Refinery-Engineering Design Basis For Civil-IOCL-2022

अभिय ांत्रिकी डिज इन के आध र (भिविल)
Project Engineering Department

REFINERIES HEADQUARTERS
INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LIMITED
पररयोजन अभिय ांत्रिकी विि ग

ररफ़ इनरीज़ मुख्य लय
इांडियन ऑयल कॉपोरे शन भलभमटे ि
DEC 2022
GENERAL OUTLINE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS (CIVIL)
1. This Engineering Design Basis (EDB) contains Information that identifies the
specific functions to be performed by a structure, system, or component of a
facility, and the specific values or range of values chosen for controlling
parameters as reference bounds of Design.
These values may be
1.1. Restraints derived from generally accepted good engineering practices for
achieving functional goals, or
1.2. Requirements derived from analyses (based on calculations and/or

experiments) of the effects of a postulated accident for which a structure,
system, or component must meet its functional goals.
2. The Statutory Provisions, P&ID’s, IS/IRC/other relevant Codes wherever stringent

shall be followed.
3. The EDB applies to all Projects (Greenfield/Brownfield), Expansions of existing

Units of Refineries, Revamps and Works involving significant Civil, Structural &
Architectural Works.
4. Approval for any Deviation to the Design Basis, if deemed necessary as per
requirements of the Project/Work, shall be taken from Officer not below the
Grade H.
5. All such deviations shall, however, be brought to the notice of the EDB issuing
Department at Refineries Headquarters for review and suitable incorporation in
the manual after approval.
6. In case, for some reason, the deviation accepted for a specific Project/Work is
not approved for incorporation in the EDB, such deviation shall still be deemed as
accepted for the Project/Work for which it was approved.
7. Any discrepancy noted in the EDB shall be brought to the notice of the EDB
issuing Department at Refineries Headquarters.
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ENGINEERING CELL REV 03
PROJECT DEPARTMENT- RHQ
ARCHITECTURAL
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CONTENTS
Sl. No. Description
1.0 Standard Specifications Codes & Practices
2.0 Design Philosophy/ Criteria

2.1 Architectural Design
2.2 Building Requirements
2.3 Building Services
2.4 Aesthetics
2.5 Structural & Construction Elements
2.6 Building Elements
3.0 Architectural Finishes

3.1 External Finishes
3.2 Internal Finishes
3.3 Doors, Windows & Ventilators
3.4 Roof Treatment
3.5 Sanitary Fittings & Fixtures
3.6 Roofing (Sheds / Workshops)
3.7 Cladding
4.0 New Construction Technologies for Buildings

4.1 Monolithic Construction Technologies
4.2 Pre Fabricated Construction
4.3 Light Gauge Frame System (LGFS)
4.4 Prefabricated Sandwich Panel System
5.0 General Requirements
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Referenced Publications
1. National Building Code of India.

2. Factory Law/ State Government Factory Acts.
3. Local Municipality or any other Authority’s Bye-laws as applicable.
4. TAC (Tariff Advisory Committee) Rules.
5. OISD Standards.
6. BPE (Bureau of Public Enterprise) Norms.
7. Bye-laws of Town & Country Planning Organization.
8. BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) Codes.
9. (IER) Indian Electricity Rules.
10. CEA (Central Electricity Authority).
11. Guidelines of IGBC/ GRIHA/ LEED for Green Building concept.
12. Pollution Control Board norms.
13. Any other applicable Law, Rules, Standard as referred in respective clause.
1.0 Standard Specifications Codes & Practices
Engineering design incorporates Codes and Standards as referred in the

design philosophy of respective engineering disciplines as well as applicable
standards and specifications. All codes & Standards shall be latest revision
with all amendments issued thereto. However, effort shall be made for effective
utilization of space and facilities for cost effective design.
2.0 Design Philosophy/ Criteria
2.1 Architectural Design
Architectural design of the buildings shall be in accordance with this design

basis and references as stated above to meet the functional requirements.
In plant area no underground / basement shall be provided in the building.
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2.2 Building Requirements
2.2.1 Spatial requirements:
Spatial requirements of Buildings shall mainly be decided based on the

equipment/panel layout, activities to be performed in the building and
consequent occupancy pattern. Sizes of various type of spaces shall be
decided based on occupancy/ equipment/Panel layout, clearances,
maintenance & safety requirements. The objective of spatial arrangement
shall be to satisfy functional requirements, physical comfort and safety
regulations as well as aesthetics.
Requirement of services/utilities such as air conditioning, LAN etc. shall be

finalized as per Owner’s specific requirement. Special care shall be taken to
design buildings to meet the criteria of Green Buildings as per the standards
of IGBC/ GRIHA or any other Green Building rating system decided by Owner,
for desired rating.
2.2.1.1 Plant Buildings:

Buildings envisaged in the project are in general indicated below.
These are only indicative for any grass root refinery. However these
may vary entirely based on location to location and plant to plant. This
list shall be updated in the beginning of the project.
1) Central Control Building.

2) Liquid dispatch/ OM&S Control Room Building.
3) ETP Control Room Building.
4) Main Substations.
5) Unit Substations.
6) Satellite Rack Rooms.
7) Fire water Pumps House(s).
8) Compressor House.
9) Plant/ Process Shelters/Field Operator Cabins.
10) Emergency Generator Buildings.
11) Fire station building.
12) Quality Control lab.
13) Main warehouse.
14) Mechanical Workshop.
15) Electrical/ Instrumentation workshop.
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16) Repair shops.

17) Storage shelters.
18) Dispatch Building.
19) OM&S Building.
20) Stores.
21) Central Chemical Store.
22) Unit Chemical Stores.
23) Generator Buildings
24) Buildings/ Sheds for utility Packages (Pump House/Liquid/
Catalyst/ Chemical Storages, Plant Building/ shed etc. as required
for various packages)
(a) Control Room Buildings & Satellite Rack Rooms for Process Units shall
be designed as per OISD-STD 163, TAC building bye-laws and Factory
Act. Control Room Buildings shall be centrally air-conditioned, RCC blast
resistant (if required), single storied construction without any projection,
designed to fully meet the Instrumentation, Electrical, HVAC, safety and
other requirements.
Generally, Utility and Power Plant Control Rooms need not to be blast
resistant. However, final decision on this shall be taken in consultation with
Owner.
Control Room Buildings shall broadly consist of Console Room, Rack Room,
EC/ PLC Room, Computer Room, UPS Room, Battery Room,
Operators’ Rooms, Shift-in-Charge Rooms, Supervisor’s Office
accommodation, Instruments Calibration Room, Operators’ Check and
Change Room, Toilets (Ladies & Gents), A.C. Plant/ AHU Rooms, Clean
Agent Storage Room etc.
Satellite Rack Rooms shall broadly consist of Rack Room, UPS Room,
Battery Room, A.C. Plant/ AHU Rooms, Clean Agent Storage Room etc.
Operators’ Rooms, Toilets (Ladies & Gents) may be provided if required.
(b) Sub-Station buildings shall be designed as per OSID–STD 149; 173;

C EA; IER; TAC building bye-laws, Factory Acts etc. Sub Stations may be
double storied having Cable Cellar at ground floor or single storied
(having trenches for the cables) as per the Electrical requirements and
Electrical Design Basis.
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Sub Station Buildings shall broadly consist of Switchgear Room, Operator’s

Room, Battery Room, Other Electrical Panels’ Room, Pressurization Room
etc. as per functional requirements and Electrical design basis. Toilets shall
be provided as per requirement.
(c) Sheds shall be designed as per Factory Act. Ventilation and day-lighting
shall be ensured by means of louvers/ window & ventilators and roof
monitors / air turbo ventilators. Necessary lifting devices (monorail, HOT,
EOT etc.) shall be provided. Depending on the utility of the shed, proper
access and lay-down area shall be planned.
(d) Buildings / Sheds of Process Units shall be designed as per Factory Act
& NBO incorporating special requirements of Licensors if any.
2.2.1.2 Non-Plant Buildings

Following Non-Plant Buildings are envisaged:
1) Administration Building.
2) Laboratory Building.
3) Bank/ Post Office Building.
4) Canteens.
5) Training Centre.
6) Occupational Health Centre.
7) Utilities Control Room
8) Main Gatehouses/ Security Buildings.
9) Security Cabins.
10) Driver’s Buildings.
11) Satellite Maintenance Buildings.
12) Watch Towers.
13) Air Monitoring Buildings.
14) Radio Building.
15) Tank Monitoring Cabins.
16) Operator Shelters.
17) Telecoms Towers Radio Building.
18) Equipment shelters.
19) Smoking Shelters.
20) Vehicle Parking Shelters.
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The above mentioned Non Plant Buildings are subjected to confirmation and
finalization during detail engineering.
(A) Functional Spaces:

Functional areas of any building/shed are constituted by the main activity
areas for which the building is to exist. Various spaces/rooms shall be
judiciously sized and shall be integrated logically to generate the total building
plan taking into account the following parameters.
(i) Activities, group of activities and consequent workflow pattern

(ii) Site conditions i.e. dimensions, contours etc
(iii) Climatic conditions vis-a-vis orientation
(iv) Site Planning (solar geometry, approaches, adjoining facilities,
safety standards etc.)
(v) General arrangement of equipments
(vi) Health, safety & environmental standards & regulations.
(vii) Lighting and ventilation
(viii) Acoustics
(ix) Building utilities, amenities & Services.
(x) Security
(xi) Economy
(xii) Aesthetics
(xiii) Statutory requirements (viz. local building authority bye-laws, fire
authority approval, airport authority approval, environmental
clearance, forest authority approval, power utility & requirement
approval, consent to establish / operate etc.)
(xiv) Any specific requirement pertaining to particular buildings
(xv) All other established Architectural design parameters
The objective of spatial arrangement shall be to satisfy functional requirements

and physical comfort and safety regulations as well as aesthetics which has
significant role in creating a favourable working and living condition.
(B) Circulation Spaces:

Following spaces are classified as circulation spaces. These spaces shall be
provided for integrating various types of spaces and as means of access/exit.
(i) Corridors & passages.

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(ii) Staircases
(iii) Elevators
(iv) Entrance lobby/ Foyer including Reception & waiting
(v) Gangway/walkways
(vi) Equipment loading/unloading platforms
(vii) Emergency Exits
(viii) Ramps for physically challenged and equipment entry/exit as
applicable.
(C) Amenity Spaces:

Following spaces are classified as amenity spaces
(i) Toilet (Gents & Ladies)

(ii) Drinking Water Facility
(iii) Locker & Change room.
(iv) Rest room/Lunch room.
(v) Washrooms & space for drying clothes.
(vi) Canteen/Pantry room.
(vii) First-aid room.
Out of the above-mentioned areas Toilet, Drinking Water and First aid room
enclosure shall be mandatory requirement for buildings with human
occupancy. Other requirements shall be provided as specified.
(D) Utility Spaces:

Utility spaces are the spaces required for the provision of services like
Airconditioning, pressurization, fire fighting, electrical, telephone etc. These
spaces shall be provided as per specified building services. Following are the
examples:
(i) Air-conditioning plant room

(ii) Air handling rooms
(iii) Pressurization blower plant room
(iv) Electrical distribution panel rooms
(v) Service Ducts
(vi) Fire Fighting Equipment room
(vii) Telephone Exchange Equipments room
(viii) UPS room
(ix) Battery room
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However following are the minimum sizes/ dimensions for various purposes,
which are to be adhered to.
Minimum size of any habitable room 9.5 sq.m. with minimum dimension
not less than 2.5 m.
Scale of accommodation for Industrial @ 14 cum. per occupant.
workspaces Minimum clear height of such
workspaces shall be 3.6m.
Heights above 4.25m shall not be
taken into account.
Ceiling height shall be as per functional requirements and applicable factory

rules. The height shall be determined considering the clearance from
equipment, bus duct, HVAC duct, lighting fixtures, etc.
Minimum ceiling height requirements shall be as per the following table;
Sr. No. Description Minimum Ceiling Height *

Minimum height of habitable room
1 and finished floor to soffit of false 3000 mm
ceiling.
2 Industrial work places 3600 mm
3 Fire Station/Control Room/SRR 5000 mm
Compressor Shed, Instrument Air
4 Compressor Shed
As desired by equipment /
Workshop, Ware House, Fire
5 crane vendor
Water Pump House
6 Electrical Substation
* All height dimensions are to underside of ceiling or beams, whichever is

lower. The height also shall be as per Equipment Layout, GA drawings of
facilities with due consideration of clearance from equipment, bus duct and
lighting fixtures etc.
2.2.2 Day Lighting:
Established level of illumination shall be maintained for all parts of the

buildings by means of windows, ventilators etc. Provision of referenced
publications like NBC part- VIII; Section-1; IS-2440; IS-3646 (part- II); IS-
7662 (part- I ), Factory rule or other relevant rules etc. shall be adhered to in
this regard.
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Direct solar illumination shall not be considered and only sky radiation shall
be taken as contributing to illumination of the building. Openings shall be
provided with shading devices to avoid glare. For the purpose of illumination,
day lighting shall also be supplemented by artificial illumination particularly at
fire-exit.
2.2.3 Accessibility:
These requirements deal with barrier free access to, movement within and
around buildings. In industrial complexes, which are normally not open to
public, requirement of accessibility shall be applicable to following building
occupancy types where occupancy of differently abled staff / visitor is
expected.
• Main gate house.

• Administration and other office buildings.
• Laboratory.
• Canteen.
• First aid/ Occupational health centre.
• Control Rooms.
• Auditoriums.
Requirements of accessibility:
• At least one entrance, preferably main entrance per building shall be

accessible to persons with disabilities.
• All common area open to public and staff and all facilities such as
lobby, toilets, lifts, parking etc. shall be accessible to all persons with
disabilities.
• Accessible toilet shall be provided.
Note: Reference shall be made to Chapter-3, NBC for further details on

accessibility.
2.2.4 Ventilation:
2.2.4.1 Natural Ventilation:

Established level of ventilation in terms of air changes per hour shall
be maintained for all spaces as per the provision of referenced
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publications like State Factory rules, NBC part-VIII Section-1, IS:3101

(Industrial building), IS:3362 (Residential buildings), IS-:7662 (Part-I)
or other relevant code/ rules. Natural ventilation shall also be
supplemented by mechanical or electrical means of ventilation in all
human occupied areas. Sufficient no. of Glazed/Louvered
windows/Ventilators shall be provided and supplemented by exhaust
fans.
Natural Ventilation in Industrial Sheds:
(i) Stores, Warehouses:
These shall be closed type sheds having full height external walls/
metal sheeting. Natural ventilation shall be by means of windows/
ventilators on side walls.
In case of sheds wider than 30 metre, ventilation shall be
augmented by roof ventilation by means of Roof Monitor, Wind
driven Ridge Ventilator and Air Extractors etc. as necessary for
required air change.
(ii) Equipment/ machine sheds:
Generally, these sheds shall be open on all sides upto 3000 mm,
thereafter side cladding shall be provided for the remaining height.
Continuous sheet louvers shall be provided in the cladding on
longer sides.
Roof Monitor, Wind driven Ridge Ventilator and Air Extractors etc.
as necessary for required air change shall also be provided.
2.2.4.2 Mechanical ventilation

In addition to natural ventilation, if required Mechanical or electrical
ventilation is provided depending on the type of building and its use.
Refer Design Basis of Packaged Equipment for its requirement and
applications.
2.2.5 Acoustic & Sound Insulation:
Specified acceptable noise level and reverberation time shall be maintained

inside a building/shed. Following references shall be referred to for the
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purpose:
a) National Building Code of India

b) State Factories Act.
c) Limitations on decibel level stated elsewhere, if any, in the bid document.
Required noise level in any space shall be maintained by means of

a) Segregating noise sources by buffer zones
b) Dampening of noise levels by damping devices
c) Providing Acoustic treatment with acoustic material (on walls, ceilings,
floors, as required).
2.2.6 Fire and Life Safety
Safety from fire and like emergencies shall be taken into account in
building design as per NBC-Part IV; OISD-GDN-115; OISD-STD-116, 117,
173, State Factory Rules and other relevant code/ rules. The buildings shall
be provided with exits sufficient to permit safe escape of occupants in case of
emergency. The exits shall be in terms of doorway, corridors, etc. to
internal/ external staircase or to areas having access to the outside. Control
room building shall be provided with emergency exit on the other side of the
entrance.
Provisions for life safety in relation to fire prevention and fire protection of
buildings shall be applicable to:
a) All high rise buildings (15 metre or above in height, irrespective of its
occupancy, height being vertical distance measured from average ground
level around to the terrace of last livable floor of the building adjacent to
external wall).
b) Special buildings
(i) Hotel, educational, institutional, business, mercantile, industrial,
storage, hazardous and mixed occupancies, where any of these
buildings have floor area more than 500 m2 on any one or more floors;
(ii) Educational buildings having height 9 m and above;
(iii) Institutional buildings having height 9 m and above;
(iv) All assembly buildings;
(v) Buildings, having area more than 300 m2 of incidental assembly
occupancy on any floor; and
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(vi) Buildings with two basements or more, or with one basement of area
more than 500 m2.
Reference shall be made to Chapter-4, NBC for further details on life safety.
Requirements of Exits for life safety:
a) Every building having human occupancy shall be provided with exits

sufficient to permit safe egress of occupants in case of fire or other
emergency.
b) Exit
Exit is that unobstructed component of means of egress (A continuous

way of travel from any point of in a building to a public way, consisting of
three separate and distinct parts, i.e. exit access, exit and exit discharge)
which is between the exit access (portion of means of egress that leads to
an exit, i.e. doors, staircase, lobby, ramps, corridor leading to exit, a
common path of travel leading to two independent directions to separate
exits) and the exit discharge (The component of means of egress between
the termination of an exit and a public way) or public way (street, alley
open to outside).
An exit may be a fire exit doorway, an internal staircase, exit passageway,

external doorway, external staircase having access to the street or to a
veranda or to a refuge area (An area within the building for a temporary
use during egress, staging area which is protected from the effect of fire
and smoke) or to the terrace or roof of a building.
Exit doorway
Every exit doorway shall open into an enclosed stairway or a horizontal
exit of a corridor/passageway providing continuous and protected means
of egress.
Corridors and passageways

