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Chemical Bonding - Short Notes - Learning Tales 2
Chemical Bonding - Short Notes - Learning Tales 2
stability ✗ 1
b) High MP/ BP
solvent 114201
Energy
4 Highly soluble in
polar .
Ionic Bond :
/ Electro Valent Bond 1 covalent Bond :
Bond formed
by mutual of electrons between
Electrostatic attraction b/w cation and anion .
shaving
atoms
Metal + Non -
metal combining .
Cation + Anion H •→
H :O : = :O :
NaCl Electro
valency of Na =
-11
Coval
ency
:
Electro of Ct
valency =
-1
No of Bonds formed atom in covalent Bond
.
by an a .
Coval Coval
-41 5
' =3
ency ency
=
a ,
Low ionisation
a) energy of metal .
- F' "
a- F-
µ µ
b) High election
gain enthalpy .
H
Cl
c)
High Lattice 1 Force of attraction )
energy co ordinate
-
Bond :
lattice
energy
:
is formed
H H
.
H+
- -
energy depends :→ H
Lattice on
-
H -
N : + →
H -
H
'
H
"
f
1
Size of atoms ordinate Bond
a) Charge LE ✗
Charge b) LE ✗ co
-
-
size
variable Coval
ency
:
Born -
Haber
cycle :
Of Bonds of elections
Deals with the
energy changes involved in Formation No . =
No .
unpaired .
'
Na Clz AH Formation
NaCl
e.
g. 502 5 =
[ Ne ] 3s
3ps 3d2
f-
+
is ) ,
^
Tt t t t t 1st excited
AH sub
1-2 HBDE
electron state
Ning , ciig , LE
4
unpaired =
4 Bond .
AH formation AH sub -1 IE , +
1-2 AHBDE
+
Aeg H, + LE b) Expansion of octet 1
Hyper valent )
=
PC Is and 503
e.
g.
Why to
study Boon -
Haber ?
Odd election NO 2
Because cannot determine value of LE
c) species e.
g.
experimentally
.
we
Bond Parameters
Overlapping :
-
H -
H B. 0=1 Bond is Formed .
03 B- 0=1.5
C -
C B. 0=1
Colts B. 0=1.5
} Due to
b) -
overlapping
ve
c=C B. 0=2 Resonance
opposite sign lobes overlap .
C. = C B- 0=3
No Bond Formation .
b) Bond
length 11311 c) Zero
overlapping
Px PY
8 8
.
z-axis
Distance b/w nucleus of two atoms effective
overlapping zero .
No Bond Formation Px +
Py
Bond 1 BE )
.
c) energy
More close is the
overlapping orbital to nucleus
-
to dissociate Bond
Energy required any
.
.
extent of
more
overlapping and stronger is bond .
No .
of Bonds
Move the directional nature of
overlapping orbitals
-
B. L -
H F -
< H -
CI < H -
Br < H I -
B. L -
C C -
> c=c > CEC
25-25 < 25
2p <
2p 2p
- -
1. 54 Ñ 1.34 Ñ 1.2 Ñ
Axial
overlapping or End to End
Overlapping :
gizefatom
NO Of Bonds
-
B. E ✗ ✗
.
Bond is Formed
Sigma
-
B. E -
or 00
Lateral
B. E C C > N N > O_O > F- F
overlapping or
sideways overlapping
-
- -
B. E- CI -
CI > Bo Bo - > F F -
> I I -
B. E -
S s -
> O -
O -
TI -
Bond is Formed .
Difference between
Sigma and pi Bond :
valence 11113T )
Bond
theory Sigma Bond Pi Bond
covalent Bond
stronger the it Formed
by axial
overlapping it Formed
by parallel overlapping
t
2) stronger Because extent of 2) Weaker because extent of
'
More is B. E
y
, overlapping is move .
overlapping is less .
3) Allowed
Less is B. L
overlapping 3) Allowed overlapping p d
S S S
p p p
- - - -
, .
,
and p p -
.
and d- d.
- -
> -
> -
=2
sp
-
Factors Bond
affecting angle BP __2LP=0
-
a) Lone pair F
-0+01
Bond
131=3
514--12-13+3 Trigonal Trigonal
angle ✗ 1 B F
No Of lone
planar planar F
pair
'
0=120
'
=3
sp
. -
B. 10=3 tP=0
b) Electronegativity of the central atom .
Bond
angle ✗ EN of central atom .
502
514=12-16+0-0
-101
Trigonal V-shape s
Bond
angle ✗ size of .
B. p=zLp= ,
Hybridisation :
Tetrahedral Tetrahedral
H
cha SN
1214+4-0+01
-
orbitals
Overlapping of Hybrid .
H
,
H
=
4- sp3 µ
, .
0=10928
00
fully filled
orbital take
µµ ,
sN=tg( 5+3-0+01 Tetrahedral
pyramidal ii
part in
hybridisation .
