑦 = 144 ( )
2
1442 2 2
144
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
− = 1 ; − =1
16 3 42 32
Find the foci:
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ; 𝑐 2 = 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 ; 𝑐 2 = 25 ; 𝑐 = 5
Foci: −5,0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5,0
𝑏 3 𝑏 3
Asymptotes: 𝑦 = − 𝑥 = − 4 𝑥; 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥= 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 4

Hyperbola 46
 Hyperbola
Graphing the hyperbola:

Hyperbola 47
Hyperbola

Hyperbola 48
Hyperbola

Hyperbola 49
 Hyperbola
Example: Find the center, the vertices, and the foci.
Then draw the graph of
4𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 + 24𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 28 = 0
Solution:
• Complete the square to find the standard form
4 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9 − 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = −28 + 36 − 4
4(𝑦 + 3)2 − 𝑥 − 2 2 = 4
(𝑦 + 3)2 𝑥−2 2
− =1
1 4

Hyperbola 50
 Hyperbola
Hence: Standard form is
[𝑦− −3 ]2 𝑥−2 2
− =1
12 22
Center: (2, −3), 𝑎 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 2
Transverse axis : Vertical
(2, −3 − 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2, −3 + 1) 𝑜𝑟 (2, −4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2, −2)
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ; 𝑐 2 = 12 + 22 = 5 ; 𝑐 = 5
Thus, the foci area: (2, −3 − 5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2, −3 + 5)
1 1
Asymptotes are: 𝑦 − −3 = 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − −3 = − 2 𝑥 − 2
1 1
𝑦+3= 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑦 + 3 = − 𝑥−2
2 2

Hyperbola 51
 Hyperbola
• Sketch the graph:

Hyperbola 52
 Hyperbola
• Test Yourself:
I. Find the center, vertices, foci and asymptotes
of the hyperbola. Then sketch the graph.
1. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 4 = 0
2. 4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 4 = 0
3. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 13

Hyperbola 53
End of Topic

Thank you
Module 6 – Analytic Geometry 54