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Mehreganian 等。 - 2019 - Nonlinear dynamics of locally pulse loaded square
Mehreganian 等。 - 2019 - Nonlinear dynamics of locally pulse loaded square
Mehreganian 等。 - 2019 - Nonlinear dynamics of locally pulse loaded square
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Keywords: Modern armour graded thin steel plates benefit from significant elastic strength with high elastic energy storage
Localised blast capacity, which contributes to dissipation of total impulse from extensive blast loads within the bounds of the
Föppl von-Kármán functional elastic region. Higher elastic energy storage capability mitigates the probability of catastrophic damage and
Membrane
ensuing large deformations compared to the conventional graded metallic panels. While blast assessment of such
Poincaré–Lindstedt method
structures is important to design and application of protective systems, limited studies are available on their
Armour steel
Multiple degree-of-freedom model (MDoF) response to localised blasts.
The present paper aims at deducing, from the minimization of Föppl-von Kármán (FVK) energy functional,
the dynamic response of localised blast loaded thin elastic square plates undergoing large deformations. The
presumed blast load function is a multiplicative decomposition of a prescribed continuous piecewise smooth
spatial function and an arbitrary temporal function which may assume various shapes (e.g. rectangular, linear,
sinusoidal, exponential).
A kinematically admissible displacement field and the associated stress tensor were considered as a truncated
cosine series with multiple Degrees-of-Freedom (DoF’s). From the prescribed displacement field, having simply
supported boundary conditions, useful expressions for stress tensor components were delineated corresponding
to a unique mode and a series of differential equations were derived. The explicit solutions were sought using
the Poincaré-Lindstedt perturbation method. The closed form solutions of each mode were corroborated with the
numerical FE models and showed convergence when the first few modes were considered. The influence of higher
modes, however, on the peak deformation was negligible and the solution with 3 DOF’s conveniently estimated
the blast response to a satisfactory precision.
1. Introduction (catenary) forces are evolved. The membrane forces so emerged will re-
sist out-of-plane deformation and decrease maximum displacement at
Mitigating the detrimental effects of extensive pulse pressure loads, the cost of high in-plane tensile stresses [2].
such as blasts from near field explosives, is crucial due to the catas- Most protective structural systems, such as blast walls, shutters,
trophic localised damage to critical equipment and structural elements, doors, as well as armored vehicles components, are designed in the
as well as potential accompanied loss of life they cause. In the case of a form of plated elements. These elements can be fabricated from duc-
localised blast, structural response is particularly sensitive to the stand- tile isotropic materials such as conventional steel or modern armour
off distance, as the magnitude of blast-induced pressure decays expo- graded steel with high load bearing capacity beyond the initial yield
nentially with the distance between the target and the charge. Hence, point, leading to an elastic-plastic response. The former is characterized
localised blast loads impart a focused impulse from the point of projec- by a relatively low yield stress and a long plastic plateau while the lat-
tion to the localised regions of the target, leading to large deformations ter possesses high yield strength and low ductility, whereby the elastic
[1]. strain energy becomes significant.
When the deformation of a structural element, such as a thin plate, In fact, for structural systems made of rate-insensitive materials (thus
is of a higher order of magnitude than its thickness, the element un- dynamic responses independent of strain rates) and no hardening, the
dergoes finite displacements (geometry changes) whereby of membrane constitutive tensor may be treated as that of elastic-perfectly plastic or
∗
Corresponding author at: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Howell Building, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
E-mail addresses: arash.soleiman-fallah@brunel.ac.uk, as3@imperial.ac.uk (A.S. Fallah).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.105157
Received 24 February 2019; Received in revised form 10 September 2019; Accepted 10 September 2019
Available online 11 September 2019
0020-7403/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
N. Mehreganian, A.S. Fallah and L.A. Louca International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105157
𝜕 2 𝜀𝑥 𝜕 2 𝜀𝑦 𝜕 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦
+ − = 𝜅𝑥𝑦
2
− 𝜅𝑥 𝜅𝑦 = − det 𝑘 (8)
𝜕 𝑦2 𝜕 𝑥2 𝜕 𝑥𝜕 𝑦
∇ ×𝑘=0 (9)
influenced by the central constant load radius Re as well as the load ral rigidity of the plate, the biharmonic operator ∇4 and the differential
decay exponent b, expressed. operator (𝑤, Φ) are expressed by Eqs. (12) and (13), respectively.