Width of Corridors and passageways shall not be less than calculated
width of exit doorways leading from them in the direction of travel to the
exit.
In case of central corridor which is part of exit access of the building,
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doors of rooms (except for rooms having assembly occupancy) shall open
inwards.
Doors provided in exit passageway (from exit to exit discharge) shall be
fire rated doors of 120 minutes rating.
Lifts, Escalators, Moving walks and Revolving doors

Lifts, Escalators, Moving walks and Revolving doors shall not be
considered as exits.
c) For non-naturally ventilated areas, fire doors with 120 min fire resistance
rating shall be provided and particularly at the entrance to lift lobby and
stair well where a funnel of flue effect may be created, including an
upward spread of fire, to prevent spread of fire and smoke.
d) Exits shall be so arranged that they may be reached without passing

through another occupied unit/passage in other's control, if they pose
challenge or restriction in means of egress.
e) Doors in exits shall open in the direction of exit. In case of assembly

buildings and institutional buildings, exit door shall not open immediately
upon a flight of stair and all such entries to the stair shall be through a
landing, so that such doors do not impede movement of people
descending from a higher floor when fully opened. While for other
occupancies, such doors shall not reduce the pathway in the landing by
more than half the width of such staircase. Overhead or sliding doors shall
not be installed.
f) At least half of the required exit stairs from upper floors (rounded to the
next higher number) shall discharge directly to the exterior or through exit
passageways.
g) All the exits and exit passageways (An exit component that is separated
from other interior spaces of building by fire rated construction and
opening protective, and provides for a protected path of egress travel in a
horizontal direction to an exit or exit discharge) to exit discharge shall
have a clear ceiling height of at least 2.4m. However the height of exit
door shall be at least 2.0m.
h) Number of Exits
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Minimum required number of exits shall be determined based on:
(i) Occupant load
Occupant load factor:

Occupant load shall be based on actual number of occupants but not less
than specified in the table below:
Occupant Load Factor

Occupancy Group
(sqm/person)
Group A: Residential 12.50
Group B: Educational 4.00
Group C: Institutional
Indoor patients area 15.00
Outdoor patients area 10.00
Group D: Assembly
Concentrated use w/o fixed seating 0.65
Less concentrated use w/o fixed seating 1.40
Fixed seating : Dining areas and
1.80
restaurants with seating and table
Group E: Business 10.00
Group F: Mercantile
Street floor and sales basement 3.00
Upper sales floor 6.00
Storage/warehouse, receiving and the like 20.00
Group G: Industrial 10.00
Group H: Storage 30.00
Group J: Hazardous 10.00
Width per person for Exit:

Width per person for stairway, door, corridor, ramp shall be as per
following table:
Width per Person (mm)

Occupancy Group
Stairway Door, Corridor, Ramp
Group A: Residential 10 6.5
Group B: Educational 10 6.5
Group C: Institutional 15 13
Group D: Assembly 10 6.5
Group E: Business 10 6.5
Group F: Mercantile 10 6.5
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Group G: Industrial 10 6.5

Group H: Storage 10 6.5
Group J: Hazardous 18 10
Note: Unit of exit width is 500mm, clear width of 250mm shall be additional
half unit. Less than 250mm will not be considered.
Example:
An exit doorway measuring 1000mm in residential occupancy would
provide exit capacity for 1000/6.5 = 153 persons.
The capacity for 1000mm wide stairway shall be 1000/10 = 100 persons.
(ii) Maximum Travel Distance
Numbers and arrangement:

Exits shall be so located that the travel distance (the distance to be
travelled from any point in a building to a protected exit or external escape
route or final exit measured along the line of travel) on the floor shall not
exceed the distance given below.
Exits shall be placed as remote from each other as possible and shall be
in separate directions from any point in the area served.
Maximum Travel Distance (m)

Occupancy Group
Type 1, 2 const.* Type 3, 4 const.*
Group A: Residential 30.00 22.50
Group B: Educational 30.00 22.50
Group C: Institutional 30.00 22.50
Group D: Assembly 30.00 30.00
Group E: Business 30.00 30.00
Group F: Mercantile 30.00 30.00
Group G: Industrial
G-1, G-2 45.00 Const. type not allowed
G-3 22.50 Const. type not allowed
Group H: Storage 30.00 Const. type not allowed
Group J: Hazardous 22.50 Const. type not allowed
* Type of Construction shall be as per Chapter-4, NBC.
Note: For fully sprinkled building, travel distance may be increased by 50

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percent.
Travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point within a
storey along the natural run obstructed path of horizontal or vertical egress
travel to the door to the exit.
Dead end corridor:

Dead end corridor length in exit access shall not exceed:
• Educational, Institutional, assembly occupancy : 6 metres.
• Others : 15 metres.
2.2.7 Energy Efficiency
In order to achieve energy efficiency in the building design, following passive

measures shall be incorporated to the extent feasible in developing the layout.
Orientation
The buildings should be oriented optimally based on sun-path. Exposure on
the eastern and western side should be minimum.
Building form
Building volume should be reduced with optimum foot-print area.
2.2.8 Site planning & landscaping
Site planning of building shall take into account aspects like inter-
relationship of the buildings with the whole system, movement pattern,
traffic and road net-work, safety regulations, service network, fire safety,
climatic and environmental aspects, site conditions like site dimension,
contour, drainage, noise level, view, future expansion, visual aspects, Natural
Light and Ventilation etc.
Main and service/ maintenance entrances of buildings shall be

provided with vehicular access. All exit points shall also be provided with
footpath/ vehicular access. Truck movement space in accordance with
traffic pattern shall be provided for the building as per the location of hoisting
bay/loading, unloading platform. Road network and open space around
the buildings shall be designed considering movement and functioning of
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Fire tenders and cranes etc. Parking space in accordance with traffic load shall
be provided to all buildings.
Climatic factors like wind direction, solar geometry shall be taken into account
in orienting the buildings depending on type of climate. Orientation of building
shall also consider noise and smell propagation, views, and visual effect from
various directions.
Sufficient open space shall be provided for planned expansion of buildings.

Sufficient open space shall also be provided around the buildings for lighting
and ventilation in accordance with Factory Acts & National Building Code.
Open spaces in a plot and around buildings proportional to the height of the
structure shall satisfy the requirements of the local byelaws.
Suitable Landscaping treatment shall also be done around the important

buildings. Such treatment shall generally consist of lawns, road side
plantation and beautification of building entrance areas. Standard landscape
elements such as earth contours, paving, flower beds, hedges, shrubs,
ground cover and ornamental trees shall be incorporated in landscape
treatment. Necessary water supply/sprinklers shall also be provided.
Environmental sustainability shall be considered in Landscape planning by

adopting land, vegetation and water sensitive design options. Cut and fill of the
land shall be minimized. Storm water runoff in the landscaped area shall be
planned in line with the drainage system of the whole complex.
Generally, Landscaping shall be done in following areas:

• Green belt around the complex.
• Control Rooms, QC Lab, Technical / Administration Building, Canteen,
etc.
• Non plant areas (road sides, open spaces, Entrance area, court-yards
and spaces around buildings, car-parking).
• Complex entry areas.
• Reservoir areas.
• Any other area within complex which can be utilized for landscaping.
Landscaping elements:
Generally following elements shall be part of landscaping including necessary
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water supply and sprinklers.
• Tree plantation
• Hedges, shrubs, ground covers, creepers and climbers.
• Flowering, ornamental plants
• Lawns
• Paving
• Earth-forms
• Water body (if feasible)
• Landscape lighting
• Landscaping furniture
• Vertical Gardens
2.3 Building Services
Following services shall be provided for all buildings as essential services.
2.3.1 Water Supply, Distribution and Drainage, Sanitary Services.

This service is essential for all human occupied buildings. The building
shall have toilet and drinking water facility and accordingly water
supply, distribution and drainage, sanitary services as per NBC- Part-IX:
Section 1&2, Factory rules and or referenced publication. Drinking water
provisions, including sufficient number of water cooler (minimum one per area)
shall be provided within an enclosure separated from the toilets. Space for
janitor shall be provided in the toilets. All service pipes showing on the
external wall shall be suitably concealed or shall be provided within a shaft.
Reference shall be made to Engineering Design Basis (Civil, Structural) for

supply, distribution and disposal system including piping and other required
accessories, devices, drains, rain water harvesting etc. This design basis
covers roof drainage, plumbing and sanitary fixtures only.
Roof Drainage
(i) Flat roof
Rain water drainage of flat roof shall be through rain water pipes. For
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small areas, drainage may be by means of spouts. Slope of finished

roof shall not be flatter than 1:100.
Roof gutters shall be provided in cases of large drainage area of roof.
(ii) Pitched roof
Rain water drainage of pitched roof shall be through valley / eaves

gutter and rain water pipes.
For small roof drainage area and lesser roof height, free fall of roof
water shall be considered.
2.3.2 Electrical Services

This service shall be provided as essential service for all the buildings.
Electrical services for building shall consist of electrical supply, and
distributions, electrical lighting installations, telephone network, fans, exhaust
fans, lighting protection system etc., including all accessories, cabling etc.
including Emergency power supply, all as defined under Engineering Design
Basis of Electrical. All openings for Electrical / Inst cables shall be sealed after
cabling.
Necessary space, rooms, provisions such as Electrical Room, BMS Control

Room, Battery Room, UPS Room etc. required for Electrical & Instrumentation
system shall be provided in buildings.
2.3.3 Air Conditioning and Heating

Control Room Building, Satellite Rack Rooms, Administration Building,
Amenity Building, Training Center etc. shall be centrally air-conditioned.
Accordingly A.C. Plant/ AHU etc. of the require capacity (depending on the
requirement) shall be provided and suitably housed. Some designated
rooms (as per Electrical requirement) in the Sub Station Buildings or in other
buildings like canteen; scale room etc. may be required to be air-conditioned.
For this suitable window/ split/ package type units may be provided as per
requirement w.r.t. the Design Basis of Packaged Equipment. All openings for
ducts shall be sealed after ducting.
Necessary space, rooms, provisions such as AC plant, AHU, Blower room etc.
required for HVAC system shall be provided in buildings.
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2.3.4 Information Technology (IT) Services
Necessary space, rooms, provisions such as Server Room, IT Hubs etc.

required for IT system shall be provided in buildings.
2.4 Aesthetics
Apart from the fulfillment of functional & safety requirement, aesthetic

requirement of the building shall be taken care of in the design. As specific
guidelines for achieving required aesthetics are difficult to establish, preliminary
drawings indicating Architectural treatment (with minimum three different
alternative proposals) shall be submitted for Owner’s approval.
Architectural scheme shall be based on general principles of Aesthetics. Building

facades shall reflect such principles like symmetry, balance, proportion, rhythm,
light and shade etc.
Following elements shall be considered as contributory elements to aesthetics and

their design etc. shall be subjected to the Owner’s approval. Any
change/modifications sought for aesthetics improvements with regards to these
elements shall be carried out. Any incidental elements like brickwork, RCC work
etc. required for such changes/modifications shall also be added.
• Building/shed shape and features

• Canopies, overhangs & shading devices
• Gutters, roof projections
• Entrance/exit steps, door
• Window/Ventilator composition
• External wall location with respect to columns
• Colour scheme, grooves in plaster
• Spatial arrangement
Local Climatic conditions shall be considered while designing the buildings.
Architectural scheme including design of above mentioned elements shall be

subjected to Owner/ PMC approval.
2.5 Structural And Construction Elements

Blast resistance control room buildings, if provided, shall be fully R.C.C. structure
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to withstand the specified blast pressure. Other buildings (Non blast proof Control
Room Buildings, Sub Stations etc.) shall be R.C.C. framed structure (columns,
beams and R.C.C. roof slab) with brick masonry / Burnt clay fly ash building
bricks / AAC block infill walls. Structural & Construction elements shall be
designed as per the details given in Engineering Design Basis-Structural.
2.6 Building Elements
2.6.1 Plinth Protection

The building shall be provided with minimum 1000 mm wide (top of plinth
protection shall be 100mm high from top of Approach Road Level) plinth
protection with drain around the building. For detail refer Engineering Design
Basis- Structural.
2.6.2 Finished Floor Level (FFL)

In general, FFL of the Building shall be determined with respect to top of
approach road or pavement. Following schedule shall be adhered to for FFL
of the building:
Control Room Building/
Satellite Rack Room Top Road level of Approach Road / HPP + 450
Building (Building mm + Height of false flooring
having false flooring)
Top of approach Road level / HPP + 600 mm
(Cable Cellar floor level)
Top of approach Road level + 150 mm
Sub Station Buildings (Transformer bays) with pebbles
F.G.L. (+) approx. 1000 mm high from top of
road (in case of single storey Substation Building
with trenches as per electrical requirement)
(HPP) shall be maintained as per site grading
Unit area
w.r.t. Design Basis of General Civil
Top of approach Road level / HPP + 700 mm
Non – Plant Buildings
(min.) or as per functional requirement
Industrial Sheds in
HPP + 150 mm
paved Areas
Top of approach Road level + 450 mm (min.) or
Other Buildings/sheds
as per functional requirement
Vehicle Scooter, Cycle
Top of approach Road level + 150 mm
Shed including Fire
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Tender Bays, Repair

Shop
Loading, Unloading
platforms in Top of approach Road level + 1100 mm
Stores/warehouses
Notes:
1. In case of approaches with different top levels, the highest top
level of approach road/ pavement shall be considered.
2. FFL shall be same throughout in a building/shed. Split-levels may be

considered in exceptional cases due to ground terrain etc.
3. Cable cellar in SRR can go below ground.
4. Cavity flooring on ground floor shall have the grade slab at not less
than 150 mm above HPP.
5. The minimum height of outdoor and indoor pedestals (supporting

structures) shall be 300 mm and 200 mm respectively above the
highest paving level/ floor finish level whichever is higher.
The projection of pedestals for staircase / ladder shall be 200 mm.
6. FFL of external loading/unloading bays/ platforms, toilet, pantry, and

kitchen shall be 10-15 mm lower than that of the building
FFL to check ingress/spillage of water.
7. In case of discrepancy, philosophy of levels shall be followed.
8. FFL of Loading/ Unloading bays of Warehouses, Godowns, stores

shall be maintained as Loading platform level of trucks with outward
slope to avoid ingress of rain water splash.
2.6.3 Steps
Tread and riser of steps shall be 300mm & 150mm respectively. Edge of
treads shall be provided with friction grip strips or similar anti-skid
arrangement.
2.6.4 Ramps
For equipment entry:
Minimum Width : 1500 mm
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Slope : 1:7
For persons with disability:

Refer clause for ‘Accessibility’.
• Ramp shall not be curved.

• Single row of tactile warnlnq block (TGSI) shall be placed at 300mm
before the beginning and 300mm after the end of each ramp.
• Internal ramps should be avoided. Where required, internal ramps should
not rise more than 2000mm. Maximum gradient shall be 1:15.
• End landing shall be provided both at bottom and top of the sloped path
and also where the run changes direction. Length of end and intermediate
landing shall not be less than 1500mm. Where the ramp run changes
direction, minimum landing dimension shall be 1500mm x 1500mm.
• Width, slope and other requirements of ramps shall be as per following
table:
Level difference Maximum Ramp Handrail on Other requirement

gradient Width both side
150 to 300mm 1:12 1200mm Yes -
301 to 750mm 1:12 1500mm Yes Landing after
every 5m ramp run
751 to 3000mm 1:15 1800mm Yes Landing after
> 3000mm 1:20 1800mm Yes every 9m ramp run
2.6.5 Access Platform

Minimum 1000 mm wide platform shall be provided in between entrance door
and steps/ramps.
A clear, firm and level landing of at least 1800mm x 1800mm shall be
provided on either side of the entrance door.
Appropriate tactile ground surface indicator (TGSI) should be provided for
leading to entrance.
2.6.6 Walls:
Walls shall be of clay brick/ fly ash brick/ AAC masonry. For blast resistance,
walls shall be of RCC.
Following schedule shall be adhered to for wall material and thickness:
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A External walls 230 mm. thk. Brick / fly ash building brick wall
B Internal partition 230/115 mm thk. Brick / fly ash building brick / AAC
block wall depending on the overall length and
height of the wall (refer note below)
C Transformer walls 200mm thk. RCC or 345mm thick (excluding
plastering) fire brick walls as per Electrical
requirements (OISD / IER)
D Fire Rated Wall Minimum 115 mm for 2 hour fire rating
E Concrete wall As per structural design basis
(Blast resistant)
Notes:
1. 115 mm thk. Brick partition walls (with nominal steel requirement as
per structure design) shall be provided with 230 mm thk. brick pillars
for stability depending upon the length and height of wall.
2. Wherever conduits or pipes are required to be concealed within

partition wall, the wall thickness shall be increased (preferably to
230mm) suitably.
3. Wherever, bricks are not commonly available, suitable alternative

material shall be used after obtaining owner’s approval.
Fire rated walls:
Fire rated walls of required rating (minimum 2 hours) shall be provided in

following areas of applicable buildings indicated in clause 2.2.6 (Fire & Life
safety):
• Enclosure of internal staircase : 2 hours fire rating.

• Exit passageway/ corridor : 2 hours fire rating.
Walls separating various fire zones and separation walls between protected
and non-protected areas of Process Control Rooms / Satellite Rack Rooms
shall also be of 2 hours fire rating.
2.6.7 Doors:
Doors shall be provided for access, security and safety at all entry & exits of
rooms, functional areas & the buildings. Air tight door shall be provided in
pressurized area and in gaseous protection area. Fire check doors shall be
with minimum two hours rating as per statutory requirement. Emergency door
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shall be opened outwards. Sizes of the doors shall be determined on the basis
of the following schedule:
1. Equipment, Panel area: Size of max. equipment including packing.

