Building Components

and Building Planning

Unit II
Prof. Vishakha R Hande
Assistant Professor, DIEMS, A’bad.
Content
• Difference Between Load Bearing Structure and Framed
Structure
• Substructure (Foundation) & Superstructure
• Functions of Foundation
• Types of Shallow and Deep Footing
• Building Components
• Study of Building Plan
Load Bearing Framed
Structure Structure
Substructure
(Foundation) &
Superstructure
Foundation
Functions of Foundation

• To Distribute the load of the Structure on larger area

• To Distribute the load on underlaying soil evenly and thus to
prevent unequal settlement of the foundation
• To provide a levelled and hard surface, for the superstructure
• To increase the stability of the structure as a whole against
sliding, overturning and or other distributing forces like wind,
rain, snowfalls etc
• To prevent lateral movement of the supporting material
 Types of Shallow and Deep Footing

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

Depth / Width > 1 Depth / Width <

Deep
Foundation

• PILE
FOUNDATION
Shallow Footing- Isolated Footing
Combined Footing
Strap Footing
Strap Footing
Mat/ Raft Foundation
 Mat Foundation
• Mat foundation is used for
low bearing capacity soil in
order to spread the load of a
building and hence construct
a stable foundation.
• It is used to reduce
differential settlement of
buildings.
 Plint Linte Bea
h ls ms
Colu Slab Roof
Building mns
Stair s s
Components Floo
case Door
r
s Win
dow Sills
s
Plinth

 Dividing line
between
substructure and
superstructure
 Lowest part of
superstructure,
above ground
level
 DPC provided at
plinth level to
prevent moisture
Functions of plinth
• The plinth distributes that weight outwards, dispersing it more
evenly through the ground or floor.
• it prevents the dampness from foundation to enter the building.
• It ties the entire column.
• It prevents cracks from foundation to reach the wall.
• It prevents the building to collapse during an earthquake.
• Plinth Beams distribute the load uniformly.
Columns,
Beams&
Slab

Load
Carrying
Elements
 A lintel is a structural horizontal
Lintel support used to span an opening
in a wall or between two vertical
supports

RCC LINTEL
Function of lintel
• The main function of lintel is to take loads coming from above
wall and transfer its load to the side walls.
• Lintels provide a safeguard of the windows and doors.
• Sometimes lintels are used as a decorative architectural
element.
 Types of lintel
Brick Lintel Steel Lintel Stone Lintel

RCC Lintel PCC Lintel Timber Lintel

Doors
•It is an openable barrier at
the entrance of the house,
room or other spaces that
allow people, vehicle and
other goods to enter and
leave.
•Residential
Size of Door- 1m X 2m Main
Door
0.9m X 2m Internal
Door
0.7m X 2m Bath & WC
•Public- 1.2m X 2m
Functions of Doors
• The main function of door is to maintain privacy and safety inside
the room or house when it is closed
• Doors provide connecting link between the various internal rooms
of the house.
• It gives an aesthetic view to the house.
• Open door provides lighting and ventilation to various rooms in
the house.
• It also acts as noise barrier when there are chances of too much
noise outside of the house.
Types of Door

Battened and ledged door

Hinged Flush Door
Partially Glazed Door
Double Shutter Door
Collapsible Steel Door Sliding Door
Revolving Door Public Building Swing Door
Rolling Shutter
 • A window is defined as an opening
in a wall of a building to serve one
Windows or more of the functions like natural
light, natural ventilation and
Sill height vision
= 3 foot
Window - 0.9 – 2.1 m width
61 cm – 1.5 m Height
Casement Window
Functions of Window
• Protection against the weather, daylighting and the
connection to the outside
• Sound insulation
• Security
• supply of fresh air
 • Pivoting windows are a type of window with sashes that

Types of Windows
can rotate 90°-180° around a horizontal or vertical axis
usually located on or near the center of the sash.

• The rotation of a pivoting window allows for full ventilation

Pivoted
Fixed window

• In this type, the glass panel is permanently fixed in the

opening of the wall.
• The shutter can’t be opened or closed.
• The function is limited to allowing light and or permit
vision in the room.
• No rebates are provided to the frame.
• The shutters are fully glazed.
• In homes they are generally decorative windows near
doors, stairwells and high- places or are used in
combination with other styles.
Slider window

 It has two or more sashes

that overlap slightly but
slide horizontally within
the frame.

 Suitable openings or
grooves are left in the
frame or wall to
accommodate the
shutters when are
shutters are opened.
Louvered Window

• They are provided for the sole function of

ventilation and not for the vision outside.
• The styles are grooved to receive a series of
louvers which may be of glass or wood slates.
• The louvers re usually fixed at 450
inclination sloping downward to the outside
to run-off the rain water.
• The windows provide light and ventilation
even if closed.
• Such windows are recommended for bath,
WC, workshops etc., where privacy is more
important.
Bay
Window
• The window projecting outward from the
external walls .
• Wide and decoratively impressive allow for
180° view.
• A multi-panel window, with at least three
panels set at different angles to create an
extension from the wall line.
• It is commonly used in cold country where
snow often falls.
• They may be triangular, circular, rectangular
or polygonal in plan.
Staircase
Technical terms:
 Step
 Tread
 Riser
 Flight
 Landing
 Rise
 Nosing
 Going
 String
 Newel post
 Hand rail
 Balusters
Types of
Staircase
• Spiral Staircase
Straight staircase
• Straight stairs feature a single linear
flight with no change in direction.
Dog legged Staircase
 Bifurcated Stairs, have one sweeping set of

Bifurcated Staircase
wider steps that split off into two smaller
flights going in opposite directions; these
ultimately reach the same horizontal level
L shaped staircase
Roof

Sloped / pitched roof

Lean to roof
Wall plate
Truss
Steel Roof Truss
Study of Building
Plan
• 2 BHK Plan
• All Dimensions are in feet
• Column –
• Window- W
• Ventilator- V
• Door - D
Thank You