( ) ( 𝜋𝑦 ) ( ) ( 𝜋𝑦 )
𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)𝛿𝑤𝑑𝐴 = 𝑝 cos cos 𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑦 + 𝑝1 (𝑥, 𝑦) cos cos 𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑦
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ 0 2𝐿 2𝐿 ∫ ∫ 2𝐿 2𝐿
(𝐴) 𝐴 𝐴
𝜋
2 𝑅𝑒 ( ) ( )
𝜋𝑟 cos (𝜃) 𝜋𝑟 sin (𝜃)
= 𝑝0 cos cos 𝑟𝑑 𝑟𝑑 𝜃
∫ ∫ 2𝐿 2𝐿
0 0
𝜋
2 𝐿 ( ) ( )
𝜋𝑟 cos (𝜃) 𝜋𝑟 sin (𝜃)
+ 𝑝0 𝑒−(𝑏𝑟−𝑏𝑅𝑒 ) cos cos 𝑟𝑑 𝑟𝑑 𝜃 = 𝛼𝑝0 𝐿2 (3)
∫ ∫ 2𝐿 2𝐿
0 𝑅𝑒
2. Governing equations
𝜕4 Φ 𝜕4 Φ 𝜕4 Φ
∇4 Φ = + +2 + (12)
The general expression for the Cartesian components of the strain 𝜕 𝑥4 𝜕 𝑥2 𝜕 𝑦2 𝜕 𝑦4
tensor is given as:
𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 Φ 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 Φ 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 Φ
1( ) (𝑤, Φ) = + −2
𝜕 𝑦𝜕 𝑥 𝜕 𝑥𝜕 𝑦
(13)
𝜀𝑖𝑗 = 𝑢 + 𝑢𝑗,𝑖 + 𝑢𝑘,𝑖 𝑢𝑘,𝑗 (5) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
2 2
2 𝑖,𝑗
where u(xi ,t) is the displacement field and the comma in subscripts de- The Airy stress function represents the membrane action induced by
notes differentiation with respect to the coordinate that follows, i.e. large displacements and is defined by:
ui,j = 𝜕 ui /𝜕 xj . For convenience, the components of tensors, in the ref- 𝜕2 Φ 𝜕2 Φ 𝜕2 Φ
erence space in indicial notation (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) may be replaced by those in 𝜎11 = , 𝜎22 = , 𝜎12 = − (14)
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕 𝑥𝜕 𝑦
von Kármán notation (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). Thus, given the Cartesian coordinates
(x, y) on centred at its centroid, the components of displacement are: Eq. (11) is a compatibility equation as discussed earlier, while
in plane vi = (vx ,vy ), and transversew. The components of the strain ten- (𝑤, 𝑤) can also be expressed by replacing Φ with w in Eq. (13).
sor and the curvature terms, using the reciprocity conditions (aij = aji ) Eqs. (10)–(13) are coupled, highly nonlinear, fourth order Partial Differ-
read: ential Equations (PDE) which represent geometric nonlinearities of an
( ) elastic system induced by in-plane displacements and membranal forces.
𝜕𝑣 ( ) 𝜕 𝑣𝑦 1 𝜕𝑤 2
1 𝜕𝑤 2
𝜀𝑥 = 𝑥 + , 𝜀𝑦 = + , It is well known that even for simple engineering problems, the exact
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 (6a-c) solution of FVK equations are notoriously difficult to obtain thus, in
𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + + general, a numerical solution must be adopted. In the case of localised
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 blast loads, the equations are fraught with more complexity due to the
𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤 dependence of the load on the spatial and temporal multi-variables.
𝜅𝑥 = − , 𝜅𝑦 = − , 𝜅𝑥𝑦 = − (7) Minimization of the FVK energy functionals calls for numerical Finite
𝜕 𝑥2 𝜕 𝑦2 𝜕 𝑥𝜕 𝑦
N. Mehreganian, A.S. Fallah and L.A. Louca International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105157
1. Assume an ansatz for displacement fields and the associated stress tensor and may be derived by substituting Eqs. (A. 45)–(A. (47)) in
tensors. Eq. (21) (with 𝜎 33 = 0) as:
2. Determine the membranal stress from the compatibility relation of 1( 2 )
Eq. (13). 𝐽2 = 𝜎 + 𝜎22
2
− 𝜎11 𝜎22 + 3𝜎12
2
(21)
3 11
3. Update the displacement field from Eq. (10).
The associated Equivalent Mises strains are likewise derived as:
4. The final form of transverse displacement will be nonlinear, but in a √
reduced closed form expression. 1
𝜀𝑒𝑞 = 6ε211 + 6ε222 + 3ε212 (22)
3
The ansatz for displacement field and the associated stress func- Throughout this work, ARMOX 440T steel has been used as the can-
tions may be expressed as multiplicative decomposition of their func- didate material with the material properties outlined in Table 1, as well
tions describing the spatial part as well as that of the temporal part, as the geometric dimensions of the membrane.
i.e. 𝑤𝑚𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 𝐻 𝑤̄ 𝑚𝑛 (𝑡)𝑤∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝜑mn (x,y, t) = f(t)𝜑∗ (x, y), respec-
tively, where the partial functions w∗ (x, y) and 𝜙∗𝑚𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦) are expressed 3. Dynamic response
by Eqs. (15)–(16). Accordingly, the dimensionless parameters 𝜙̄ =
𝑓 (𝑡)∕𝐸 𝐻 2 , and 𝑤̄ 𝑚𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝑤𝑚𝑛 (0, 0, 𝑡)∕𝐻 have been employed. Clearly, 3.1. First phase of motion (forced vibration)
these expressions satisfy the displacement boundary conditions of the
simply supported plate at its centre as well as along its periphery. Now, substituting Eqs. (18)–(19) in Eqs. 17 (a–b) and performing the
∑∑ 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 integrations reduces the form of FVK Partial Differential Equation to a
𝑤∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = cos cos (15)
𝑚 𝑛
2 𝐿 2𝐿 paired set of m × n ODE’s in terms of the transverse displacement fields,
∑∑ each representative of a unique mode shape of the MDOF system in
𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
𝜙∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = cos 2𝐿
cos 2𝐿 forced vibration. While coupling between the modes is retained in the
( 𝑚 𝑛 ) (16)
analysis, for the brevity in the mathematical treatment, only the first
𝑚 = 1, 3, 5, … and 𝑛 = 1, 3, 5, …
four terms of the truncated series (i.e. m = n = 1, 3) may be considered.