2. Other areas: Volume of movement through door.
3. W.C., Bath Cubicle Door: 800 mm x 2100mm (wall opening size).
4. Minimum Entrance door size: 1500 mm x 2100 mm (wall opening
size).
5. Minimum size of other doors: 1000mm x 2100mm (wall opening).
Notes:
1. Rolling shutters shall be provided for equipment entry for Switchgear
Room / Electrical Room, A.C. Plant Room etc and wherever area
requirement of openable shutters exceed 2500mm (width) x 2500mm
(height).
2. Mechanically operated Rolling Shutters shall be provided in the main
equipment entry door and for opening Sizes exceeding 8.0 sq.m.
3. Blast resistant Control room entry door shall be provided with blast
Resistant baffle wall in front of entry door and shall have 45 degree / 90
degree overlap on both sides. Refer OISD-STD 163.
Requirements for fire and life safety:

(Refer clause 2.2.6 for applicability and other details)
• Doors provided in exit passageway (from exit to exit discharge) shall be

fire rated doors of 120 minutes rating.
• Fire doors with 120 minutes fire resistance rating shall be provided
particularly at the entrance to lift lobby and stair well where a funnel of
flue effect may be created, including and upward spread of fire, to
prevent spread of fire and smoke.
• Any doorway leading to external staircase shall be minimum 120
minutes fire rated door.
• Access door to internal staircase shall be minimum 120 minutes fire
rated door.
• In case of central corridor which is part of exit access of the building,
doors of rooms (except for rooms having assembly occupancy) shall
open inwards.
• Width of Doors shall not be less than 1000 mm except entry/exit doors
of assembly buildings, where door width shall not be less than 2000 mm
and for WC cubicles, where door width shall not be less than 750mm.
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2.6.8 Windows / Ventilators

Windows / Ventilators shall be provided in all areas for natural lighting,
ventilation and visibility at working level.
For the purposes of ventilation, total openable area of the windows/ventilators

shall be as required for necessary air changes as per Factory Act subjected to
a minimum of 15% of the floor area to be ventilated. However the % shall
finally depend on the Climate Zones (complying with NBC) and shall count
only the openable area of the windows.
Windows / Ventilators are also elements of building aesthetics and shall be

provided in accordance with approved Architectural control scheme. Windows
shall be provided at working levels. For the purpose of natural lighting total
glass area shall be minimum 15% of the floor area. However, in case of
offices, work places etc. windows shall be provided for the full length of walls
as per approved Architectural scheme.
Areas accommodating panels/ equipments shall be normally provided with

ventilators at high level for unobstructed distributed lighting. Ventilators shall
be provided below roof beam. Ventilators shall be with Aluminium louvers in
case of buildings. In case of Sheds, Aluminium louvers or cladding sheet
louvers as approved shall be provided.
Rooms, spaces, sheds having height more than 4 metre shall have windows
and ventilators at multiple levels to ensure required natural lighting and
ventilation at all levels. Such windows & ventilators must be provided at all
intermediate working levels of such high rooms, spaces, sheds.
Fly mesh shutters shall be provided for windows/ventilators in Kitchen, Pantry,

Dining hall etc.
Ventilator shall be able to serve as smoke vents in the event of fire.
Wherever due to limitation of external wall area or any other reasons,

stipulated area of window / ventilation cannot be provided, suitable
mechanical devices shall be provided. For Workshop / Warehouse sheds etc.
with pre-coated / GI roof sheeting etc. suitable monitor may added in provide
additional ventilation.
Transparent roof light sheeting / Light Pipe / Light Tube shall be provided in
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roofing of shed type structures for day lighting. Minimum area of roof light
sheets shall be 10% of roof area.
Blast resistant Control room windows openings through wall may be

provided as per OISD-STD 163.
2.6.9 Canopy/ Overhang

Canopy/overhangs shall be provided at all entries & exits for rain & sun
protection. Size of the canopy/ porch shall be decided w.r.t. utility of the
building and other aesthetic. Blast proof Control Rooms shall not have any
projections with outer face of its walls except with false treatment for
aesthetics of the building.
a. For all office type buildings including Laboratories, Amenity buildings

such as Canteen, Medical/First Aid centre, Control Rooms, Composite
buildings/sheds accommodating offices, canopy shall be provided at all
entrances. Canopy or overhangs shall also be provided for stores,
warehouses and storage sheds where regular vehicular movement &
loading/unloading takes place. Size of the canopy shall be decided
based on vehicle parking & covered access to the building/shed,
movement around the vehicle and aesthetics of the building/shed.
b. Portico shall be provided in buildings having frequent vehicular

movement for access such as Administration Building, Training Centre,
Auditorium, Laboratory etc.
c. Overhangs shall be provided over all exits. Projection of the overhang

shall be decided based on the aesthetics of the building/shed subjected
to minimum of 1000 mm. Waterproofing & drainage provision shall be
provided for the canopies & overhangs.
2.6.10 Shading Devices

Shading devices shall be provided over all windows, openable ventilators
for rain & sun protection. These devices shall be in form of horizontal
projections, vertical projected fins or combination of both as per building
facade treatment. Minimum projection shall be 600 mm. The top surface of the
shading devices shall be finished with cement plaster mixed with waterproofing
(laid to slope) compound and shall be provided with GI spouts for drainage.
Cinder filling to be avoided in projections of door, window, porch etc.
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2.6.11 Roof Monitor
Roof Monitors shall be located over openings at ridge of metal sheet roofing
mainly for natural ventilation.
The Monitors shall consist of metal sheet roofing and louvers at the sides.
Glass may also be used in combination with louvers for additional benefit of
natural light. Bird wire mesh should be provided to prevent entry of birds.
The Monitors shall be suitably designed and detailed to ensure that the
leakage of rain water is prevented.
Size of the Monitor:
Opening size at roofing sheet near ridge should be minimum 10% of the span.
Height shall be suitably decided.
2.6.12 Ridge Ventilator
Ridge ventilators shall be wind driven/operated type and shall be factory made.
The size shall be as required for required ventilation.
Suggested calculation of size / numbers:
Qv = (VxN) / (Rx3600)
Qv = Quantity of Ridge Ventilators required.

V = Volume of the building
N = Number of air changes (Min. 4 Air Changes/Hour for all Buildings in
General & Min. 6 Air Changes/Hour for Warehouses)
R = Exhaust capacity of ridge vent @ stack height (considering available
throat size, length of ridge ventilator etc.)
The Ridge ventilators shall be suitably designed and detailed to ensure that
the leakage of rain water is prevented.
If required for necessary ventilation, wind driven / operated Roof Air Extractors
shall also be provided.
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2.6.13 Roof Air Extractor
Roof Air Extractors shall be Wind Driven/operated type and shall be factory
made. The size and numbers shall be as required for required ventilation.
Suggested calculation of size and numbers:
No. of Air Extractors = Volume of Room x Reqd. Air change per hour
Exhaust capacity of one extractor
They shall be suitably designed and detailed to ensure that the leakage of
rainwater is prevented.
2.6.14 Parapet
Parapet walls or Handrails shall be provided on the edges of roof terraces,

Balconies, Verandahs etc.
Parapet walls shall be of Brick work / RCC for all buildings with minimum 600
mm high for non-approachable roof and 1100 mm high for approachable roof
from the finished roof level after water proofing treatment.
2.6.15 Roof Gutter

Gutter with rainwater pipes or R.C.C. shafts shall be provided for all the
buildings with pitched roof for roof water drainage. Sizing of the gutter shall
be based on area to be drained and number of outlets. Gutters shall be of
RCC or Sheet Metal depending on type of structure. For Workshop/
Warehouse shed with pre-coated roof sheeting, pre-coated sheets gutters
may be provided and for big size of workshops/warehouse RCC shaft may be
provided at the end of gutter. RCC Roof Gutters shall be provided for large
RCC roof areas and where providing necessary slope of finished roof is
difficult.
Constructional details of rainwater gutters and downpipes and their fittings for
drainage shall be as per the provisions given in IS: 2527.
For rain water harvesting system, site specific scheme shall be developed.
Suggested calculation of Gutter sizing:
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A = Roof area to be drained in Sq. M

B = Rainfall Intensity (mm/Hr) of the place for minimum 30 year return
period
C = Runoff coefficient for roof surface
(Concrete : 0.8 to 0.95, Metal sheet : 0.95)
D = Runoff in Cubic m/hr (D = A x B x C)
E = Total rain water coming from roof = D / No. of gutters
V = Velocity of water to be discharged by gutter drain

(as per Manning’s formula)
V = (1/n) x R2/3 x S1/2
Where,
V= Velocity in m/s.
R= Hydraulic radius in M
For gutter, R = (d x w) / 2 x d + w, where d = effective depth
of gutter & w = width of gutter.
n= Manning coefficient of roughness
S= Slope of hydraulic gradient
Q= d x w x V (discharge)
If Q > D, gutter size is correct. If Q < D, then ‘d’ and ‘w’ of the gutter need
to be re-sized.
Roof water accumulated in gutters shall be drained through Rain Water

Pipes.
2.6.16 Rain Water Pipes, Spouts

Rainwater pipes shall be provided for roof water drainage. Number of rain
water pipes shall be decided on the basis of roof area, slope and rainfall
intensity.
Finished terrace surface shall be even and slope in 1 in 48. Rain water
pipes shall be embedded in concrete / concealed as far as possible. RCC /
PVC / GI spouts shall not be used for drainage of chajja/small canopies to
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avoid possibility of chocking (may be used for drainage of chajja / small

canopies of ground floor).
If feasible, the pipes shall be located at the back-side of the buildings, which,
in cases of un-important buildings (visually) may be kept exposed.
Suggested Rain Water Pipe sizing and numbers:
Diameter of Roof Area (Flat Roof, in sq.m)

Rain Water Pipe 25 50 75 100 125 150
(mm) Rainfall Rate (mm / hour)
50 260 130 85 65 50 40
75 800 400 260 200 160 130
110 1650 800 550 400 330 275
125 3100 1550 1030 780 620 510
160 4850 2400 1600 1200 970 800
.
The pipes shall be located at suitable spacing considering slope of finished
roof.
2.6.17 Drainage Pipe for Air-Conditioning Units

Suitable arrangement shall be made in buildings for drainage of condensed
water from Air-conditioning units.
2.6.18 Air Lock Lobby

Air lock lobby shall be provided in centrally air-conditioned areas and large
air-conditioned rooms.
2.6.19 Entrance Lobby:

Entrance lobby shall be provided as a common entrance for all buildings/sheds
accommodating separate or similar functional spaces integrated together.
Individual entries to such functional spaces shall be from this lobby by means
of passages/corridors. Apart from common entry lobby, separate independent
entries to these functional spaces shall also be provided if functionally
required. Size of the entrance lobby shall be decided on the basis of volume of
the movement subjected to the minimum requirement of 9.5 sq.m.
Space provision for security check, waiting lounge, reception etc. shall be kept
in Entrance lobby as required.
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2.6.20 Passage/ Corridors:

Corridors and passageways shall he provided as a part of circulation system to
connect individual rooms/ spaces of the buildings for smooth circulation within
the building and as means of egress.
Width of corridors and passageways shall be finalized based on requirements

of Fire and Life safety, accessibility and packing size of equipment (if
equipment movement is envisaged) subjected to minimum width of 1500 mm.
Requirements for Accessibility:

• Minimum unobstructed width of corridor shall be 1500mm, preferably

1800mm.
• For wheel chair turning (90 degree), width shall be 1500mm, 1500mm
long in the direction of travel.
• For wheel chair turning (180 degree), width shall be 1800mm, 2000mm
long in the direction of travel.
2.6.21 Service Entry:

Separate service entry shall be provided for service areas such as Kitchen,
Aircondition / Pressurization plant, Electrical Rooms, Battery & UPS Room etc.
A common service entry may be provided depending on spatial arrangement.
2.6.22 Emergency Exits

Emergency exits shall be provided for the building as per State Factory Rules
& OISD Norms, NBC-Part IV and for individual functional spaces such as
Console area, Cable Cellar, Switchgear Hall, Electrical room etc. Emergency
exits shall be located in such a manner that escape route is direct,
unobstructed & without passing through any other functional areas to safe
area. Corridors/staircases shall be provided as escape route to the emergency
exits.
2.6.23 Staircases
Staircases shall be provided for vertical circulation system, Exits and roof
access.
Staircases shall be provided in required numbers with requisite components
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such as Treads, Risers, Landings, Handrails etc. as below:
Minimum width of tread 250 mm (residential buildings)

(without nosing) 300 mm (other buildings)
190 mm (residential buildings with 1 or 2
Maximum height of riser family private dwellings)
150 mm (other buildings)
Maximum no. of risers per
flight 12
Residential
1000 mm
(1 or 2 family private dwellings)
Residential
(Lodging & rooming houses, 1250 mm
Dormitories, Apartment houses)
Minimum width of flight
(Building occupancy wise) Residential 1500 mm
(Hotels, Starred Hotels)
Assembly 2000 mm
Educational 1500 mm
Institutional 2000 mm
Others 1500 mm
Requirements for fire and life safety:

Requirements of stairs for fire and life safety are tabulated below:
Types of Staircase:
Internal staircases are located inside the
Internal staircase
building and may be with an external wall.
These are the staircases provided on the
External staircase external wall/facade. These shall be open
on at-least one side.
Curved stairs shall not be treated as part of
means of egress. These may be used as
Curved staircase
part of exit access, provided depth of tread
is not less than 280 mm.
Shall be limited to low occupant load and to
Spiral staircase a building not exceeding 9 metre in height.
Diameter shall not be less than 1500mm.
Number of staircases Minimum 2 numbers
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Actual numbers shall be based on occupant

load and travel distance.
Discharge from stairs to exit discharge shall
be a) directly, or b) through exit
Discharge through staircase passageway, or c) through lobby.
At least 50 % of the staircases shall
discharge as per a) and/ or b).
Internal Staircases:
Internal staircases shall meet following requirements :
• Shall have minimum 120 minute fire rating
• Shall not be arranged around lift shaft
• Access to staircase shall be through minimum 120 minutes fire rated
door.
• Shall terminate at the level of exit discharge. Access to basement shall
be by separate staircase.
Handrail:
• Handrail shall be provided on one side for width less than 1500mm and
on both sides for width 1500mm and more.
• Projections of handrails in the staircase width shall not be more than
115mm.
External Staircases:
External staircases shall meet following requirements :
External stairs shall be directly connected to
Discharge
the ground.
Any doorway leading to external staircase
Door to external staircase shall be minimum 120 minutes fire rated
door.
Inclination shall not be more than 45
Inclination of staircase
degree.
Width Not less than 1500 mm.
1000 mm high, on both sides with
Handrails provisions of balusters with maximum gap
of 150 mm.
Stairs for roof access:
• In case of buildings of more than one story, where staircases are

already provided for vertical circulation, minimum one stair case shall be
continued for roof access.
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• In case of single storied buildings having provision for future expansion,

minimum one staircase shall be provided for roof access.
• In case of other single storied buildings, steel ladder or staircase shall
be provided for roof access.
• If there is equipment placed on roof of such buildings, staircase shall be
provided for operation & maintenance of the equipments.
• Also if, the height of the building is more than 4.5 metre, staircase shall
be provided.
• For very small single storied buildings of normal height like security
cabin, scale room, small pump houses etc. ladder or staircase may be
avoided as roof of such buildings can be accessed by normal
maintenance ladders.
2.6.24 Railings
Railings (1100 mm high) shall be provided in stairs, and in all
unprotected openings in slabs as a safety device. Steel railings in loading/
unloading bay of shall be of removable type. Parapets shall be given
precedence over railings on roofs.
2.6.25 Toilet:
Toilets shall be provided in all buildings having human occupancy.
• Separate toilets for Gents and Ladies shall be provided. However, in

small buildings or for less number of occupants. Unisex Toilet may be
provided.
• Shaft for plumbing pipes etc. shall preferably be provided for
maintenance and hiding the pipes etc. for aesthetic reason.
• Janitor space shall be provided in the Toilet block.
Number of fixtures:
Number of fixtures shall be in accordance with clause 4.2.5, Part-9 of NBC.
Toilets for persons with disability:
Minimum one number Unisex Toilet for persons with disability shall be
provided in each floor fulfilling following requirements:
• Suitable arrangement of fixtures, grab rails (horizontal, vertical) and

manoeuvring space for both wheel chair users and Ambulant Disabled
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People.
• Toilet door shall be outward opening door with clear opening width of
900mm. The door shall be provided with minimum 600 mm long
horizontal pull bar at a height of 900 mm and horizontal pull handle at
700 mm height, both on the inside of the door.
2.6.26 Pantry:
Pantry (for tea / coffee preparation, drinking water, snacks distribution etc.)
shall be provided in all buildings having considerable human occupancy.
In case of low occupancy, provisions for Tea / Coffee dispenser / preparation

facility etc. shall be kept in some convenient area having provisions of water
supply, washing facilities, water disposal etc.
2.6.27 Drinking Water:
Drinking water facility shall be provided in all buildings having human

occupancy. The facility shall either be provided inside the pantry or in some
convenient area having provisions or water supply, RO facilities (including
space required for RO equipment) and water disposal.
Number of fixtures shall be in accordance with clause 4.2.5, Part-9 of NBC.