' H H
orbitals Orient themselves in
=
4- sp
Hybrid
H
such that
space
1310=3 tip 0<109.28
'
=L
Order of
repulsion LP LP > LP BP > BP BP -
H2O sN=
-1210+2-0-101 Tetrahedral V-shape or 0
- - -
H H
Angular or
B. P=2 Lip -_
2
Stevie number )
12-111
=
-1M -
C -1A "
15+5-0+01
pas
sN=Lz Trigonal Trigonal a
P a
Bipyramidat Bipyoamidal
sp 'd
a
11=1110 of valence in central atom =5 -
e-
CI
B. 10=5 LP=O
M= No .
of Monovalent atoms IH.F.CI 130,1 ) ,
-0+01 F
Cationic
51=4
5111=12-16+4 Trigonal see-saw
c=
charge Bipyramidal
F
s
=5
sp'd f
Anionic
charge
-
A __
.
F
B. P=5 L .P=1
5N =
No of BP -1 NO Of LP
F
. -
af,
sN=÷ (7+3-0+0) Trigonal T
shape
-
Vote -
TT Bond
plays no role in
hybridisation =5 -
sp3d
Bipyramid al
:O
-
a
,
-
1
No Ofs Bond
. =
No Of -
suiiounding atom .
B. p= } L .p=2 F
Bipyramid at I
=
5-
sp3d F
be central atom
b)
Hydrogen can never .
BP=2LP=3
F
Polar molecule Mnet -1-0 5111=2116+6-0+01
=
Sfo square square F f
Non -
Polat molecule =
µne-1=0 Bipyoamidal Bipyoamidal S
=
,
gpzdz
-
F F
00 octahedral or octahedral
COSOT =/Une-1^1=01 F
B. P= -6 lip =-D
moment ( µ ) Drawbacks of VBT
Dipole
:
:
I 1
al
According to VBT .
Oxygen molecule was
Diamagnetic
M= d
d 9 ✗
practical it formed to be
But in
paramagnetic
⑦ a so
was
,
9 9
decided
( less EN to More EN )
c)
stability of molecule was not
by VBT .
are Formed
cclq < CHC 13 < ctlzclz < ctlzcl
.
µ
=
NH 3 > NF 3
a) Bonding molecular orbital ( BMO )
µ
=
ABMO )
b) Anti
Bonding molecular oobital (
-
Electrons are
according to Afbau 'S Rule Hund 's
Filled .
MO are formed
by Linear combination of atomic orbitals
non polar .
.
A and B LCAO
21 TO Find % ionic character in covalent Bond .
YA YB YBMO =
YA -1 YB constructive interference
% ionic character =
YB Destructive interference
Theoretical µ YMO =
YA -1-413
and
Covalent character ✗ Polarisation .
Lower
energy more
stability .
Increases electron
density in region b/w 2 nuclei
Factors
affecting polarisation :
-
↳ not
a) Size -
For Max .
covalent character YBMO =
YA + YB may or
may
have node
4132 -124A YB
'
4213170
.
ABMO ( Anti -
b)
charge Higher energy and less stability .
For Max .
covalent character Electron
density decreases b/w 2 nuclei .
NaCl <
Mgclz <
Along <
siclq 42A BMO =
42A -1473 -
24A 413
Formal
c) Electronic
configuration of cation .
charge
cations
having pseudo noble
gas configuration F. c =
Valence e- -
[ Non -
Bonding e- ] -
12-1 Bonding e- 1
has more covalent character .
CH } -
O -
CH} 5=6-[3+2]
CUCI > NaCl
14 =
-11
of Molecular orbital
Types
:
at GMO -
Formed
by overlapping along internuclear axis .
lT*2Py
#
-112Pa IT 2Pac TT2Py
Electronic
configuration of molecules :
No of (
case 1 £14
Tl2Px=T12Py)o2Pz
: .
e-
case 2 :
No of -
e- > 14
o2Pz(TT2Px=T12Py )
Na= No of .
e- in ABMO
Nb= No of .
e- in BMO
B. ING Na )
0=1-2
-
Trick
toe B. 0=2
-
→
B- 0>0 → molecule exists
→ →
.
☐ e- → B. 0=2
of molecule
stability
13 e- →
B. 0=2.5
move the 13^0 move is
stability
=
.
14 e- → B. 0=3
If B. 0 is same ,
then lower hoof e- is ABMO '
☒ e- → B. 0=2.5
Higher is
stability .
16 e- → B. 0=2
B. 0 ✗ B. Ex -1
Me B. 0=1.5
-
→
B. L
18 e- → B. 0=1
Diamagnetic
-
zero
unpaired e-
Exception
-
co -1=13 e-
Paramagnetic
-
Atleast one
unpaired e- .
B. 0=3.5