The RG technique to minimize the total elastic energy functional can The set of ODE’s were derived as
be sketched in Eqs. 17 (a–b). With this strategy, we may, dynamically .. (𝑖+1) 4𝛼𝑝0
𝑖+1) 9𝐸 𝜋 2 𝜖 𝑖 ̄ (𝑖+1) ′
update the interrelation between the transverse displacement field in 𝜔2mn 𝑤̄ (𝑚𝑛 + 𝑤̄ + 𝑺 (𝒎𝒏)(𝐬1) 𝚽1𝐤
δ sk = (23)
𝑚𝑛 8𝜌𝐿2 ρ𝐻 2
Eq. (17a) from the state of membranal stress tensors satisfying Eq. (17b),
and vice versa. where 𝜖 = 89 𝐻 2 ∕𝐿2 is a parameter of small value, while the matrices
{ ( (i) (i+1) ) } S(mn)s1 and 𝚽̄ (𝑖+1) are defined in Eqs. 24(a–b), and 𝛿′sk is the Kronecker
1𝐤
+ 𝜇 𝑤̄̈
(i+1)
𝐷∇4 𝑤̄ (i+1) − 𝐻 3 𝐸 w
̄ ,Φ ̄ 𝛿𝑤𝑑𝐴 Delta. Then, for each displacement field term 𝑤̄ 𝑚𝑛 , the associated com-
∫ ∫
(𝐴) ponents of the matrix Bmn are expressed in Eqs. (A-48)–(A-50). From the
𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) compatibility Eq. (17b) the components of 𝚽 ̄ (𝑖+1) in Eq. (23) with i = 1
= 𝛿𝑤𝑑𝐴 (17a) 1𝑘
∫ ∫ 𝐻 can be unequivocally determined as in Eqs. (A. 51)–(A. 53). In the ab-
(𝐴 ) 2
sence of higher order terms, 𝜙̄ (2) = − 4 2 𝑤̄ (𝑖) and the solution converges
11 3𝜋 11
{ } to the case of an SDOF system.
1 ( (i) (i) )
̄
∇ Φ4 (i+1)
+ w
̄ ,w ̄ 𝛿Φ𝑑𝐴 = 0 (17b) [ ]
∫ ∫ 2 𝑖) (𝑖) (𝑖) (𝑖) ′ ̄ (𝑖+1)
(𝐴) 𝑺 (𝒎𝒏)(𝑠i1) = 𝑩 𝑚𝑛 𝑤̄ (11 𝑤̄ 13 𝑤̄ 31 𝑤̄ 33 , 𝚽1𝑘
[ ]
In Eq. (17a)- 𝛿w and 𝛿Φ represent the first variation (virtual param- = 𝜙̄ (11i+1) 𝜙̄ (13i+1) 𝜙̄ (31i+1) 𝜙̄ (33i+1) . (24a-b)
eter, or weight function) attributed to the displacement and Airy stress
functions, respectively, while the superscript denotes the iteration. Sub- It should be noted that, each ODE in Eq. (23) correspond to a mode
stituting Eqs. (15)–(16) in Eq. (17) furnishes the bending and strain en- of vibration with the mode coupling appearing in the nonlinear term
ergy contributors into: 𝚽̄ (𝑖+1) . The coefficients of 𝚽 ̄ (𝑖+1) may be visualized as the equivalent
1𝑘 1𝑘
( 𝑛𝜋𝑦 ) membrane stiffness of the plate while the vibration frequency 𝜔2𝑚𝑛 gives
( ) 1 𝜋4 2 2 ∑ ∑ 𝑚𝜋𝑥
𝑤̄ , 𝜙̄ = 𝑚 𝑛 𝑤̄ 𝑚𝑛 (𝑡)𝜙̄ 𝑚𝑛 cos + cos (18) the ratio of the bending stiffness to the equivalent mass of the structure.