Generally, widely applicable requirements are tabulated below:
Building Type Number of Fixtures

Office 1 per every 100 or part thereof
Factory 1 per every 100 or part thereof
Cinema, Multiplex, Convention Hall,
Theaters and Stadia 1 per every 100 or part thereof
School and Educational Institutions 1 per every 50 or part thereof
Bus Station, Airport and Railway
Stations 1 per every 50 or part thereof
Junction Stations, Intermediate stations,
Bus Stations 2 per every 1000 or part thereof
Terminal Railway and Bus Stations 3 per every 1000 or part thereof
Domestic and International Airport 4 per every 1000 or part thereof
2.6.28 Electrical Room:

Electrical Room may be provided to accommodate electrical/telephone main
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distribution box. However, depending on size, space requirement, the same

may be mounted in wall recess.
2.6.29 Partitions:
Partitions shall be provided for flexible space arrangement in Office spaces if
specified, Control Room etc. The partitions shall be of removable type. Glazed
panels shall be provided for visibility in the partitions as per requirement.
Internal partitions shall be of engineered wood (block / particle / MDF board)

and metal frame construction with specified finish.
Fire rating requirement shall be similar to walls.
2.6.30 False Ceiling

False ceilings shall be provided in the all air-conditioned areas for the
purpose of reducing room volume and to hide air conditioned ducting etc.
and also to maintain acoustic level inside any space.
In fire rated areas where walls and doors are required to be fire rated, false
ceiling shall also have complementing fire rating. It is appreciated that false
ceiling have limitations in their fire performance due to openings in them for
lighting and air-conditioning. Therefore, alternative systems to prevent
puncturing the ceiling must be employed.
2.6.31 Underdeck Insulation

Underdeck insulation below RCC roof and over false ceiling (both locations)
shall be provided for air-conditioned office / space, as per requirement.
2.6.32 False/Cavity flooring

False/ cavity flooring shall be provided to accommodate under floor cabling in
Instrumentation areas like Console Room, Rack Room, Computer Room,
UPS Room etc. Extent of false/ cavity flooring shall be as per Instrumentation
requirements.
Wherever applicable, False flooring shall be fire rated to the level of fire rating
of the walls, doors and suspended ceiling in the compartment.
2.6.33 Transformer Gate

Steel gate of suitable size in front of transformer bays in substations building
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may be provided as per electrical requirement.
2.6.34 Fire water / Fire extinguisher

All buildings shall be provided with fire water network / fire extinguishers in
compliance to statutory requirement.
3.0 Architectural Finishes
All the buildings shall be provided with Architectural finishes such as floor
finishes, plastering & painting on walls & ceilings, doors/ windows/ ventilators,
roof treatment, plinth protection etc. as below:
For the purposes of schedule of Architectural finishes, buildings are

categorized into following types.
Type A Important buildings like, M a i n Administration building, Main

Control Room, Main Gate House, Laboratory, First Aid
Building, Training Center, Canteen Building, Inspection
Building, Air Quality Maintenance Station, Office Blocks of all
buildings etc. in Plant and non-plant area.
Type B Non plant buildings like, Fire Station, Bank, Secondary
Security/Gate Houses, Scale Room, Utility Control Room,
Store etc. and buildings like Substation/ Switchgear room,
MCC, Satellite Rack Room, Field Operators Cabin, Entrance
gate & Time house/ Access control etc. which are not included
in other categories.
Type C Buildings like DG Shed, Receiving Station, Analyzer Room,

Pump Houses, Compressor House, Process Building/Sheds
and buildings like Watch Tower, Cement Godown, Storage
Shed, Parking Shed etc
Other Extension/ Modification portion of any existing building
3.1 External Finishes
3.1.1 External wall, RCC Surfaces
The schedule of Architectural finishes shall be finalized w.r.t the Type of

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Buildings from among the following by selecting the respective finishing

options or a combination of the options:
Type "A" Buildings Plain cement plaster and

surface textured coating
(Granular or Flakes type).
Cement plaster and Anti-algal
weatherproof, acrylic emulsion
paint with silicon additives.
Sand Stone / Granite Stone
cladding. (to arrest fall of the
cladding, properly designed &
suitable anchoring to be provided)
GRC / GRC Jaali Cladding.
Structural Glazing.
Type "B" Buildings Plain cement plaster and

surface textured coating
(Granular or Flakes type).
Cement plaster and Anti-algal
Type "C" Buildings Cement plaster and Anti-algal

3.2 Internal Finishes
3.2.1 Floor Finishes

Entrance lobby, Reception, Granite Stone (slabs only)
Lounge, Waiting area of Type "A" Marble Stone (slabs only)
Buildings
Flooring shall be with Pattern.
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Office area of Type "A" Buildings Vitrified Tiles (full body type)
Laminated Wooden Flooring
(with min. AC4 class)
Circulation areas of Type “A” Granite Stone (slabs only)

Buildings (Corridor/ Passage etc. Marble Stone (slabs only)
except Entrance lobby) Vitrified Tiles (full body type)
Staircase of Type “A” Buildings Granite Stone (slabs only)

Marble Stone (slabs only)
With friction grip strips or similar

anti-skid arrangement at edge of
treads.
Entrance lobby, Reception, Vitrified Tiles (full body type)

Lounge, Waiting area of Type "B" Kota Stone
Buildings
All Office areas of Type "B" Vitrified Tiles (full body type)
Buildings Kota Stone
Circulation areas of Type “B” Granite Stone (slabs only)

Buildings (Corridor/ Passage etc. Marble Stone (slabs only)
except Entrance lobby) Vitrified Tiles (full body type)
Kota Stone
Floor areas of Type "C" Buildings Vitrified Tiles (full body type)
Kota Stone
Staircase of Type “B” & "C" Granite Stone (slabs only)

Buildings Kota Stone
With friction grip strips or similar
anti-skid arrangement at edge of
treads.
Toilet, Drinking water area of Granite Stone (slabs only)

Type “A”, “B” & “C” Buildings Vitrified Tiles (full body & anti
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skid type)
Ceramic tile flooring (anti skid
type)
Kitchen, Pantry, Dining Hall Granite Stone (slabs only)
Vitrified Tiles (full body type)
Kota Stone
With,
Granite stone counter-top (Kitchen
& Pantry).
False flooring Solid core false flooring with High

pressure laminate
Electrical Room, A.C. Plant Heavy duty flooring

Room, Loading / Unloading (Vacuum de-watering flooring in
Bays, Storage area, Equipment large Rooms/ areas)
Handling areas
Record room/ Areas Vitrified Tiles (full body type)
Kota Stone
Battery Room & Chemical Acid Resistant tiles

Handling Areas Chemical / Abrasion Resistant
Epoxy coating
Note:
1. Only the back of CRT and small channel in front for carrying the
cables of CRT etc. shall be provided with false flooring. The area in
front of panels shall have Vitrified tiles or as specified.
2. Skirting shall be provided in all areas which shall be of same
material as that of flooring. Panel dividers shall be provided in
cement concrete flooring.
3.2.2 Internal Wall Finishes

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Entrance lobby, Reception, Granite stone cladding (in

Lounge, Waiting area of Type Slabs)
"A" & “B" Buildings Heritage / Unitile / Spectrum
Surface texture over cement
plaster (in selected areas)
Cement plaster, POP punning &
Plastic emulsion paint.
Office areas of Type “A” & “B” Cement plaster, POP punning &
of Buildings plastic emulsion paint.
Partitions shall be modular type,
with pre-laminated board & / or
glazed.
Circulation areas of Type “A” & Granite stone cladding (in

“B” Buildings (Corridor/ Slabs)
Passage etc. except Entrance Cement plaster, POP punning &
lobby) Plastic emulsion paint.
Office area of other buildings Cement plaster, POP punning & Oil
Bound Distemper.
Partitions shall be modular type,
with pre-laminated board & / or
glazed.
Console Room Granite Stone cladding / dado up to

1500mm height and Cement
plaster, POP punning & plastic
emulsion paint above.
Rack Room, U.P.S. Room, Cement plaster, POP punning &
Computer Room, Operators’ plastic emulsion paint
Room, Shift In-charge Room,
Supervisor Room,
Instrumentation Calibration
Room etc.
Electrical Room, A.C. Plant Cement plaster & Oil Bound
Room, Loading / Unloading Distemper
Bays, Storage area, Equipment
Handling areas, Switchgear
Room etc.
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Battery Room Up to 2500mm height:

Acid Resistant tiles
Chemical / Abrasion Resistant
Epoxy coating
With Oil Bound Distemper above
2500mm height.
Toilet, Drinking water area of Dado up to Ceiling / False Ceiling:
Type "A" & “B” Buildings Ceramic Tile
Vitrified Tile (full body type)
Granite Stone (slabs only)
Toilet, Drinking water area of Ceramic tile dado up to ceiling
Type “C” Buildings
Kitchen, Pantry, Dining Hall Dining Hall Dado up to 2100mm:
Ceramic Tile
Granite Stone (slabs only)
Wall Paneling
With Cement plaster, POP punning
& plastic emulsion paint above
2100mm.
Kitchen / Pantry Dado:

Ceramic tile dado up to ceiling
Note:
Grooves in plaster shall be provided at all junctions of different material
cladding and as per external façade treatment. POP moulding shall be
provided in “A” & “B” type buildings as per Architectural scheme.
3.2.3 Internal Ceiling Finishes:

Entrance lobby, Reception, False Ceiling:

Lounge, Waiting area of Type "A" Gypsum Board
& “B" Buildings Metal Tile
Aluminium Panel / Strip
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Office area of Type "A" & “B" False Ceiling:

Buildings Gypsum Board
Mineral Fibre Tile
Circulation areas of Type “A” & False Ceiling:

“B" Buildings (Corridor/ Passage Gypsum Board
etc. except Entrance lobby) Aluminium Panel / Strip
Other areas of Type “A” & “B" Cement plaster, POP punning &
Buildings plastic emulsion paint
All areas of Type “C” Buildings Cement plaster with Oil bound
and Other Buildings distemper
Other Air-conditioned areas Gypsum Board False Ceiling
where False Ceiling is required
Note:
1. Office area, Corridors circulation areas to be provided with false
ceiling.
2. For Other areas – Architectural scheme shall be followed.
3. False ceiling to be provided in Air conditioned areas of other types of
buildings also depending upon the requirement.
3.3 Doors, Windows & Ventilators:
The schedule of Doors, Windows & Ventilators shall be finalized w.r.t the Type
of Buildings from among the following by selecting the respective options or a
combination of the options:
3.3.1 Doors
Entrance / Exit doors of Type A & Block board flush shutter with
B building decorative Teak veneered finish /
laminated finish on both sides.
Powder coated Aluminium
glazed shutter.
Circulation area doors for All Powder coated Aluminium door

Type of Buildings (If not Glazed with etching.
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subjected to any statutory norms

etc.)
Office area doors for All Type of Block board flush shutter with
Buildings lamination on both sides.
glazed shutter.
Toilet / WC / Bath High pressure laminated

partition system
glazed shutter
uPVC glazed shutter
All doors of Electrical Room, A.C. Pressed steel frame with Pressed
Plant Room, Battery Room steel shutter
Inside Control Room / Satellite Fire Check door with minimum
Rack Room building 2 hours rating as required in
perfect partition wall separating
various fire zones:
Glazed steel Fire check door,
Solid type steel fire check door
(with 300mm x 300mm vision
panel),
Wooden, Teakwood veneered
fire check door (with 300mm x
300mm vision panel)
Irrespective of above schedule, Fire check doors (minimum 2 hours rated)

shall be provided wherever required as per OISD/ Statutory requirements.
Rolling shutters shall be provided in equipment areas like Switchgear/

MCC Room, Workshop, Ware House etc. where opening size for door
exceeds 2500 x 2700mm (height).
Doors/windows/ventilators shall be complete with all fittings & fixtures for

easy smooth operation & locking facility.
3.3.2 Fire Check / Resistant Doors
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Irrespective of above schedule, Fire check doors (minimum 2 hours rated)

shall be provided wherever required as per OISD/ Statutory requirements.
1. Fire check doors In Control Room / Satellite Rack Room Building

A. Main entrance/ entry to Console:
• Glazed steel Fire check door
• Solid type steel fire check door (with 300mm x 300mm vision
panel)
B. Other Rooms:
panel)
2. Fire check doors In Administration Building

A. Main entrance/ entry/ circulation area:
• Wooden, TW veneered fire check door (with 300mm x 300mm
vision panel)
B. Other Rooms:
panel)
• Wooden, TW veneered fire check door (with 300mm x 300mm
vision panel)
3. Fire check doors in other Buildings

A. Main entrance/ entry/ circulation area:
panel)
B. Other Rooms:
panel)
3.3.3 Windows & Ventilators:
Windows/ventilators of Type Glazed, powder coated Aluminium

"A" Buildings window
uPVC glazed Window
Ventilator with SS frictionless hinges
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/ sliding shutters
Windows/ventilators of Type Glazed, Anodized Aluminium
"B" Buildings window
uPVC glazed Window
Ventilator/ sliding shutters

Windows/ventilators of Type Anodized Aluminium window/
“C” Buildings ventilator / sliding shutters
3.4 Roof Treatment:
Selection of roof waterproofing treatment shall be decided based on site

location, rainfall intensity and other climatic factors, preferably from among the
following.
• Polyurethane (PU) water proof coating, single component,

• Polyurethane (PU) water proof coating, two component,
• SBS membrane in single / multi layer with overlying protective coating,
• Atactic Polypropylene modified bituminous waterproofing membrane,
• EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomers) Coating,
• Brick bat coba,
or any other treatment as specified.
3.5 Sanitary Fittings & Fixtures
All the plumbing fixtures including toilets, faucet aerators and showerheads
shall be preferably fixed with low-flow plumbing fixtures (in line with Green
Building requirements) that save substantial amounts of water compared to
conventional fixtures while providing the same utility.
Water Closet (European) for Wall hung type white European type
type “A” Building WC
Water Closet (European) for Pedestal type white European type

type “B” & “C” Building WC
Water Closet (Indian) Orissa pan type white WC
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Wash basins for “A” Round/ Oval shape Wash basin

type
buildings white/ coloured above granite type
counter with photocell operated
electronic sensors.
Wash basins for type “B” Counter type wash basin on
buildings platform
Wash basins for type “C” Wall hung Wash basin
buildings
Urinals for Type-A With Electronic Sensor (Premium
Luxury Model)
Urinals for Type-B & C Standard Wall Hung type
Plumbing fixtures Stainless steel bib cock, stop cock
etc. fittings for Type “A” building,
CP brass for type “B” & “C”
buildings
Note:
All toilets shall be provided with “Geysers” and automatic “No touch Hand
drier”.
3.6 Roofing (Sheds/Workshops)

Precoated, profiled colour coated alloy / Galvalume / Zincalume steel sheeting
shall be of clip-lock arrangement.
3.7 Cladding
Precoated, profiled colour coated alloy / Galvalume / Zincalume steel sheeting
shall be of clip-lock arrangement.
4.0 New Construction Technologies for Buildings
Based on functional requirements and site suitability, new and emerging

technologies which help in faster construction and are environment friendly,
may be adopted. Such technologies are in different fields like materials,
formwork, components, or processes.
The following technologies may be adopted:
a) Monolithic construction using aluminium formwork.
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b) Monolithic construction using plastic aluminium formwork.

c) Prefab or pre cast construction.
d) LGFS construction.
e) Hybrid construction.
f) Expanded polystyrene (EPS) core panel system.
g) Speed floor system.
h) GFRG panel building system.
i) Non asbestos fibre reinforced aerated sandwich wall/roof/floor light
weight solid core panel.
j) EPS cement sandwich wall/roof/floor light weight solid core panel.
k) Block masonry using AAC blocks.
l) Block masonry using Flyash bricks.
m) Reinforced soil technology using technical textiles.
n) Use of self compaction concrete.
o) Use of confined masonry.
p) Use of C&D recycled waste products in construction.
4.1 Monolithic Construction Technologies
Monolithic construction has RCC walls and as such it is similar to RCC

framework construction except it uses new type of formwork than the traditional
steel shuttering in which RCC walls, beams and slab are casted in-situ and
monolithically using different type of formwork such as tunnel formwork,
aluminium formwork, jump formwork, plastic or plastic - aluminium formwork.
4.2 Pre Fabricated Construction
Pre-fabricated construction may be with pre-cast concrete or steel. Precast

concrete buildings use precast RCC structural members such as beams, slabs,
columns, walls, staircases, individual isolated footings etc. Connectivity of pre-
fabricated members is to be ensured and members shall be designed suiting to
seismic/lateral loads (if any). Such technology is recommended upto seismic
zone IV. However, analysis of seismic loads shall be made before adopting such
technology.
4.3 Light Gauge Frame System (LGFS)
LGFS technology shall use cold formed steel (galvanized for corrosion
resistance) as the construction material for wall, floor and roof system. Since,
inside structure shall be with LGFS, external panels from both outside and inside
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may be used comprising of pre cast concrete panels, polyurethane based panels
etc. LGFS construction is recommended upto G+3 structures, since the system
is light. Precautions shall be taken in design and connections of foundation with
LGFS components. Impact resistance to such structures may be less compared
to conventional ones.
In Hybrid Steel structure, a combination of LGFS and Steel structure can be
used and then higher number of storeys can be constructed.
4.4 Prefabricated Sandwich Panel System
Sandwich panels may be used for walling and can be made from different
materials such as EPS, cement based materials, fibre glass or any other light
suitable material. Such panels may be used for load bearing construction for low
rise structures varying from G+1 to G+3. Such panels may also be used in
conventional RCC framed construction for walling in place of brick/block work.
Sandwich panel system shall be ensured for seepage and connectivity when
used in RCC construction.
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5.0 General requirements
• All free edges of chajjas and slab projections shall have drip mould in plaster
50 mm wide and 20 mm drop unless the need is resolved in some other
manner.
• Sunken Floor slab in WC areas, toilet, pantry, kitchen floor slabs shall be
avoided. Pipes shall be camouflaged by using false ceiling.
However, where required, floor slabs in WC areas shall be sunk by 500 mm
and toilet, pantry, kitchen floor slabs shall be sunk by 200 mm at all levels
(including terrace, where future extension is envisaged).
• All supporting framework members of partition walls within false ceiling areas
shall go up to roof level, partitions shall go up to false ceiling level except
where there are fire compartment wall where it shall be from floor to ceiling.
• Preferably all cut outs in slab shall be provided with 200 high curb. Gaps in
floor cut outs shall be sealed with fireproof material for fire safety.
• Roofs of RCC buildings should have mild slope towards rainwater gutters.
• All instrument / Electrical cable trenches at the junction of the building

(outside) shall be covered with precast RCC slab.
• Walls on steel beams shall be constructed after wall below and up to the
steel beam is constructed. This shall appear in the ‘Notes’ if applicable.
• Plinth beams level shall clear trenches if any.
• Water tanks, AC plant, Cooling tower, Chiller units etc., where required, shall
be located on building roof as far as possible and it shall be positioned and
supported to transfer its load on to beams and columns and not to the slab.
Such facilities should not be visible from outside. Suitable side cladding shall
be provided for this purpose.
Note: Various Architectural finishes/items, Sanitary fitting & fixtures, door/window

schedule etc. indicated here are as per prevailing system in various units of
Refineries. Any other preference of the owner not covered here shall also be
considered.
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GENERAL CIVIL
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CONTENTS
Sl. No. Description
1.0 Codes & Standards