32 𝐿4 𝑚 𝑛
𝐿 𝐿
Thus, the vibration frequency 𝜔mn is determined as:
1 𝜋4 ( 2 )2 ∑ ∑ 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 √ √ √
∇4 𝑤̄ = 𝑚 + 𝑛2 𝑤̄ 𝑚𝑛 (𝑡) cos cos (19) 1 𝜋2 2 𝐷 3 𝜋2𝐻 2 𝐸
16 𝐿 4
𝑚 𝑛
2𝐿 2𝐿 ω𝑚𝑛 = (𝑚 + 𝑛2 ) = (𝑚 + 𝑛2 ) ( ) (25)
4 𝐿2 𝜇 24 𝐿2 𝜌 1 − 𝜈2
The operator (𝑤̄ , 𝑤̄ ) and the biharmonic function ∇4 Φ ̄ may be
confirming that the modal vibration frequencies uniquely depend on
recovered, in a similar fashion, by simply replacing Φ ̄ with 𝑤̄ in
the speed of dilatational wave propagation through the plate as well as
Eq. (18) and vice versa in Eq. (19). Assuming the Von-Mises yield crite-
its slenderness ratio. Clearly, each of the ODE’s of Eq. (23) is an inho-
rion (J2 -plasticity), the Equivalent Mises stress is expressed as a function
mogeneous, expanded form of Duffing equation [38]. If the high order
of the components of the deviatoric stress tensor as follows:
transverse displacement terms are ignored, using the separation of vari-
3√ √ ables, the closed form explicit solution of this ODE can be expressed
𝜎𝑒𝑞 = 𝑠𝑖𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑗 = 3𝐽2 (20) 8𝛼𝑝 𝐸
2 as (𝑤̄̇ 2 = ℎ + 𝜇𝐻0 𝑤̄ − [𝜔211 𝑤̄ 2 + 2𝜌𝐿 ̄ 4 ], where h is the integration con-
2 𝜖𝑤
Where sij = 𝜎 ij − p𝛿 ij are the components of the deviatoric stress ten- stant) with the left hand side representing the normalised kinetic energy
sor (p = 𝜎 kk /3), and J2 is the second invariant of the deviatoric stress per mass of the system. If 𝜀 is positive, the force-displacement gradient
N. Mehreganian, A.S. Fallah and L.A. Louca International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105157
From Eq. (27) the second iteration for the Airy Stress function at the
plate centre is attained. Sequentially, the ODE of Eq. (23) is re-evaluated
and solved to determine, unequivocally by imposing the initial boundary
conditions, the plate maximum transverse displacement as:
( )
2.2𝐸𝑐11
3
( )
𝑐11 𝜔̄ 1
𝑤̄ (111) = − sin 𝜏11 𝜏11
𝜔211 𝐿2 𝜌 𝜔11
{ ( )15 ( )13 ( )11
𝑐 113 𝐸
+ −0.0347 cos 𝜏11 + 0.1302 cos 𝜏11 − 0.273 cos 𝜏11
𝐿2 𝜌𝜔21
( )10 ( )9 ( )8 ( )7
+ 0.109 cos 𝜏11 + 0.335 cos 𝜏11 − 0.274 cos 𝜏11 − 0.282 cos 𝜏11
( )6 ( )5 ( )4 ( )3
+ 0.471 cos 𝜏11 − 0.0861 cos 𝜏11 − 0.297 cos 𝜏11 + 0.118 cos 𝜏11
( )2 ( ) }
+ 1.13 cos 𝜏11 + 2.52 cos 𝜏11 − 3.5664 (30)
2.2𝐸𝑐11
2
Fig. 3. Phase plane for various values of td , where Tf is an arbitrary time point. 𝜔̄ 11 = (31)
𝐿2 𝜔1 𝜌
where the derived parameter 𝜔̄ 1 in Eq. (31), determined by the first
increases and the system represents hardening [20], in which case the bracket of Eq. (30), eliminates the secular term and to make the response
̄ (i)
periodic. Further iterative components of Airy stress matrix function 𝚽
plane plot encompasses an elliptic manifold, as is the case here (as illus- 1𝑘
trated in Fig. 3), while in the circumstances of negative 𝜀 the softening may be evaluated by substituting Eqs. (30),(32), and (33) in each of the
of the stiffness would occur. Eqs. (A. 51)–(A. 53).
Heuristically, with the nonlinear terms present in the Eq. (23), the In a similar fashion, the expressions for 𝑤̄ (2) 13
and 𝑤̄ (2)
33
are determined
explicit solution entails the presence of secular terms (in the form of as Eqs. (32) and (33). It is interesting to note the infinitesimal disparity
tsin (t)) which bring about a non-harmonic response with unbounded between the values of 𝜔̄ 𝑖𝑗 in the associated higher modes to that of the
growth of transient displacements. The solution can be made har- fundamental mode. For example, the value of 𝜔̄ 13 is only 2.4% lower
monic by employing the Poincaré-Lindstedt perturbation method to than 𝜔̄ 11 .
eliminate, once and for all, the dependence of the displacement field ( )
1) 6710𝑐132 𝐸
𝜔̄ 13 ( )
on such terms. To this end, the frequency response is normalised as 𝑤̄ (13 = − 𝜔13
𝑐13 sin 𝜏13 𝜏13
𝐿2 𝜌 𝜔13
2
( ( )2 ( )2 ( )2
𝜏𝑚𝑛 = (𝜔𝑚𝑛 + 𝜖 𝜔̄ 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑂(𝜖 2 )), where 𝜔̄ 𝑚𝑛 is referred to as the pseudo vi- 𝐸𝑐 3
bration hereinafter. Accordingly, the displacement field is expressed as + 2 132 6.98 sin 32 𝜏13 − 6730 sin 12 𝜏13 + 58720 sin 15 𝜏13
𝐿 𝜌𝜔13
( )2 ( )2 ( )2
a truncated series of its iterative terms given by:
+ 46110 sin 25 𝜏13 − 37730 sin 35 𝜏13 − 143150 sin 10 1
𝜏13
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2 ( )2 ( )2
𝑤̄ 𝑚𝑛 𝜏𝑚𝑛 = 𝑤̄ (𝑚𝑛
1)
𝜏𝑚𝑛 + 𝜖 𝑤̄ (𝑚𝑛
2)
𝜏𝑚𝑛 + 𝑂 𝜖 2 (26) 3 7 9
− 16590 sin 10 𝜏13 + 3740 sin 10 𝜏13 + 248.44 sin 10 𝜏13
( )2 )
The solution to the first iteration 𝑤̄ (1)
𝑚𝑛 is derived by linearizing the ( )2
+ 144.92 sin 11 𝜏13 − 482 . 67 sin 𝜏13
form of the ODE in Eq. (23), i.e. eliminating the Airy Stress function 10
terms 𝑸(1)
1k
. The general solution of the system must satisfy the initial (32)
.
kinematic conditions 𝑤̄ (0) = 𝑤̄ (0) = 0, and can be sketched as:
( ( )) 𝑐3 𝐸 ( ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑤̄ (𝑚𝑛
1)
= 𝑐𝑚𝑛 1 − cos 𝜔𝑚𝑛 𝑡 (27) 𝑤̄ (331) = 11 −0.106 cos 𝜏33 + 0.882 − 0.105 cos 10 𝜏
3 33
− 0.897 cos 10 𝜏
9 33
𝐿2 𝜔2 𝜌
33 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
where the amplitude of vibration is − 0.0799 cos 11 𝜏
9 33
− 0.186 cos 79 𝜏33 − 0.449 cos 23 𝜏33 + 0.741 cos 29 𝜏33
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4𝛼𝑝0 + 0.619 cos 5
𝜏 + 0.477 cos 8
𝜏 − 0.318 cos 4
𝜏 + 0.3759cos 𝜏33
𝑐𝑚𝑛 = (28) 9 33 9 33 9 33
𝜇𝐻𝜔2𝑚𝑛 (33)
To derive the ODE expression for the second term, we shall hence-
forth ignore the terms of higher order as 𝜀2 < <1. Substituting Eq. (26) in It can be seen in Fig. 4 that the influence of higher modes on the
Eq. (23)together with the use of Eq. (27) yields overall transient response of the structure is inconsequential. Thus, the
( ) mathematical treatment of elastic systems with merely two terms of the
9𝐸 𝜋 2 (1) ̄ (2) ′
+ 𝑤̄̈ 𝑚𝑛 + 2ω𝑚𝑛 𝜔̄ 1 𝑐𝑚𝑛 𝑤̄̈ (1) 𝑚𝑛 +
(2)
𝜔21 𝑤̄ (𝑚𝑛
2)
𝑺 𝚽 δ sk = 0 (29) truncated series renders the overall response sufficiently accurate.
8𝜌𝐿2 𝑚𝑛𝑠1 1𝑘
modes 𝑤̄ (1)
33
to the overall mid-point deformation of the plate is vanish- A comparison of 𝜔̄ 1 ′ s for SDOF and MDOF model in Fig. 9 reveals an
ingly small and may be disregarded while the accuracy of the solution insignificant difference between the two values indeed. In Fig. 10, the
Fig. 6. The three stress components in elliptic manifold at t = 5td (a), t = 10td (b), t = 20td (c) and t = 100td (d), where td = 30𝜇s and Re /L = 0.25.
N. Mehreganian, A.S. Fallah and L.A. Louca International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105157
Fig. 7. Contour plot of von Mises strains over time in the plate at different times t = 4td − 30td with p0 = 40MPa and 𝑅𝑒∕𝐿 = 0.25.
Fig. 8. Evolution of von Mises stress over time in the plate at different times t = 4td − 30td , with p0 = 40MPaand 𝑅𝑒∕𝐿 = 0.25.
N. Mehreganian, A.S. Fallah and L.A. Louca International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105157
Fig. 9. Comparison of SDOF and MDOF pseudo vibrations. Fig. 11. Variations of the pseudo vibrations with vibration frequency.
( ) ( ) ( ) with the integration constants obtained as Eqs. (A. 61)–(A. 62). Fig. 12
2
𝑤̄ (13) = 𝐶6 cos 𝜏11 + 𝐶7 sin 𝜏11 + 𝑓 𝜏13 compares the different pulse shapes, while the influence of pulse shape
𝑐 𝜔̄ ( ( ) ( )) on the transient and maximum deformation are plotted in Figs. 13, 14,
+ 13 13 cos 𝜏13 − 𝑡𝑑 − cos 𝜏13 (39) where X = 0 and Y = 0 are prescribed for the exponential and rectangular
2𝜔13
pulse shapes, respectively. The derivation of the maximum deformation
where Eq. (A-57) gives the function f(𝜏 13 ), while the integration con- of the plate is expressed in Eqs. (A. 63), (A. 66).
stants are expressed in Eqs. (A. 58)-(A. 59). It should be stressed that in
this phase 𝜔̄ 13 ≅ 𝜔̄ 11 applies (Fig. 11). 5. Numerical validations and discussions
This concludes the two phases of motion and the method adopted is
universally applicable. In this section, the analytical solutions are validated against the re-
sults of a numerical model devised in the commercial finite element
software ABAQUS®14.4 Explicit. A full 3D square plate was set up with
4. Influence of pulse shape a total geometric exposed area of 400 × 400mm .. The plate was fixed
along its periphery with simply supported boundary conditions. The ax-
It has been shown the pulse shape has a pronounced effect on the isymmetric properties of the load and the 8 symmetries of the plate
response of plates made of rigid-perfectly plastic materials. It would be reduce the model to only a quarter of the plate, while the influence
interesting to see if the influence of pulse shape on FVK plate is signif- of finite deflections (geometry changes) was retained in the numerical
icant. This effect is investigated on the plates studied here. More often model.
than not, a non-impulsive pressure load may assume various temporal The material properties were those of isotropic elastic metals with
pulse shapes contingent upon the source of blast. A general expression high yield strength such as ARMOX 440T sheets. These panels were High
N. Mehreganian, A.S. Fallah and L.A. Louca International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105157
Fig. 12. Typical temporal pulse loading shapes (R) rectngular (L) linear, (E)
exponential.