2.0 Overall Plot Plan
3.0 Site Grading
4.0 Roads
5.0 Concrete Pavement
6.0 Site Finish
7.0 Storm Water Drainage
8.0 Water System
9.0 Sewers
10.0 Storage Tank Foundation & Dyke Wall
11.0 Fencing & Boundary Wall
12.0 Entrance Gate
13.0 Process Control Room Safety
14.0 Fire Proofing
15.0 Pipe Sleepers
16.0 Electrical / Instrumentation Cable Road Crossing
17.0 Barricade
18.0 Specific Requirement
19.0 Fire protection & Design consideration
20.0 Site Information
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Scope:
This document covers engineering design basis for Civil works such as compound wall,
fencing, site grading, roads, pavements, storm water drainage, water supply, waste
collection & disposal system, tank farm dyke, tank foundations, etc.
Order of Precedence:
1) Statutory Provisions
2) P&IDs
3) Engineering Design Basis
4) IS Codes/ IRC Codes
Codes & Standards:
Latest editions of codes and standard as referred below shall be followed:
Sr. No. Description Standards / Codes

1 Process Design & Operating Philosophies on Blow OISD-STD-109
down and Sewer system
2 Layout of Oil & Gas Installations OISD-STD-118
3 Process Control Room safety OISD-STD-163
4 Specification for mild steel and medium tensile IS: 432
steel bars and hard-drawn steel wire for concrete
reinforcement
5 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete IS: 456
6 Precast Concrete Pipes (With and Without IS: 458
Reinforcement) - Specification
7 Code of practice for general construction in steel IS: 800
8 Code of practice for design loads (Other than IS: 875
earthquake for buildings & structures
9 Code of basic requirements for water supply, IS: 1172
drainage & sanitation
10 Specification for Hard-drawn Steel Wire Fabric for IS: 1566
Concrete Reinforcement
11 Code of practice for building drainage IS: 1742
12 High Strength Deformed Steel Bars and Wires for IS: 1786
Concrete Reinforcement - Specification
13 Code of practice for structural use of unreinforced IS: 1905
masonry.
14 Code of practice for water supply in buildings IS: 2065
15 Code of practice for brick work IS: 2212
16 Code of practice for installation of septic tanks IS: 2470
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Sr. No. Description Standards / Codes

17 Methods of Test for Soils IS: 2720
18 Code of practice for concrete structures for storage IS: 3370
of liquid
19 Cast iron spigot and socket drain pipes -- IS: 3486
(Withdrawn Standards)
20 Code of practice for ancillary structures in IS: 4111
sewerage system
21 Chemical Resistant Mortar-Silicate type IS: 4441
22 Chemical Resistant Mortar-Sulphur type IS: 4442
23 Chemical Resistant Mortar-Resin type IS: 4443
24 Testing of Mortar IS: 4456
25 Chemical Resistant Mortar (Parts I to III) IS: 4832
26 Specification for high density polyethylene pipes IS: 4984
for potable water supplies
27 Unplasticized PVC Pipes for Potable Water IS: 4985
Supplies - Specification
28 Guidelines for design of surface drains IS: 8835
29 Specification for precast concrete septic tanks IS: 9872
30 Specification for UPVC pipes for soil and waste IS: 13592
discharge systems inside buildings including
ventilation and rainwater system
31 Unplasticized Non-Pressure Polyvinyl Chloride ( IS: 15328
PVC - U ) Pipes for use in Underground Drainage
and Sewerage Systems - Specification
32 Codes for Roads IRC
33 Process Licensor’s requirement, if any
Statutory Provisions:
1. Environmental guidelines for sitting of Industry published by Ministry of

Environment and Forest.
2. Petroleum rules (for Hydrocarbon storage under Chief Controller of Explosives of

PESO).
3. The static and mobile Pressure Vessels (unfired) rules- (For pressure storage of
Gases under Chief Controller of Explosives).
4. Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) Rules.
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Abbreviations:
Code Description
CBR California Bearing Ratio
CRWS Contaminated Rain Water Sewer
FGL Finished Ground Level
HFL High Flood Level
HPP Highest Pavement Point
IRC Indian Road Congress
MSA Million Standard Axle
MSL Mean Sea Level
OWS Oily Waste Sewer
PCC Plain Cement Concrete
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
WMM Water Mix Macadam
WBM Water Bound Macadam
EWS Environment, Water & Safety
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1. Overall Plot Plan:
a. Plot plan shall be prepared based on Mechanical / Piping Design Basis

showing proposed facilities and referring the existing overall plot plan, taking
care of the requirements of PESO (Petroleum & Explosive safety
Organisation), DGCA and good engineering practice.
b. Overall Plot Plan shall also meet as applicable the requirement of

OISD118, 144, 163 and 169 depending upon the nature of the plant and
process licensors’ recommendations for Refineries & Petrochemical plants.
c. Existing services where interfering with the new construction should be

located and rerouted as instructed by Owner / Consultant.
d. The Overall Plot Plan shall be reviewed, modified and got approved by
the Owner before implementing any project or facility. After receipt of
the Owner's approval only, the Overall Plot Plan shall be valid for further
engineering and statutory approvals.
2. Site Grading:
a. All the tree roots and vegetation shall be grubbed up and removed from site.
b. The grading of the area shall be done by cutting and filling with the following:
Cutting area Thoroughly rolled and compacted

Filling area Compacted in layers not exceeding 30 cm in
loose thickness to achieve min. 95% of max.
Proctor dry density as per IS: 2720 Part-VII
Finished Ground Level As per site requirement
c. Site grading philosophy shall be based on following:
HFL As per Location of the Site.

Plant FGL Min. 0.6 m above Design High Flood Level (HFL) of
the area or based on drainage outfall level.
Unit HPP Min. 0.4 m above FGL for operating areas like units /
utilities.
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d. Slope in Graded Area:
1 General Site Grading 1 in 500 to 1 in 1000

2 Micro grading (after 1 in 200 to 1 in 500
completion of major
construction for road
corridors)
3 Tank Farms 1 in 100 to 1 in 500
Top of road, top of paving, FFL will be taken to match with the existing unit / road.
Micrograding shall be carried out by the Contractor over graded areas to bring the
FGL to indicated levels including provision of required slopes and finishes.
3. Roads:
Cross section of roads shall be designed, including roads for crane access, as per
IRC 37. However, the minimum section to be adopted shall be as given below under
'Road Width' (pt. g). Ruling gradient shall be 1 in 30. In case contractor proposes to
use existing roads for erection purposes, the same should be strengthened to cater
for erection loads. Contractor shall ensure that use of existing roads does not hinder
normal activities in existing plants. The contractor shall repair any damage to existing
roads or other facilities, at the earliest, at no extra cost.
a. Roads and Paving classification:
Plant road and paving shall be classified as under:

a. Asphalt Road
b. Concrete Paving
c. Gravel Paving
Concrete Paving is further classified under Pt. 4 - "Concrete Pavement".
Note:
a) Roads susceptible to spillage of petroleum products specifically roads in
loading gantry area shall be of RCC.
b) Plant roads / Access roads shall be of widths as per plot plan and 1.0m
shoulders on both sides.
c) The surface slope of roads shall be 2.5% from the center to both road
edges.
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d) The shoulders shall be sloped with 3%.
e) The Longitudinal gradient of roads shall not be more than 5% on Heavy

Duty roads and 10% on Light Duty roads.
f) The road crown elevation shall be minimum 450 mm above Finished

Ground level.
g) Minimum 8.0 m clearance to underside of pipe racks at over head road

crossing, shall be provided.
b. Road Width:
Location Roadway Carriageway

Main roads for
16.0m 14.0m
product movement
12.5m / 10.5m /
Road around unit 10.5m / 8.5m /
9.0m 7.0m
14.0m
(considering 12m outer width
Road for high lift
16.0m of crawlers of standard
crane
650MT crane capacity OR As
per the requirement)
Plant approach
9.0 m 7.0 m (two lane)
road
Roads around tank-
7.5 m. 5.5 m.
farm
Patrolling roads
(along boundary 6.0m 4.0m
walls)
Access to Building 5.5m 3.75m
Footpath 1.5 m. 1.5 m. walkway
c. Camber: 1 in 40.
d. Radius of Curve:
Radius of Curve Road width

15 m. 16.0m wide roads and high lift crane roads.
12 m. 7.5m, 9.0m & 12.5m wide road
8 m. 5.5m & 6 m. wide road.
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e. CBR to be used for design: As per Geotechnical recommendation.
f. Design Standard: IRC 37 (using 2 msa and design CBR)
g. Road finish:
Road Carriage Thk.

Class Layer Material
Way (m) Way (m) (mm)
Surface 9.0 / 7.0 / Dense 50

10.5 / 8.5 / Bituminous
12.5 / 10.5 / concrete
16.0 14.0
Shoulder 2 x 1m 75mm thick 50

WMM in
Grade-II
aggregates
Primary / Base - WMM in 150
Plant course Grade-II
aggregates
Approach (2 layers of
Road 75mm thk.)
WMM in
Sub-base - Grade-I 300
aggregates
(2 layers of
150mm thk.)
Sub-grade Compacted
- sub-grade -
Dense
Surface 7.5 5.5 bituminous 50
concrete
Secondary
Road
(around 2x1 75mm thick 50
tank farm) Shoulder WMM in
Grade-II
aggregates
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Base - WMM in 150

course Grade-II
aggregates
(2 layers of
75mm thk.)
Secondary Sub-base - WMM in 200
Road Grade-I
(around aggregates
tank farm) (2 layers of
100mm thk.)
Sub-grade - Compacted -
Sub-grade
Surface 6.0 4.0 Dense 50

bituminous
concrete
2x1 75mm thick

WMM in
Shoulder Grade-II 50
aggregates
Patrol Base - WMM in 150
Road course Grade-II
(Along aggregates
boundary (2 layers of
wall) 75mm thick.)
Sub-base - WMM in 200
Grade-I
aggregates
(2 layers of
100mm
thick.)
Compacted
Sub-grade - sub-grade -
Note:
Width of all types of roads, shoulders / berm road elevation of all new roads
shall be in line with existing Refinery roads. Thickness of new roads sections
should not be less than that of existing as followed in refinery for different
uses.
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4. Concrete Pavement:
a. Pavement Slope:
Concrete Paving shall be sloped (along length) steepest to 1:100 unless

otherwise shown in detail engineering drawing. Slope of the sub-grade shall
be prepared to match with the slope of pavement.
Pavements below the pipe racks, pipe way bridges should have proper slope
towards storm water drain to avoid accumulation of water. Suitable gap
between wall of pipe-way bridges and sleepers shall be left for smooth
drainage.
b. Type:
Type-I: 200 mm thick, RCC M30
Type-II: 150 mm thick, RCC M25
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Type-III: 100 mm thick, RCC M25
Area Type
Vehicular movement area
Process Unit Type-I (200 mm thick) RCC M30
(Two layers of 75mm thick WMM
as sub-base course)
Utilities Type-I (200 mm thick) RCC M30
(Two layers of 75mm thick WMM
as sub-base course)
Non- Vehicular movement area
Process Unit & Tank Farm Area Type-II (150 mm thick) RCC M25
Utilities Type-II (150 mm thick) RCC M25
LPG Sphere, Bullet area Type-III (100 mm thick) RCC M25
Off-site pump station Type-III (100 mm thick) RCC M25
Note: 75mm thick PCC 1:5:10 as sub-base shall be provided for Type-
II & Type-III pavement.
Truck Movement area (Solid & Type-I (200 mm thick) RCC M30
Liquid Product) (Two layers of 75mm thick WMM
as sub-base course).
(This is the minimum requirement,
The design shall be done as per
actual load condition and the
same shall be provided).
Heavy Duty Paver Block wherever

suitable can also be considered.
Truck Movement area & Road Type-I (200 mm thick) RCC M30
Loading/Unloading gantry (Two layers of 75mm thick WMM
as sub-base)
(This is the minimum requirement.
The design shall be done as per
actual load condition and the
same shall be provided).
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Pipe Rack PCC M 20 (100 mm thick)

Where crane movement for
maintenance is envisaged, paving
shall be designed for the loads
arising from the same.
Footpath Interlocking Precast concrete
blocks
Notes:
1) Sub-grade below RCC pavement shall be compacted to 95% of

Laboratory dry density as per IS: 2720 Part-VIII and the slope of sub-
grade shall be same as top of pavement slope. Geogrid &
Geosynthetics may be used in sub-grade layers as per geotechnical
recommendations, site suitability & design requirements.
2) In case of poor soil, black cotton soil, treatment below base shall be
carried out as per soil investigation report.
3) For crane movement area pavement shall be designed as per loading

and soil data. Hardstand suitable for 650T crane (or any other higher
capacity crane actually deployed for erection) capacity with ringer
attachment and or with sky horse attachment for handling heavy
equipment/ machinery shall be constructed to suit erection scheme. It
may be partly or totally dismantled as per requirement.
4) Hard surface of PCC M20 (100 mm thick) shall be provided below all
pipe rack/ pipe track. This shall extend 600 mm on either side for track
width less than 6 m, 900 mm on either side for pipe track having width
6 M or more and it shall have approach @ 500 m c/c from nearest
road. Hard surface of PCC M20 (100mm thick) of size 1Mx1M shall be
provided with proper approach near drain point of offsite piping, near
drinking water installations, at washing facilities and at other places as
required / instructed by Engineer in charge.
5) Removable type RCC precast slab with leak proof joints using bitumen
fill in all concrete pavement covering underground piping shall be
provided for maintenance/ inspection of pipes.
6) Pavement and trenches including covers in process unit shall be

suitable for Hydra crane movement.
7) The surface of concrete paving exposed to corrosive chemicals shall

be protected with the suitable anti-corrosive / chemical resistant
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material / coating which shall be selected and applied fully in

accordance with the manufacturer’s specification.
8) All edges of concrete paving adjacent to manholes and catch basins

shall be suitably thickened.
9) Raised concrete kerbs shall be provided wherever necessary to

contain the spillage before conveying them to the appropriate drainage
system. Kerbs shall be 100 mm thick & 100 mm in height.
c. Reinforcement:
Reinforcement shall conform to the requirement of IS: 432, IS: 1139 and IS:
1786 as relevant. The dowel bars shall conform to Grade S 240 (with yield
strength 240MPa) and tie bars (deformed/plain) to Grade Fe-500 deformed
steel bars as per IS 1786 / IS 432. If steel mesh is used, it shall conform to IS:
1566.
Temperature reinforcement shall be provided as per the provisions of IRC: 15.
The area of steel required per meter length of joint shall be computed as per
IRC -15.
d. Joint arrangement:
Expansion joint: In concrete paving, expansion joints shall be

arranged at maximum interval of 14m for Type-I pavements and 13m
for Type-II pavements. The joints shall be 20 mm wide and filled with
bitumen impregnated fibre boards, with the top 25 mm filled with
flexible bituminous joint sealing compound.
Heavy-duty paving shall be provided with dowel bars. The dowel bars
shall be provided in the direction of traffic (longitudinal). Design of
Dowel bars shall be done as per provisions given in IRC: 58. Following
shall be design considerations:
1) Mild steel round bars.
2) Dowel bars shall be bonded into concrete on one side of the

joint and its other half length shall be prevented from bonding
with concrete.
3) One half of the dowel bar is painted with a bond-breaking layer

of bitumen. This bond-breaking layer shall preferably be
provided on opposite sides of the joint in adjacent dowel bar. In
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RHQ-EC-CV-0001
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case of transverse expansion joints, the unbonded portion of the

dowel is provided with expansion cap at the end. Cotton waste
or other compressible material shall be inserted but not tightly
packed before fitting the cap over the painted end of the dowel
bar so that there is sufficient gap between the bar end and the
inside of the cap.
For slabs of thickness less than 150mm, no dowel bars may be

provided.
Isolation joint: Isolation joints shall be provided around equipment

foundations, pedestals and columns within the paved area. The joints
shall be 20 mm wide and filled with sand, with the top 25 mm filled with
flexible bituminous joint sealing compound.
Construction joint: Concrete for paving shall be laid in alternate

panels. Maximum panel size shall be 14m x 14m for Heavy Duty
Paving and 7.5m x 7.5m for light duty paving. Construction joints shall
be provided in Light duty paving at 7.5m c/c. The top portion of joints
shall be 10 mm wide and 40 mm deep and filled with flexible
bituminous joint sealing compound.
5. Site Finish:
Sr. Area Finish