Fig. 14. Maximum deformation of the plate for typical temporal pulse loading
shapes (R) rectngular, (L) linear, and (E) exponential.
total of 2500 elements were assigned to give the quotient of the element
length to thickness as 0.87 to satisfy the convergence [8].
Two blast loading scenarios of 40 MPa and 200 MPa magnitudes
were assumed, with pulse shape of rectangular profile and duration of
100𝜇s and 30𝜇s, respectively. The radius of the central uniform blast
zone was taken to be 25 mm and 50 mm for each case, respectively. The
transient deformation of the panels was investigated in each blast sce-
nario the results of which are shown in Fig. 15 and Fig. 16. Fig. 17 also
compares the transient deformation for the SDOF model with a blast
load of amplitude 40MPa and 50𝜇s loading duration with the numerical
model.
Clearly, while the vibration frequency of the analytical model in its
first (fundamental mode) is lower than its FE counterpart, in the higher
Fig. 13. Transient deformation of the plate for typical temporal pulse loading modes the frequencies increase while the peak displacements decrease.
shapes (R) rectngular, (L) linear, and (E) exponential. The higher modes enhance the residual vibrations at each cycle but in-
finitesimally affect the overall peak deformation. For example, like the
first phase, the peak deformation of the first mode was found to be 70%
Hardness Armour graded steel alloy types used for blast protective plates higher than the second mode. Furthermore, there is a good agreement
and manufactured by SSAB® [39,40]. The geometric and material prop- between the analytical and numerical models in prediction of peak dis-
erties of the plates were taken from [8] (Table 1). placements. Consequently, the mathematical treatment of the problem
The models were discretized with a fine mesh of four-noded S4R favoring only the first and second modes would suffice to predict the
isoparametric general shell elements with reduced integration and finite response.
membrane strains possessing 5 Simpson integration points through the In Table 2 and Table 3 the peak deformation from the numerical
thickness of the plate. These elements are general-purpose conventional models and the analytical counterparts for various blast load radii com-
shells with the reduced integration formulation and hourglass control pare favourably. Higher errors are attributed to more uniform blasts
to prevent both shear locking and spurious energy (hour glassing). A which may be due to overprediction of the load parameter.
Fig. 15. Deformation time history of 200 Mpa load- Analytical vs FE model (time in ms).
N. Mehreganian, A.S. Fallah and L.A. Louca International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105157
6. Concluding remarks [ ( ) ( 𝜋𝑦 ) ( ) ( )
(𝑖+1) 𝜋2 1 ̄ (i+1) 𝜋𝑥 9 ̄ (i+1) 𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑦
𝜎11 = 𝐸𝐻 2 − Φ cos cos − Φ cos cos
𝐿 2 4 11 2𝐿 2𝐿 4 13 2(𝐿 )] 2𝐿
This work deals with dynamic response of nonlinear elastic thin ( ) ( 𝜋𝑦 ) ( ) 3𝜋𝑦
1 ̄ (i+1) 3𝜋𝑥 9 ̄ (i+1) 3𝜋𝑥
− Φ cos cos − Φ cos cos
plated structures subject to localised blasts due to proximal charges. The 4 13 2𝐿 2𝐿 4 33 2𝐿 2𝐿
localised blast load was assumed to be multiplicatively decomposable (A. 46)
into a spatial and a temporal distribution. Considering this idealization,
and using the Ritz–Galerkin functional, a single dimensionless parame- [ ( ) ( 𝜋𝑦 ) ( ) ( 𝜋𝑦 )
(𝑖+1) 𝜋2 1 ̄ (i+1) 𝜋𝑥 3 ̄ (i+1) 3𝜋𝑥
ter was obtained which characterises various blast loading scenarios by 𝜎12 = 𝐸𝐻 2 Φ sin sin + Φ sin sin
𝐿 2 4 11
( 2 𝐿
) ( 2 𝐿 ) 4 13
( 2 𝐿 ) (2𝐿 )]
the correct choice of its parameters , Re . 3 ̄ (i+1) 𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑦 9 ̄ (i+1) 3𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑦
+ Φ sin sin + Φ sin sin
The Ritz–Galerkin method was similarly employed to minimize the 4 13 2𝐿 2𝐿 4 33 2𝐿 2𝐿
nonlinear coupled FVK equations considering a kinematically admissible (A. 47)
N. Mehreganian, A.S. Fallah and L.A. Louca International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105157
The coefficients of the matrix Bmn are given as: Similarly, for the higher modes:
2 22 22 2
⎡− − − ⎤ ( ) 3 𝐸
𝑐13 ( ( ) ( )
⎢ 3 45 45 5 ⎥ 𝑓 𝜏13 ≅ −5616 cos 0.6𝜏13 + 0.2𝑡𝑑 − 16460 cos 0.6𝜏13 − 0.2𝑡𝑑
⎢− 22 114 166 162 ⎥ 𝜔13 𝜌 𝐿
2 2
⎢ − − − ( ) ( ( ))
𝐵11 = ⎢ 45 35 225 175 ⎥ − 3744 cos 1.4𝜏13 − 1.2𝑡𝑑 − 34080 cos 0.2 𝜏13 − 𝑡𝑑
162 ⎥
(A-48)
⎢−
22
−
166
−
114
− ⎥ ( ) ( )
⎢ 45 225 35 175 ⎥ − 2808 cos 0.6𝜏13 − 𝑡𝑑 + 3744 cos 1.4𝜏13 − 0.2𝑡𝑑
⎢ 2 162 162 162 ⎥ ( ) ( )
⎣ − − − ⎦ + + 5616 cos 0.6𝜏13 − .8𝑡𝑑 + 8294 cos 0.6𝜏13
5 175 175 35
( ( )) ( )
22 166 114 162 − 10970 cos 0.2 𝜏13 + 𝑡𝑑 + 2808 cos 0.6𝜏13 + 0.4𝑡𝑑
⎡− − − − ⎤ ( ) ( )
⎢ 45 225 35 175 ⎥ − 8294 cos 0.6𝜏13 − 0.6𝑡𝑑 + 16460 cos 0.6𝜏13 − 0.4𝑡𝑑
⎢− 166 −
186
−
186
−
26406 ⎥
( ) ( ))
⎢ 1225 ⎥ + 10970 cos .2𝜏13 − .4𝑡𝑑 + 34080 cos 0.2𝜏13
𝐵13 = ⎢ 225 35 35
22 ⎥
(A-49)
114 166
⎢− − 2 − ⎥ 𝜔̄ 13 ( ( ) ( ))
⎢ 35 225 15 ⎥ + 𝑐 cos 𝜏13 − 𝑡𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑟 − cos 𝜏13
⎢ 162 26406 22 342 ⎥ 2𝜔13 13
⎣− − − ⎦
175 1225 15 35 (A-57)
2 162 162 162
⎡ − − − ⎤
⎢ 5 175 175 35 ⎥ 𝑐13 𝜔̄ 13 ( ( )) 𝐸𝑐13
3
( ) ( )
⎢− 162 22 26406 342 ⎥ 𝐶6 ≅ 1 − cos 𝑡𝑑 − (1733 cos 2𝑡𝑑 + 566.3 cos 2.2𝑡𝑑
− 2𝜔13 𝐿 𝜔13 𝜌
2 2
⎢ 35 ⎥ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝐵33 = ⎢ 175 15 1225
+ 2485 cos 0.6𝑡𝑑 + 1465 cos 1.2𝑡𝑑 − 1493 cos 1.4𝑡𝑑 − 1797 cos 0.2𝑡𝑑
342 ⎥
(A-50)
162 26406 22
⎢− − ⎥ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
⎢ 175 1225 15 35 ⎥ + − 6609 cos .8𝑡𝑑 + 43.52 cos 3.2𝑡𝑑 + 426.7 cos 1.8𝑡𝑑 + 4217 cos 𝑡𝑑
⎢ 162 342 342 ⎥
⎣− −6 ⎦
−1012)
35 35 35
The components of Airy Stress function are expressed as: (A. 58)
{
4 1 (𝑖) 2 44 (𝑖) (𝑖) 2 6292 (𝑖) 2
𝜙̄ (11
i+1)
=− 𝑤̄ + 𝑤̄ 𝑤̄ + − 𝑤̄ (11𝑖) 𝑤̄ (33𝑖) + 𝑤̄
𝜋 2 3 11 45 11 13 5 1575 13
𝐸𝑐13