No.
1 Operating Area (Units) RCC pavement
a. Removable type RCC precast
slab with leak proof joints
using bitumen fill in all
concrete pavement covering
underground cooling water &
fire water piping shall be
provided for maintenance/
inspection of pipes.
b. Pavement and trenches
including covers in process
unit shall be suitable for Hydra
crane movement.
c. The surface of concrete
paving exposed to corrosive
chemicals shall be protected
with the suitable anti-corrosive
/ chemical resistant material /
coating which shall be
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PAGE 16 OF 37
selected and applied fully in

accordance with the
manufacturer's specification.
d. Raised concrete kerbs shall
be provided wherever
necessary to contain the
spillage before conveying
them to the appropriate
drainage system. Kerbs shall
be 100 mm thick & 100 mm in
height.
2 Non Operating Area (Units) Concrete Pavement
3 Road Bitumen finish with WMM base.
4 Approaches : For Plant Units Concrete Pavement
5 Approaches : For balance facilities Bitumen finish with WMM base
6 Footpath Interlocking Pre-cast concrete /
paver blocks
7 Tank Farm (Inside dyke) Light duty concrete (PCC, M20)
paving with HDPE film lining
8 Between Unit & Roads (Except Compacted earth surface
approach road to units &
approaches to fire hydrant)
9 Parking including truck parking RCC Pavement / Pre-cast Paver
blocks
10 Truck Loading / Unloading area RCC Pavement
11 Railway Gantry area RCC Pavement
12 Pipeways PCC M 20
a. 600 mm to be extended on
both sides of Pipe racks /
sleepers.
b. Pavement below the pipe
racks, pipe way bridges
should have proper slope
towards storm water drain to
avoid accumulation of water.
Suitable gap between wall of
pipe-way bridges and sleepers
shall be left for smooth
drainage.
13 Open storage / Main areas WBM / Compacted earth surface
14 Sphere area (with Kerb wall) RCC pavement
15 Coke storage RCC pavement
16 Coke truck loading RCC pavement
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6. Storm Water Drainage:
a. Storm water drainage system in the plant shall be designed and constructed
to completely collect, convey and dispose off the storm water as well as the
uncontaminated waste water from the plant. Drainage system shall also be
capable to collect firewater run-off based on fire fighting demand. These shall
be hooked up to nearest storm water drain along existing roads.
Contaminated and uncontaminated areas of units in line with licensor’s
recommendations to be identified and the same will be approved. The
Licensor’s requirements for drainage, for various facilities shall be adhered to.
b. At the road crossing the storm water drain shall be in precast box culvert type
with 25% provision for future expansion. This shall be designed for class A or
class AA IRC loading whichever is stringent.
c. Materials for storm water drain/ ditches are as follows:
Type
Units Rectangular type
Other Area Rectangular and/or Trapezoidal type
Construction
Rectangular ditches (Unit) RCC
Rectangular ditches (offsite) Brick work in cement plaster/ pointing
Trapezoidal ditches PCC Lining
Pipe Concrete pipe for road crossing
Note:
• Tank farm drainage shall be provided in such way that the storm water
discharge shall be either sent to storm water drain or to the
contaminated rainwater sewer (CRWS) by providing valve pit outside the
dyke wall depending on its contamination.
• An oil catcher with baffle wall type arrangement shall be on storm water
ditch before it leaves the battery limit of the complex.
d. Discharge Quantity of Storm water:
The following rational method equation shall be used to calculate design

quantities of storm water.
Qr = (1/360) X C X I X A.
Where
Qr : Design quantities of storm water (m3/sec)
C : Run-off coefficient (As per the below table)
I : Design rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
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A : Catchment area (ha)
Design Velocity of Drains: Min.= 0.6m/s Max.= 2.4m/s.
Surface Condition Run off coefficient

Roof 0.75 to 0.95
Concrete Road Paving 0.95 to 1.00
Asphalt Road Paving 0.80 to 0.90
Gravel Road Paving 0.50
Soil / Green Belt 0.40
Compacted Area such as tank farm / offsite areas / 0.70
expansion area
Rainfall intensity shall be based on location of the plant for a minimum of 30
year return period.
e. Hydraulic Design:
The velocity and quantity of hydraulic flow in open drains or underground

pipes shall be calculated by using the Manning formula as:
2/3 1/2
V = ( I )XR XI
n
Q= AxV
Where
V : Velocity (m/sec)
n : Coefficient of Roughness (As per below table)
R : Hydraulic Radius (m)
I : Slope of channel
Q : Discharge Quantity (m3/sec)
A : Hydraulic section (m2)
Typical Coefficient of roughness:
Nature of Surface Coefficient of roughness 'n' Range

Concrete Pipe 0.011 - 0.013
Corrugated Metal Pipe 0.019 - 0.030
Vitrified Clay Pipe 0.012 - 0.014
Steel Pipe 0.009 - 0.011
Monolithic Concrete 0.012 - 0.017
Cement Rubble 0.017 - 0.025
Brick 0.014 - 0.017
Laminated Treated Wood 0.015 - 0.017
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Open Channels:
Lined with Concrete 0.013 - 0.022
Earth, Clean after weathering 0.018 - 0.020
Earth, with grass & some weeds 0.025 - 0.030
Excavated in rock, smooth 0.035 - 0.040
Excavated in rock, jagged & irregular 0.040 - 0.045
Natural Stream Channels:

No boulders or brush 0.028 - 0.033
Dense growth of weeds 0.035 - 0.050
Bottom of Cobbles with large 0.050 - 0.070
boulders
• Storm water drainage shall be designed as flowing full and sanitary and
other pipes shall be designed as flowing 2/3 full. (Sanitary flow shall be
designed for 3 times average flow).
• Minimum depth of drain shall be kept as 300mm.
• Minimum width of rectangular drains shall be as follows:
For depth < 500mm : 300mm
For depth > 500mm : 500mm
f. Design Details and Materials:
a. Surface drain:
For storm water drains, the following specification shall be
adopted:
• Shape: Drains in process (unit) area shall be rectangular RC

drain. Secondary drains of Rectangular shape to be provided.
Main drains of Rectangular / Trapezoidal shape shall be
provided in other area except Process (Unit) Area.
• Material of Construction:
Trapezoidal drains Earth ditch type with PCC (M20) lining
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for both horizontal and sloped portion.

Rectangular drains R.C.C M30
(Units)
Rectangular drains RCC M30 / Brick masonry with
(Offsite) cement plaster, as per site condition.
• 75 mm thick leveling base layer M7.5 concrete to be provided.

• All drains are open type.
• Design minimum freeboard of 100 mm.
• Adequate slope to be provided to meet velocity & discharge
requirements and such that no silting / scouring occurs. In
general, the following slope may be adopted:
i. Slope of main drain = ≤ 1:1000.
ii. Slope of secondary drain = ≤ 1:750.
iii. Slope of tertiary drains = ≤ 1:500.
b. Culverts:
• Storm water drains shall cross the road by suitable precast /
cast-in-situ box culverts as the case may be. Material of
construction of culverts shall be as below:
Box culverts: R.C.C. construction (M30 concrete grade).
• The top of bottom raft of the box culvert shall be sloped and
connected to the nearest storm water drain in a manner so that
any water coming into the box culvert shall be drained off.
Alternate suitable arrangement (e.g. filling up of the box culvert
till FGL etc.) may be adopted so as to ensure that no water gets
accumulated inside the box culvert.
c. Catch Basin:
• Catch basin shall have a minimum internal dimension of 600
mm x 600 mm.
• The bottom level of catch basin shall be lower than 150 mm
from the invert level of the lowest connected pipe.
• The surface travel of the drainage prior to entering catch pit
shall be limited to 15 m.
• The maximum area per catch pit shall be 150 m2.
• Cover for catch basin shall be of Galvanized gratings.
d. Storm water pond: Storage and disposal:
Storage PCC/RCC at Bottom & PCC/RCC on sides of Pond

shall be done as per design & depending upon soil
conditions.
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Total As per requirement.

Capacity
Disposal Overflow if any shall be connected to main
disposal channel as decided for the project.
(The disposal channel capacity shall be taken to
State Government authorities by IOCL. Technical
details/ overflow from Storm water pond quantities
shall be furnished by Consultant)
e. Trenches:
a. Electrical Cable Trench:
• Sand filled R.C.C. trenches shall be provided with pre-cast

RC covers.
• Wherever trench crosses storm water drains, trenches shall
be taken below drains.
b. Pipe Trenches:
• R.C.C. trenches shall be provided with pre-cast RC cover as per

piping requirement.
Cable trenches shall be filled with sand as indicated in relevant

electrical drawings. If trenches are filled with sand then no inserts
plates shall be provided within the trenches.
In paved areas, the top of cable trench will be flush with finished floor
level. Covers shall overlap walls and joints with paving shall be sealed
to prevent water entry.
In unpaved areas, walls shall be raised above ground level by 100 mm.
Trench floors shall be provided with a nominal slope to drain pits,

where any water entering trenches can be collected and be drained to
the nearest contaminated rainwater sewer / storm water sewer. The
trench bed shall have a slope of 1 in 750 along the run and 1 in 250
perpendicular to the run.
Trench covers shall be designed for the vehicle load relevant to the
area where the trench is located.
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Cable trench shall be of leak proof construction (un-cracked design). All

the construction joints of cable trenches i.e., between base slab to base
slab and the junction of vertical wall to base slab shall be ensured for
water tightness.
g. Culverts and Road Crossings:
RCC pipes (Class NP-3 as per

Pipe Culvert-Under Road
IS:458)
RCC pipes (Class NP-4 as per
Pipe Culvert- Under Rail lines
IS:458)
RCC Precast / Cast-in-situ
Storm Water Box culverts
Construction
7. Water System:
a. Drinking water System:
Drinking water supply to building shall always be from overhead tank.

Connection from Direct pumping header shall not be allowed. Suitable
instruments for water tank overflow control to be provided.
a. Rate of water supply: 135 lpcd (litres per capita per day).
b. System: Underground ring main with D. I. (Ductile Iron) pipes

and fittings for dia 8” and above and G.I. pipes and fittings for dia
6” and below. All U/G GI pipes shall be coated with anticorrosive
black paint.
c. Drinking water piping network shall be laid U/G in a closed loop

wherever possible. Isolation valves shall be provided at
junctions. Valve pit shall be provided for valves in underground
drinking pipes.
d. Min. Clear Cover: 600 mm in open areas.

1200 mm below road crossings.
e. Storage: Overhead tank of R.C.C. construction / PVC. In case of

PVC tank, insulated type (PUF) tanks shall be considered.
Capacity - 12 hours, based on average daily demand.
f. Disinfection Method: ClO2 based method shall be used.
g. Drinking water system capacity shall be such that leakage and
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PAGE 23 OF 37
wastage etc. are accounted so that shortage of drinking water

may not occur. It is suggested to keep 25% design margin to
take care of above losses.
b. Underground piping:
• All underground process pipes if otherwise not specified shall
be C.S. pipes and shall be provided with corrosion resistance
protection.
8. Sewers:
Process drains shall be oily water sewers, closed blow down sewers or
chemical sewers. These shall be provided as per OISD 109 and as per
Mechanical / Piping design basis. Sizing layouts, Material Specifications,
corrosion protection etc. will be as per Mechanical / Piping design basis.
Oily water sewers carry water contaminated with oil, e.g. from reflux drums,
separators, cooling / quench water or compressor / pump, process wash
water, floor and paving drains in oily areas etc. These are conveyed either to
WWTP or oil separators by means of U/G steel pipes through sealed man
holes.
Blow down are liquid streams containing water / oil / chemicals that are
required to be drained from process equipment under different operating
situations like startup, shutdown etc. Hydrocarbon blow down systems are
closed piped systems in which streams are collected in underground
blowdown drums and then pumped to respective slopes / field tanks.
Chemical sewers carry effluents containing chemicals which require separate

treatment from oily water streams. These are generally corrosive and require
pipes of materials resistant to corrosion or lined pipes.
a. Storm water drains shall not be combined with oily waste sewer (OWS)/
Contaminated Rainwater Sewer (CRWS)/ Sanitary Waste Sewer (SWS) /
combined sewer system.
b. OWS/ CRWS within process unit from the equipment and area around
equipment pumps (by providing curb wall) shall be collected and shall be
sent to Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). OWS from tank farm and other off
sites areas shall be sent to ETP by gravity.
c. Initial 30 minutes of contaminated rainwater from the process unit areas

(where rain is likely to get contaminated) shall be sent to ETP through
separate sewer (CRWS). After 30 minutes, it shall be routed to storm water
open drain via oil catcher by using two way valve system.
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Alternatively, as per requirement, the following system may be adopted:
• Clean CRWS (after 30 min flush) will not be diverted to the storm
water trench and will flow to CRWS system only.
• All water collected in unit paving shall be treated as contaminated.
d. RCC drain with HDG grating shall be provided all around the unit pavement
to collect non-contaminated water. This drain shall be connected to
main plant drain through double valve pit arrangement. In case of accidental
contamination, in generally non-contaminated areas, the flow can be
diverted to CRWS via double valve pit.
e. Tank farm drainage shall be provided in such a way that the storm water
discharge shall be either sent to storm water open ditch or to the
contaminated rainwater sewer (CRWS) by providing valve pit outside the
dyke wall depending on its contamination. The discharge from tank farm
shall be a released to ETP through gravity sewer at controlled rate to CRWS
by operating two way valve system.
f. Configuration of sewer shall be done in such a way to have minimum depth

of sewer. The exact depth shall be decided during detailed engineering. Any
primary treatment, as required at Inside Plant Battery Limit (ISBL) as per
Process licensor’s recommendations/ process design package, shall be
provided.
g. Acidic waste shall be neutralized and discharged to Effluent

Treatment Plant as per the design requirement. Required treatment as per
process data sheet and design data shall be provided in Design Basis.
h. Lining/coating to be provided over concrete and steel surfaces to protect

them from the corrosive attack of chemicals in the form of leakages,
spillages, overflows, washings etc. Acid/Alkali proof floor/drain lining shall be
provided within and around the Caustic treatment/Handling/ Wash areas/
other chemical handling areas over RCC surface. The entire area shall be
curbed by RCC kerb wall.
i. All underground C.S. pipes shall be provided with corrosion resistance

protection for service temperature up to 60oC as per specifications.
j. Corrosion resistant protection given to underground CS pipe shall extend up

to min. 500 mm. above/ beyond grade on both sides.
k. Transformer oil (for oil filled transformer of 2000 liter) shall be drained as per
provisions given in OISD 173.
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l. The maximum depth of sewer (invert level) shall be kept minimum possible.
In case of high-water table, the maximum depth shall be limited to 1.0 M
below the water table.
If the above is not feasible to be achieved by gravity, the system shall be

suitably supplemented with a pumping system.
m. Where sewerage system is absent, septic tank/ soak pit shall be provided.
n. Design of septic tank shall be as per the provisions of IS: 2470 Part-I & Part-
II.
o. If as per site requirement pre-cast septic tanks are to be provided,

specifications of IS: 9872 shall be followed.
Notes:
• All RCC pipes shall have socket & spigot joints. Suitable concrete
supports at all socket/ spigot joints of underground piping shall be
provided.
• OWS/CRWS of each process unit shall be collected in closed pit within
the process unit battery limit and shall be sent to ETP as per process
design basis. OWS system shall be kept sealed during construction
period to avoid its use for drainage of construction water.
• Any oil drain e.g. pump suction header drain shall be discharged to
OWS even if it is intermittent.
• All exchanger drain shall be routed to OWS or CBD as per process
design basis.
p. Types of Sewers and Disposal Method:
Oily sewer/ CRWS Concrete channelling of 300mm around all

pumps shall be done to regulate pump spill
over to OWS.
Chemical Sewer Neutralization pit and finally to storm water
System or ETP as per design requirement
Acidic and Alkali This waste shall be neutralized and
discharged to ETP as per the design
requirement.
Closed Blow Down To CBD Drum
Cooling Tower Blow To RO based DM Plant
Down
Flare Blow Down To ETP through OWS
Sanitary Sewer Shall be collected in Pit/ Sump and
subsequently pumped to existing ETP.
GENERAL CIVIL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CV-0001
PAGE 26 OF 37
Note: All underground structures (manholes etc.) should have M-30 grade (As
per IS:456) RCC concrete.
q. Underground Pipes:
• Underground pipes shall have a minimum diameter of 150 mm.

• Minimum depth of soil cover over sewer lines shall be 600 mm from the
Finished Grade level to the top of pipe at road crossing and 300 mm at
other areas.
• In case of minimum coverage is not kept at road crossing, alternative
method like encasing by reinforced concrete around pipe shall be
provided with the condition of the strength confirmation by structural
calculation.
• Class NP3 R.C. Pipe shall be used for sanitary sewer.
r. Manholes:
• Design consideration of manholes shall be as per IS: 4111 Part-I.

• Manholes shall be installed for underground oily sewer pipe and sanitary
sewer pipes at the junctions where the direction or slope is changed. The
pipe shall be straight between the manholes. The manholes shall be
provided at the maximum interval of 30m.
• Manhole construction shall be as follows:

For Oily 1000mm x 1000mm RCC (minimum
Sewer size) with Heavy Duty type Cast
Manhole Iron round cover
For Sanitary 450mm x 900mm brick chamber with

Sewer CI rectangular cover
Manhole
• Top of manhole shall be as follows:

For Oily Flush with paving in paved area.
Sewer 300mm above ground in unpaved area.
Manhole
For Sanitary 300mm above ground.
Sewer
Manhole
• Sealed Manholes shall be provided at the following locations:

- On unit oily sewer at unit battery limit, so that the unit area is cut off
from any fire in offsite area or vice versa.
GENERAL CIVIL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CV-0001
PAGE 27 OF 37
- Within the unit area sealed manholes should be provided at locations

such that each sub-unit within the unit is isolated from the other areas.
In case this demarcation is difficult, one sealed manhole for every 25 to
30M length of the main sewer should be provided.
- At change of direction of the line.
- At entry of branch line to manhole or mainline.
- Sealed manhole with vent pipes, seal type, shall be used for CS pipes
up to 24 Inch diameter. For CS pipes greater than 24 Inch diameter,
double compartment type sealed manholes shall be used.
- All sealed manholes shall have airtight covers and vents.
• Suitable Clean outs shall be provided at the ends and at the change of
direction of branch headers (where manhole is not provided) for cleaning
of sewers as and when required.
i. Design of contaminated rain water Sewer (Independent system):

The CRWS system collects contaminated rainwater, floor washings,
condensate recovery drain, firewater etc. This system consists of RCC catch
basin, underground piping, RCC manholes, vent pipes, flame arresters, CI
manhole covers & frames, MS gratings, MS rungs, clean-outs holding pits etc
shall be provided by “contractor “ as required to complete system. Drainage of
condensate steam from steam traps in plant area shall be properly designed.
Attempt shall be made to reduce the quantity of contaminated water by

providing suitable means of segregating the clean and contaminated areas.
Arrangement shall be made to collect the entire quantity of contaminated

water emanating from the each plant area and install suitable means of
physical separation of oil. The treated oil-free water shall be discharged to the
nearest storm water drain. This collection and treatment system shall be
suitable to take care of maximum rate of contaminated water either due to
rainfall or fire fighting.
The contaminated rain water sewer shall be designed for the following
combinations:
• Contaminated rain water or Fire water whichever is more. The

quantities of contaminated rainwater shall be worked out based on the
contaminated process area in the unit block.
• Sewer shall be sized flowing full with peak flows taking
GENERAL CIVIL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CV-0001
PAGE 28 OF 37
future requirements or 2/3 full without future requirements.
ii. Design of process water sewer / OWS (Independent system):
The sewer shall be designed based on the quantities of process waste

specified by process department/ Licensor.
a. General considerations
Trenches shall be provided all around the Compressor, DG, TGs, IA/PA
compressor & other sources of oily water for collecting Oily floor wash
with a Catch basin. The oily water will be sent to a common pit through
underground pipes, which would be connected to the Oily Water Sewer
system for disposal. The potential source of Oil contamination i.e.
Compressor, DG, TG, IA/PA Compressor will be located inside the shed.
So rain water mixing is not envisaged.
For Storage Tanks, two-valve pit will be provided with connection to