3
} 𝑐13 𝜔̄ 13 ( ) ( ) ( )
+
324 (𝑖) (𝑖) 81 (𝑖) 2
𝑤̄ 𝑤̄ + 𝑤̄ (A. 51) 𝐶7 = − sin 𝑡𝑑 − (1733 sin 2𝑡𝑑 + 566.3 sin 2.2𝑡𝑑
175 13 33 35 33 2𝜔13 𝐿 𝜔13 𝜌
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ + 2485 sin .6𝑡𝑑 + 1697 sin 1.2𝑡𝑑 − 1493 sin 1.4𝑡𝑑 + 49.72 sin 2.8𝑡𝑑
𝑖+1
𝜙̄ (13 ) = −
4 𝑖 2 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
2695𝑤̄ (11) + 44044𝑤̄ (11) 𝑤̄ (13) + 10206𝑤̄ (11) 𝑤̄ (33) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
275625𝜋 2 − 75.78 sin 3𝑡𝑑 + 27199 sin 0.2𝑡𝑑 − 6261 sin 0.8𝑡𝑑 + 43.52 sin 3.2𝑡𝑑
2 2
} ( ) ( )
+ 76860𝑤̄ (13𝑖) + 221484𝑤̄ (13𝑖 ) (𝑖 )
𝑤̄ 33 − 53865𝑤̄ (33𝑖) (A. 52) + 426.7 sin 1.8𝑡𝑑 + 3805 sin 𝑡𝑑
(A. 59)
{
𝑖+1) 4 𝑖) 2 𝑖) (𝑖) 𝑖 ) (𝑖 )
𝜙̄ (33 =− 735𝑤̄ (11 − 6804𝑤̄ (11 𝑤̄ 13 − 170106𝑤̄ (11 𝑤̄ 33 Full expression of 𝑤̄ (1) is given as:
297675𝜋 2 33
}
𝑖 2 1 1 1 2 𝑐11 𝐸 ( ( )
−73828𝑤̄ (13) + 71820𝑤̄ (13) 𝑤̄ (33) − 11025𝑤̄ (33) ( ) ( )
3
(A. 53) 10
𝑤̄ (331) = − 0.106 cos 𝜏33 − 0.882 + 3.79 × 10−4 cos 2𝜏33 + 0.105 cos 𝜏33
𝐿 𝜔33 𝜌
2 2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
and 𝜙̄ (𝑖𝑗𝑖) = 𝜙̄ (i)
10 5
𝑗𝑖 as the Airy Stress function exhibits symmetry. + 1.48 cos 𝜏 + 3.28 × 10−4 cos 1.44𝜏33 + 8.05 × 10−4 cos 𝜏
9 33 3 33
( ) ( ) ( )
17 11 19
− 2.24 × 10−4 cos 𝜏 + 0.0799 cos 𝜏 + 1.87 × 10−4 cos 𝜏
A2. Second phase of motion parameters 9 33 9 33 9 33
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7 2 2 5
− 0.186 cos 𝜏 + 0.449 cos 𝜏 − 0.741 cos 𝜏 − 0.619 cos 𝜏
9 33 3 33 9 33 9 33
Regarding the first mode of the displacement field at second phase ( ) ( ) ( )
14 10 8
of motion we have: − 3.81 × 10−3 cos 𝜏 − 0.583 cos 𝜏 + 0.477 cos 𝜏
9 33 9 33 9 33
( ))
𝐸𝑐11
3 4
( ) ( ( ( ) ( )) + 0.318 cos 𝜏
𝑓 𝜏11 ≅ − 0.0395 cos 3𝜏11 − cos 3𝜏11 − 3𝑡𝑑 9 33
𝐿2 𝜔211 𝜌 (A-60)
( ( ) ( ))
+ 0.098 cos 3𝜏11 − 2𝑡𝑑 − cos 3𝜏11 − 𝑡𝑑
( ( ) ( )) (A-54)
+ 0.0134 cos 3𝜏11 − 4𝑡𝑑 − cos 3𝜏11 + 𝑡𝑑 A3. Dynamic pulse pressure loading
( ( ) ( ))
+ 0.598 cos 𝜏11 − 𝑡𝑑 − cos 𝜏11
( ( ) ( ))) The integration constants of the displacement field considering the
+ 0.196 cos 𝜏11 + 𝑡𝑑 − cos 𝜏11 − 2𝑡𝑑 influence of pulse shape are:
Where the integration constants {( ) ( )
𝐺1 = 𝜔2𝑚𝑛 𝑡2𝑑 ((𝑋 − 1)𝑌 − 𝑋 ) + 𝑌 2 ((𝑋 − 1)𝑌 + 𝑋 ) cos 𝜔𝑚𝑛 𝑡𝑑
𝑐11
3 𝐸 ( )( )}
( ( ) ( ) ( )) − 𝜔𝑚𝑛 𝑡𝑑 sin 𝜔𝑚𝑛 𝑡𝑑 𝜔2𝑚𝑛 𝑡2𝑑 (𝑋 − 1) + 𝑌 ((𝑋 − 1)𝑌 + 2𝑋 ) 𝑒−𝑌
𝐶4 = −1.6 cos 𝑡𝑑 + 2.0753 − 0.269 cos 2𝑡𝑑 − 0.192 cos 3𝑡𝑑
𝐿 𝜌𝜔11
2 2
+ 𝑡2𝑑 𝜔2𝑚𝑛 (𝑋 + 𝑌 ) − 𝑌 2 (𝑋 − 𝑌 )
𝑐 𝜔̄ ( ( ))
+ 11 11 1 − cos 𝑡𝑑 (A. 61)
2𝜔11
(A. 55)
({( 2 ) ( )
𝐸𝑐11
3 𝐸1 = − 𝑡𝑑 ((𝑋 − 1)𝑌 − 𝑋 )𝜔2𝑚𝑛 + 𝑌 2 ((𝑋 − 1)𝑌 + 𝑋 ) sin 𝜔𝑚𝑛 𝑡𝑑
( ( ) ( ) ( )
𝐶5 ≅ −0.27 sin 2𝑡𝑑 + −0.1946 sin 3𝑡𝑑 − 0.0015 sin 7𝑡𝑑 ( ) ( ) }
𝜌𝐿2 𝜔211 + 𝑡2𝑑 𝜔2𝑚𝑛 (𝑋 − 1) + 𝑌 ((𝑋 − 1)𝑌 + 2𝑋 ) cos 𝜔𝑚𝑛 𝑡𝑑 𝜔𝑚𝑛 𝑡𝑑 𝑒−𝑌
)
( )) 𝑐 𝜔̄ ( ) + 𝜔3𝑚𝑛 𝑡3𝑑 + 𝑌 2 − 2𝑋𝑌 𝜔𝑚𝑛 𝑡𝑑
− 3.2940 sin 𝑡𝑑 − 11 11 sin 𝑡𝑑 (A. 56) (A. 62)
2𝜔11
N. Mehreganian, A.S. Fallah and L.A. Louca International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105157
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