Storm Sewer & OWS outside the dyke wall. If the water is contaminated
with Oil, it will be sent to the Oily water pit which would be connected to
the Oily Water Sewer system for disposal.
Alternatively, Tank farm drainage shall be provided in such a way that

the storm water discharge shall be either sent to storm water open ditch
or to the contaminated rain water sewer (CRWS) by providing valve pit
outside the dyke wall depending on its contamination. The discharge
from tank farm shall be a released to ETP through gravity sewer at
controlled rate to CRWS by operating two way valve system.
For pumps requiring Lubrication, a small curb wall with connection to

OWS through manholes will be provided.
For Hot Oil Storage, two-valve pit will be provided with connection to
OWS & Storm Sewer & if the spillage is substantial, Oil can be collected
in the drums with a barrel pump.
The RCC pit should be sized for 1 month holding capacity. This Hold-up
should be available below the underground inlet nozzle.
An oily water sewer line shall be separated from a parallel potable water
line by a minimum of 3 meters. An oily water sewer line crossing a
potable water line shall be oriented such that the drainage line crosses
GENERAL CIVIL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CV-0001
PAGE 29 OF 37
under the potable water line with a minimum vertical surface clearance of
300 mm.
Any one of the following requirements must apply to drainage piping that,
due to existing conditions must crossover a potable water line regardless
of vertical separation; and must have less than 300 mm clear separation
even though running beneath the potable water line.
a) The oily water sewer piping crossing a potable water line shall be one
continuous joint of pipe and both ends of the oily water sewer pipe
shall be at least 3 meters beyond the point of crossing.
b) If the oily water sewer piping is lined steel pipe it shall be joined
together by full penetration butt-welds.
c) The oily water sewer piping shall be encased in a concrete sheath for
a minimum distance of 3 meters in both directions beyond the
crossing point. The concrete sheath shall be at least 150 mm thick.
Plastic pipes such as RTR (fiberglass) piping and fittings shall be
wrapped with neoprene wrapping at the edges of concrete
encasement. The wrapping must protrude slightly from the concrete
encasement.
d) The drainage line shall be encased in a sealed casing of either steel
sleeve or RTR (fiberglass) pressure pipe for a minimum distance of 3
meters, in both directions beyond the point of crossing. Steel sleeve
shall be coated for corrosion protection.
b. Discharge Data
The branch sewers from processing areas should be designed for the
greater of the following two situations
i) Rainfall plus process waste water with the sewer flowing at 2/3
of full depth.
ii) Process waste water plus expected fire water runoff with
sewers running full.
The design capacity of the trunk sewer should depend on the cumulative
amount of used cooling water and condensate from various processing
areas and the storm drainage from the paved areas and the largest tank
dyke area. Trunk sewers generally drain large water shed; therefore, fire
water flows are not governing for their sizing. However, this should be
checked.
A PFD of the system shall be made identifying normal flow and design
flow. The normal flow shall be equal to average process flow. After the
design flows shall be identified, sewer shall be designed for running full.
GENERAL CIVIL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CV-0001
PAGE 30 OF 37
c. Sewer Design
Sewers shall be designed as flowing full with peak flow taking future
requirements or flowing 2/3 full without considering expansion. Minimum
size of sewer shall be 150 mm.
All funnel drain shall be of minimum pipe size 100 mm dia. When 2 or
more funnels join together, the OWS size shall be 150 mm.
The main oily waste sewer header shall not be less than 200 mm dia. All
connections from funnel points shall be fire sealed.
Minimum velocity (at half full or running full) shall be 0.6 m/sec. If sewage
consists of large quantities of sediments the minimum velocity shall be
1.0 m/sec. subject to a maximum of 2.4 m/sec.
Sewers shall be designed for the sum of rain water and process water or
fire water and process water whichever is more. Storm water quantities
within tank farm areas shall not be included.
d. Cover
The maximum cover over pipes in unit areas shall be as below:

i) 300mm : For the sewer of sizes up to 150 mm from equipment
drain points to nearest main header or manhole.
ii) 450mm : For main headers having size 150 mm and above, when
located such that there is no chance of truck movement
or crane movement over then.
iii) 750mm : For headers in open paved areas when crane or truck
movement can be expected. (CS pipes shall also be
encased with 150 mm thick concrete in this case).
e. Vent Pipes
Sewers, in general, should be designed for gravity flow. In a tightly

sealed system, a rise in water level would reduce the vapour space
causing obstruction to flow. Therefore vents shall be installed on the
manhole to maintain atmospheric pressure in the sewer and to release
vapours to safe locations. Following shall be ensured during design
stage to ensure that accidental release of vapours do not create unsafe
condition:
GENERAL CIVIL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CV-0001
PAGE 31 OF 37
i) At least one vent shall be installed on manhole for every 100 meter in
offsite area,
ii) Vents shall not be located near furnaces etc.
iii) The vent of height shall be 3 metre above the nearest tallest structure
within 15 metre radius.
iv) In critical locations, the vent pipes should be provided with steam
snuffing connections.
v) Vents should be connected to VOC control system to minimise VOC
emissions.
iii. Design of Sanitary Sewer:
The sanitary sewer shall be designed for 3 times the average flow flowing
half full incase of lateral sewer and flowing 2/3 full in case of Main Sewers.
iv. Cover for Sewer Line:
• Minimum cover over sewer line shall be 600 mm.

• Under road, sewer shall be protected by concrete encasement and
minimum cushion shall be 1200 mm.
v. Material of Construction for Manholes:
Oily water sewer & contaminated rain water sewer:
In units areas RCC (M30) Manhole

In Offsite areas RCC (M30) Manholes
Sanitary Sewer RCC (M30) Manholes
All manholes for underground sewers shall be of RCC construction with
round SFRC (Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete) covers.
vi. Manhole Seal:
For trapping of gas or prevention of spread of fire through CRWS/ oily sewer
from one area to another, a liquid seal of minimum 150 mm shall be provided
in manhole along with suitable vents. Location of sealed manholes shall be
decided accordingly. All vent pipes of sealed manholes shall be provided in
line with OISD Guide lines.
vii. Material of Construction for Sewers:
GENERAL CIVIL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CV-0001
PAGE 32 OF 37
Oily Sewer- Within C.S. Pipes as per IOCL requirement

process units and and relevant PMC Piping Material
Tankage areas Specifications
Oily Sewer- Offsite gravity C.S. Pipes / RCC Hume Pipe as per
sewer IOCL requirement and relevant PMC
Piping Material Specifications
Oily Sewer- Offsite Main C.S. Pipes / RCC Hume Pipe as per
IOCL requirement and relevant PMC
Piping Material Specifications
Acidic and Alkali sewer HDPE (as per IS:4984)
Chemical Sewer HDPE (as per IS:4984) / C.l. pipes (as
per IS:1536 & 1537)
Sanitary Sewer- Toilet uPVC pipes (as per IS: 13592, 15328)/
block up to inspection CI pipes (as per IS: 3486/1729)
chamber
Sanitary Sewer- Gravity RCC class P1 (as per IS:458) Socket
main & lateral and spigot, rubber joints (Suitable
concrete supports at all socket / spigot
joints of underground piping shall be
provided)
Sanitary Sewer- Pressure C.I.
main
Manhole for acid/ alkali sewer shall be provided with Acid/ Alkali proof lining.
9. Storage Tank foundation and Dyke Wall:
a. Foundation Type:
Storage tanks shall be supported either on open ring wall type foundations or
sand pads in accordance with the Geotechnical recommendations.
b. Anticorrosive layer:
Anticorrosive layer shall be provided as per specifications for tank pads of 50
thick premix carpet over 50 thick bitumen sand mixed with additions of
kerosene / oil as required.
c. Storage Tank Dyke Walls:

Dyke walls / Fire Walls shall be provided as per OISD 118. Dyke Walls shall
be of RCC. Concrete grade M25 shall be used for Dyke walls. Dyke walls shall
be designed for retaining liquid in case of rupture of the largest tank in the
farm. It shall have minimum 1000 mm wide walkway with hand railing (if
required) at top of wall to enable persons to walk on the wall top. Stair cases
at suitable location shall be provided to approach the walkway. If space
permits, dyke walls shall be provided with ramps on both sides at suitable
GENERAL CIVIL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CV-0001
PAGE 33 OF 37
places, for movement of vehicles for tank cleaning purpose. Fire walls, if
required shall be of plastered brickwork and shall be 600 mm high (min) or as
drawings / as instructed. They shall only retain spillage to prevent fire spread.
10. Fencing and Boundary wall:
The wall shall be reinforced concrete column & plastered brickwork with topped
concentric coil. The wall shall generally be of 3.5m high from FGL with the barbed
fencing / concentric coil extending a further 750mm on top of the wall. Structural
system shall be of shallow foundation, column & plinth beams.
Below FGL, the foundation shall be designed to withstand the earth pressure and
Surcharge load of 1 T/sq.m.
If the difference in the Plot Level and the Surrounding area is greater than or equal
to 1.0 m, the R.C.C Retaining Wall shall be provided upto FGL to cater the Earth
Pressure along with a Surcharge of 1 T/sq.m.
Suitable provision of drainage system shall be made outside the plot to divert the
natural storm water drainage into the nearest existing drainage system.
It shall be ensured that no part of construction shall extend outside the battery limits
of plot.
Expansion joints shall be provided in the boundary wall as per relevant IS code.
Spacing between two expansion joint shall not exceed 30m.
Design of boundary wall shall be checked for full submerged soil pressure under
choked condition of weep holes.
For purpose of protection of Land Acquisition Limit, 2.00m high barbed wire
Fencing shall be provided.
11. Entrance Gate:
Manually operated / Mechanically Operated sliding M.S. Gate of 2500 mm high

shall be provided at the plant main entrance.
12. Process Control Room Safety:
Blast Proof Control room shall be sized and designed meeting requirements of
OISD-163 (Process Control Room Safety) - Details given in Structural Design Basis.
13. Fire Proofing:
GENERAL CIVIL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CV-0001
PAGE 34 OF 37
Fire proofing for steel structures and equipment supports that could collapse under
fire condition and contribute to intensity of the fire shall be provided to meet the
requirements of OISD 164 (Fire Proofing in Oil and Gas Industry).
Fire resistance of a material is defined by fire rating, evaluated through a fire test
based on applied thickness and time taken to reach the defined critical steel
temperature. Fire rating adopted is based on UL-1709 rapid rise fire tests of
protection materials for structural steel, conducted by Underwriters Laboratory,
USA. In this test, fire resistance of a material is evaluated on a W10x49 steel
column as per UL-1709 fire curve and fire rating is published in a UL design number
under XR category for thickness and time. In addition to the fire rating, under this
test, material for exterior use is also evaluated for accelerated ageing, high
humidity, salt spray, wet-freeze-dry cycling, acid spray, solvent spray etc.
Thickness of fireproof coating to be applied shall be based on the following:
a) Type-I : In-situ cement concrete for application up to 1.8m from grade level
for steel structures shall be applied with minimum 65mm thickness.
b) Type-II : Structural steel members such as column, beam etc. which shall
be protected for 2 hours from reaching critical temperature 538°C, shall be
applied with vermiculite based lightweight cementitious fireproof of thickness
corresponding to 2 hours fire rating as per respective UL design number
under UL-1709 (XR category) subject to a minimum of 30mm.
c) Type-III : For equipment skirts/ saddles/ supports (which shall be protected

for 2 hours from reaching critical temperature 427°C), 2 hours fire rating as per
UL design is not adequate as the UL-1709 test is based on 538°C critical
temperature. Therefore for the required fire protection from reaching 427°C,
higher thickness shall be necessary. For this, fireproof thickness
corresponding to 3 hours fire rating as per respective UL design number under
UL-1709 (XR category) shall be adopted subject to a minimum of 30mm.
14. Pipe Sleepers:
The RCC sleepers for process piping and fire water lines shall be designed based
on the soil bearing capacity (to be ascertained by site survey) and the
horizontal/vertical loads of the pipes running full. The sleeper shall confirm to
standard (minimum requirement). Firewater piping sleepers shall be independent of
process piping sleepers. Design of sleepers shall be done taking into account soil
conditions as per soil investigation to be carried out.
15. Electrical / Instrumentation Cable Road Crossing (ERC / IRC):

ERC/IRC road crossing : PVC pipe conformed to IS: 4998 encased in
concrete as per STEP standard.
GENERAL CIVIL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CV-0001
PAGE 35 OF 37
RCC / brick masonry cable trenches shall be with pre cast cover designed to
sustain the maximum load envisaged. Buried cable trenches shall be made, as per
electrical / instrumentation standards. At crossings electrical trenches shall be
made below the instrumentation trenches. Wherever, storm water drains crosses
the trenches, cable shall be taken below drains with RCC duct.
The cable crossing at roads & pipe way shall be either with group of PVC pipes
(Min. dia. 150 mm encased with PCC M15) or RCC ducts. Clear cover over top of
PVC pipe shall be 1200 mm. In case of less cover, RCC encasement shall be
provided.
16. Barricade:
Barricading shall be provided near construction area to prevent damage to existing

facilities. The barricade shall be within the plot plan.
The height of the barricade shall be; minimum two meters above the highest point
of active work. The barricade shall be properly designed/ constructed as per BIS
codes. The barricade shall be made out of steel framework with galvanized iron
sheets. Steel framework and its foundations shall be properly designed/ constructed
as per BIS codes.
If required, the barricade shall also be provided with suitable piping arrangement to
be connected to a pressurized water source to provide necessary water curtain.
After completion of the work, barricading including its foundations shall be removed
and the site made good.
17. Specific Requirement:
a. Preferably all Buildings shall be designed as Energy Efficient building.

b. Rain water harvesting shall be mandatory for all buildings.
Rain Water Harvesting systems shall be designed, operated & maintained in
line with guidelines provided in Manual published by Central Public Works
Department & Central Ground Water Board.
c. Rain Water Recharging well shall be provided for the non plant area for
recharging the ground water
18. Fire protection & Design consideration:
The Fire Protection system shall be conceived to operate both in prevention and
fighting mode, depending on the relevant actions selected, either manual or
automatic. Details shall be as per guidelines provided in Engineering Design Basis -
Mechanical.
19. Site Information:
GENERAL CIVIL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CV-0001
PAGE 36 OF 37
The Project site information shall be finalized in as per format given below. Any
other special information shall also be appended along with these details. The soil
testing other testing reports shall form annexures to this site information details.
Site Information Type Details

1. AMBIENT CONDITIONS
Normal -------- mbar
a. Barometric Pressure Minimum -------- mbar
Maximum -------- mbar

-------- meters above mean sea level.
b. Site Elevation
HFL : ----------
Minimum Temperature ----ºC

(Winter dry bulb)
c. Ambient Temperature
Maximum Temperature ----ºC
(Summer dry bulb)
Relative humidity ----%
d. Low Ambient Design Minimum Design Metal ----ºC

Temperature Temperature (MDMT)
Winterizing Temperature ----ºC
Design Dry Bulb Temperature for ----ºC

Air Cooled Exchanger Design
Dry bulb temperature that is not exceeded

more than ----% of the time during the four
e. High Ambient Design
warmest months of the year
Temperature
Design Wet Bulb Temperature to ----ºC
be used for Cooling Tower
Design
Relative Humidity to be used for ----- %
Air Blower and Compressor
Design
Season Dry Bulb Wet Bulb

Temp.(ºC) Temp.(ºC)
f. Design Conditions for
Summer
HVAC System
Monsoon
Winter
GENERAL CIVIL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CV-0001
PAGE 37 OF 37
2. PRECIPITATION
Maximum Design
Hourly Daily
a. Rainfall (for minimum of Rain Fall
30 year return period)
Rainy season is
from July to ------- mm ------- mm
September
• Snow Period : ____
b. Snowfall
• Design Snow Load : ____
3. WIND DATA
N % NE %
E % SE %
a. Wind Direction
S % SW %
Percentage
W % NW %
Calm %
• Summer Western ------ºN

b. Predominant Wind • Monsoon South Western ------ºN
Direction • Winter North Eastern ------ºN
Wind speed experienced during a cyclone in

------------------- (Source: -------------------------)
c. Additional Wind Data ------ km/h for 2 hour.
------ km/h (average direction N-W ----ºN)
d. Wind Pressure As specified by latest IS 875.

• Max. ____ km/hr.
--- km/hr ------- days annually

e. Gust Wind Velocity
under -- km/hr ------- days annually
f. External Pressure
As specified by latest IS 875.
Coefficient
4. ENVIRONMENT FOR Corrosive Industrial Environment - Severe /
DESIGN OF STRUCTURE Moderate / Mild.
GENERAL CIVIL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CL-0003
PAGE 1 OF 63
STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURAL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CL-0003
PAGE 2 OF 63
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Description
1.0 General
2.0 Materials of Construction
3.0 Loads
4.0 Load Combinations
5.0 Foundation Design
6.0 Plinth Protection
7.0 Ramps
8.0 Covering of Pits / Basins
9.0 Flooring details for Buildings & Sheds
10.0 Special considerations for RCC Structures
11.0 Special considerations for Steel Structures
12.0 Special considerations for Masonry Works
13.0 Platform below Air Coolers
14.0 RCC & Steel Chimneys
15.0 Barricading
16.0 Tank Foundations
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CL-0003
PAGE 3 OF 63
Referenced Standards & Publications (All codes & Standards shall be latest revision with all
amendments issued thereto)
S.No Description Code
1. Paving Bitumen – Specification IS:73
2. Specification for Coarse and Fine aggregates for natural IS:383
sources for Concrete
3. Classification of Commercial Timbers & their zonal IS:399
distribution
4. Specification for expanded metal steel sheets for general IS:412
purposes
5. Specification for mild steel and medium tensile steel bars IS:432
and hard-drawn steel wire for concrete reinforcement.
6. Specification for Portland slag cement IS:455
7. Code of practice for plain & reinforced concrete IS:456
8. Specification for test sieves: Part-1 Wire cloth test sieves IS:460
9. Methods of test for strength of concrete IS:516

10. Code of practice for general construction in steel IS:800
11. Code of practice for use of cold formed light gauge steel IS:801
structural members in general building construction
12. Code of practice for use of structural steel in overhead IS:802
transmission line towers
13. Code of practice for design, fabrication and erection of IS:803
vertical mild steel cylindrical welded storage tanks
14. Code of practice for use of steel tubes in general building IS:806
construction
15. Cold formed light gauge structural steel section IS:811
16. Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of IS:814
carbon and carbon manganese steel
17. Code of practice for use of metal arc welding for general IS:816
construction
18. Code of practice for design loads IS:875
19. Code of practice for Design of structural timber in building IS:883
20. Common burnt clay building bricks specifications IS:1077
21. Code of practice for design and construction of shoulder IS:1080
foundations in soils (other than raft, ring and shell)
22. Method of identification of natural building stone IS:1123
23. Method of test for Determination of water absorption, IS:1124
apparent specific gravity and porosity of natural building
stone.
24. Recommendations for dimensions and workmanship of IS:1127
natural building stone for masonry work
STRUCTURAL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CL-0003
PAGE 4 OF 63
25. Recommendations for dressing of natural building stones IS:1129
26. Steel tubes for structural purposes- specification IS:1161

27. Bitumen-Mastic for flooring- specification IS:1195
28. Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete IS:1199
29. Steel tubes, tubulars & other wrought steel fittings IS:1239
30. Methods of sampling and test for anaerobic adhesives IS:1305
and sealants.
31. Specification for bitumen felts for water proofing and IS:1322
damp proofing
32. Code of Practice for Pre-stressed Concrete IS:1343
33. Hexagon Head bolts, screws and nuts of product grade IS:1363
'C' - Part-1: Hexagon Head Bolts
34. Technical supply conditions for threaded steel fasteners IS:1367
35. Specification for portland pozzolana cement IS:1489

36. Specification for hard-drawn Steel Wire Fabric for IS:1566
Concrete reinforcement
37. Specification for Hard-drawn Steel Wire Fabric for IS:1566
38. Code of practice for construction of stone masonry IS:1597
39. Specification for high strength deformed steel bars and IS:1786
wires for concrete reinforcement
40. Specification for hot applied Sealing Compounds for IS:1834
Joints in concrete
41. Fillers for expansion joints IS:1838
42. Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures IS:1893
43. Design & Construction of Foundations in solids IS:1904
44. Code of practice for structural use of unreinforced IS:1905
masonry
45. Specification for plain washers IS:2016
46. Hot rolled low, Medium and high tensile structural steel IS:2062
47. Specification for sand for masonry mortars IS:2116

48. Specification for concrete masonry units IS:2185
49. Code of practice for brick works IS:2212
50. Code of practice for preparation and use of masonry IS:2250
mortars
51. Steel wire ropes for General Engineering purposes- IS:2266
Specification
52. Specifications for thimbles for wire ropes IS:2315
53. Bulldog grips- specification IS:2361
STRUCTURAL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CL-0003
PAGE 5 OF 63
54. Methods of test for aggregates for concrete (Part-II) IS:2386

55. Methods for sampling of aggregates for concrete IS:2430
56. Drop forged sockets for wire ropes for General IS:2485
Engineering purposes
57. Code of Practice for Bending and Fixing of Bars for IS:2502
58. Recommended practice for hot dipped galvanizing on iron IS:2629
and steel
59. Methods for testing uniformity of coating of zinc coated IS:2633
articles
60. Integral waterproofing compounds for cement mortar and IS:2645
concrete- specification
61. Code of practice for design and construction of pile IS:2911
foundation
62. Code of practice for design & construction of raft IS:2950
foundations
63. Code of practice for design & construction of machine IS:2974
foundations
64. Methods of sampling & test (physical & chemical) for IS:3025
water and wastewater
65. Specification for bitumen mastic for use in water proofing IS:3037
of roofs
66. Specification for ballies for general purposes IS:3337
67. Code of practice for concrete structures for storage of IS:3370
liquids
68. Specification for bitumen primer for use in water proofing IS:3384
and damp proofing
69. Design & Installation of Joints in Buildings IS:3414
70. Specification for masonry cement IS:3466

71. Methods of test of burnt clay building bricks IS:3495
72. Steel chequered plates: specifications IS:3502
73. Specification for structural timber in building IS:3629
74. Specification for high strength structural bolts IS:3757
75. Roof Extractor Units IS:3963
76. High strength bolts in steel structures- code of practice IS:4000
77. Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement IS:4031

78. Recommendations on stacking and storage of IS:4082
construction materials and components at site
79. Code of practice for design and construction of IS:4091
foundation for transmission line towers and poles
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80. Code of practice for earthquake resistant design and IS:4326

construction of buildings
81. Hollow steel sections for structural use IS:4923
82. Ready-Mixed Concrete - Code of Practice IS:4926
83. Recommendations for Buildings and facilities for the IS:4963
Physically Handicapped
84. Unplasticized PVC pipes for potable water supplies- IS:4985
specifications
85. Plywood for concrete shuttering works - specifications IS:4990
86. Criteria for blast resistant design of structures for IS:4991

explosions above ground
87. Criteria for design of reinforced concrete bins. IS:4995
88. Criteria for design of RCC chimneys IS:4998
89. Determination of dynamic properties of soil IS:5249
90. Cement paint IS:5410
91. Methods of sampling of clay building bricks IS:5454
92. Specification of bitumen mastic for tanking and damp- IS:5871
proofing
93. Code of practice for anti-termite measures in buildings IS:6313
94. Code of practice for determination of bearing capacity of IS:6403

shallow foundation
95. Specification for High Alumina Cement for structural use IS:6452
96. Code of practice for water-proofing of underground water IS:6494

reservoirs and swimming pools
97. Code of practice for installation of joints in concrete IS:6509
Pavements
98. Code of practice for design & construction of steel IS:6533
chimney
99. Method for determination of mass of zinc coating IS:6745
100. Specification for glass fibre base bitumen felts IS:7193
101. Code of practice for damp-proofing using bitumen mastic IS:7198
102. Code of practice for calculation of settlements of IS:8009

foundation
103. Specification for 43 grade ordinary portland cement IS:8112
104. Specification for bitumen mastic, Anti-static and IS:8374
electrically conducting grade
105. Chlorpyrifos emusifiable concentrates IS:8944
106. Concrete admixtures- Specifications IS:9103
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107. Criteria for design of steel bins for storage of bulk IS:9178
materials
108. Recommendations for metal arc welding of carbon and IS:9595
carbon maganese steel
109. Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design IS:10262
110. Code of practice for design and construction of ring IS:11089
Foundation
111. Specification for one part polysulphide base joints sealant IS:11433
112. Code of practice for design & construction of shallow IS:12070

foundations on rock
113. Two parts polysulphide based sealants IS:12118
114. Provision of water-stops at Transverse contraction joints IS:12200
in masonry & concrete dam- code of practice
115. Specification of 53 grade Ordinary Portland Cement IS:12269
116. Specification for sulphate resisting Portland cement IS:12330
117. Hot-dip Zinc Coating on Structural Steel Bars for IS:12594
Concrete Reinforcement – Specification
118. Hot rolled parallel flanged steel sections for beams, IS:12778
columns and bearing piles- Dimensions and section
properties
119. Pulverised fuel ash Lime bricks- specifications IS:12894
120. Guidelines for selection of ground improvement technique IS:13094
for foundation in weak soils
121. Guidelines for vibration isolation for machine foundations IS:13301
122. Fusion bonded epoxy coated Reinforcing bars IS:13620

123. Code of practice for ductile detailing of reinforced IS:13920
concrete structures subjected to seismic forces
124. Control Room Safety (a publication of Oil Industry Safety OISD-STD-163
Directorate)
125. Fire Proofing in Oil and Gas Industry (a publication of Oil OISD-STD-164
Industry Safety Directorate)
126. Fire Protection System for Electrical Installations (a OISD-STD-173
publication of Oil Industry Safety Directorate)
127. National Building Code
128. Building Bye Laws
129. Factory Rules
Note The above list is suggestive and not exhaustive. Apart from these basic
codes any other related codes should also be followed wherever
required.
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1.0 General
1.1 This specification defines the design criteria and loads that should be
taken in to account for the design of all industrial plant and non-plant
structures and buildings.
2.0 Materials of Construction
2.1 General
Unless otherwise specified in the drawings, material specifications should
conform to the following:
a) Cement
Generally, for all concrete works both above and below ground, the use
of one of the following type of cements shall be considered:
• 43 Grade or 53 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
conforming to IS: 8112.
• Portland Pozzolana Cement (PCC, fly ash based) confirming to
IS: 1489 Part 1.
• Portland Pozzolana Cement (PCC, calcined based) confirming to
IS: 1489 Part 2.
• Portland Slag Cement (PSC) confirming to IS: 455.
• Sulphate Resistant Portland Cement (SRC) confirming to IS:
12330 shall be used (if required as per soil recommendation for
respective site).
b) Aggregate
Aggregates used in concrete works shall be conforming to IS: 383.
For most works, graded 20 mm down aggregate shall be used.
Where there is no restriction to the flow of concrete into sections,
40 mm down aggregate shall be used in special cases.
The grading of fine aggregates, when determined as described in
IS: 2386 (Part-I) shall be within the limits as given in IS: 383.
c) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be any of the following:
High strength deformed steel bars of grade FE 500 (TMT)/ FE 500 D
(TMT)/ FE 550 (TMT)/ FE 550D (TMT)/ FE 600 conforming to IS:
1786 shall be used as reinforcement for all structures.
Unless specifically stated otherwise use of mild steel is not permitted
in R. C. C. works. If used shall be of Grade I conforming to IS: 432
Part I.
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d) Binding Wire
18 gauge black soft annealed SWG wire shall be used for binding of
reinforcement bars.
e) Admixtures
Admixtures shall conform to IS:9103 and are to be mixed with
concrete strictly as per manufacturer’s recommendations.
f) Bolts
Unless otherwise specified in the item, Bolts shall be Snug Tight
High Strength Bolts of Grade 8.8 conforming to IS: 1367 as per
requirement.
Nuts & bolts shall conform to IS: 1363 or IS: 1364 as applicable
and as shown in the drawing. Unless otherwise specified nuts and
bolts heads shall be hexagonal. Class of nuts and bolts shall be
compatible. Wherever shown in the drawing, high strength function
grip bolts and nuts conforming to IS: 3757 and IS: 6623
respectively shall be sued.
Washers: Plain washers shall be made of MS conforming to IS:

5369 unless otherwise specified. Helical spring washers
conforming to IS: 6755 shall be provided for bolts carrying dynamic
or foundation loads and direct loads. Tapered washers conforming
to IS: 5372 and IS: 5374 shall be used for channels and beams
respectively. Washers for high strength friction bolts shall conform
to IS: 6649.
All Bolts, Nuts and Washers shall be Hot dip Galvanized.
g) Anchor Bolts
Anchor bolts shall be of mild steel conforming to Grade A of IS:
2062. Minimum two nuts shall be used for all anchor bolts except
for ladder, stair and handrail.
h) Insert Plates
Insert plates should be of structural steel grade E250 (FE 410W)
Quality B0/ Quality BR conforming to IS: 2062 and should be
provided with mild steel lugs and /or TMT bar lugs as per drawings/
standards.
Mild steel bars should conform to IS: 432. Minimum thickness of

Insert plate shall be 10mm.
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i) Gratings
Electro-forged hot dip galvanized MS Gratings should be
minimum 25mm deep. The maximum size of voids in the grating
should be limited to 30mm x 100mm.The minimum thickness of
galvanizing should be 120 microns.
j) Design Strength of Concrete

Unless otherwise specified, the minimum concrete grade should be
as follows:
Structural Concrete / Piles M 25 / M30
Liquid Retaining Structures M 30
Trench/ Drainage M 20
Grade Slab M 20
Leveling Concrete M 20
Filling / Mass / Plum Concrete M 10
Minimum cement content, maximum water cement ratio and

minimum grade of concrete for different exposures shall be as per
IS: 456.
Unless otherwise stated, the mix design is to be carried out by the

Contractor for approval of PMC/ IOCL.
The following are the range of cement content for various grades of
concrete beyond which design mix report should be critically
examined and rechecked:
Cement Content (in kg.)

Grade of Concrete
per m3 of Concrete
M15 250 – 300
M20 280 – 330
M25 310 – 360
M30 340 – 390
M35 360 – 420
M40 380 – 450
M45 to M55 400 – 450
The above cement content (if OPC used) can be further reduced up
to 35% by use of fly ash.
k) Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)

a) 75 - 100 mm thick lean concrete of mix 1:4:8 / 1:3:6 should
be provided under all RCC foundations except under base
slab of liquid retaining structures where 100mm thick
concrete of mix should be used.
b ) The lean concrete should extend 75-100mm beyond the
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foundation for normal foundations and 100mm under liquid

retaining structures.
c ) PCC of grade M20 of minimum 150mm thickness should be
provided under all masonry wall foundations.
d) Acrylic based waterproofing compound (2% by weight of
cement) shall be mixed in concrete used as damp proof
course at plinth level of all masonry walls.
e) Minimum grade of concrete for General Civil work should be
as specified in detail specification for General Civil works.
2.2 Technological structures (supporting process equipments) should be in

Concrete / Structural steel with fire-proofing as per OISD-STD-164. All
operating floors should be in GRATINGS unless RCC floor is required from
operations considerations.
2.3 Unless otherwise specifically stated, all shed type structures such as
Pump House, Compressor house etc. should be in structural steel.
Roofing & side cladding shall be as per Architectural Design basis/
specification. Preferably these buildings shall be designed & constructed
as PEB (Pre-Engineered Buildings).
2.4 Encasing of steel structures for reciprocating compressors pipe supports

etc. if required should be as per analog study. (For pulsating flow lines
detailed thermal and vibration analysis by analog study shall be done to
decide on location of anchor supports and guides etc. Pulsating flow lines
shall be as identified by licensor/owner).
2.5 All buildings should be of RCC Frame type construction with brick masonry
/ Burnt clay fly ash building bricks / AAC Block infill walls.
2.6 In acid and caustic handling units / dosing areas and sulfur handing units,
steel structure to be avoided. If unavoidable, suitable protective coatings
shall be provided as per site specific exposure conditions / painting
specifications.
2.7 Unless otherwise stated, bricks for masonry works should be class 7.5
conforming to I S: 1077 and /or Burnt clay fly ash building bricks confirming
to IS: 13757.
2.8 Efforts should be made to locate the Main Control Room/Buildings in such a
fashion that it shall be located outside the MAR’s(Major Accident Risk)
circle to obviate the need of Blast Resistant Buildings. Blast Resistant
Control Rooms should conform to OISD-STD-163.
2.9 Unless otherwise specified in the drawings, material of construction for

various Type of Structures should conform to the following:
Material Fire
S.
Type of Structure of Level Up to Proofing Remarks
No.
Construction Up to
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Technological
1.0
Structures
Supporting
2.5m above
1.1 Process RCC NA
HPP
Equipments, with /
without Air Coolers
Supporting For
Above RCC Air Cooler
Process MOC,
1.2 Steel Portion Supporting
Equipments with refer
upto Top Level
Air Coolers Note-a.
Material Fire
S.
Type of Structure of Level Up to Proofing Up Remarks
No.
Construction to
As per
Supporting OISD-
Above RCC STD-164 or
Process
1.3 Steel Portion 9.1 m above
Equipments
upto Top HPP,
without Air Coolers whichever is
higher.
2.0 Pipe Rack
Up to 1st
RCC Tier Level NA
above HPP
As per
Inside Process Unit
2.1 OISD-
(without Air Cooler) Above RCC STD-164 or
Steel Portion 9.1 m above
upto Top HPP,
whichever is
higher.
Up to 1st
Inside Process Unit RCC Tier Level NA
2.2
(with Air Cooler) above HPP
Steel Above RCC Air Cooler For
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Portion Supporting MOC,

upto Top Level refer
Note-a.
2.3 Offsite Area Steel Top NA
All Shed type
structures e.g. Refer
3.0 Steel Top NA
compressor house, Note-b.
pump house etc.
All plant & non-
plant buildings, Refer
4.0 RCC Top NA
including blast- Note-c.
resistant buildings
All enabling
buildings e.g. Refer
5.0 Warehouse, RCC / Steel Top NA
Note-d.
cement godown
etc.
RCC
6.0 (Precast / NA NA
Cable Trenches
Cast in-situ)
/ Bricks
Notes:
a) Blind floor below air cooler shall be in RCC over metal decking (left-in/
sacrificial shuttering).
b) Roofing & side cladding shall be as per Architecture Design Basis.
c) Buildings shall have RCC floors & masonry infill walls, however blast-
resistant buildings shall have RCC walls. Material of construction of
masonry shall be as per Architecture Design Basis.
d) Material of construction for buildings shall be as per Architecture

Design Basis.
e) Electro-forged galvanized grating shall be used for flooring at all

operating floors, unless RCC floor is required from operations
considerations (e.g. blind floor below air coolers supported on
technological structure & pipe rack, plant & non-plant buildings),
however chequered plate shall be provided for walkway along crane
girders.
f) Fire-proofing material for steel structures wherever required, shall be as

follows:
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i) Concrete for structures, supporting transfer line & two phase

flow line above 6" diameter.
ii) Vermiculite for all other structures, however fire-proofing up to
minimum 1.8 m from HPP shall be in concrete.
3.0 Loads:
3.1 These loadings should be applicable to all structures irrespective of

the material employed for construction.
3.2 Dead Loads:
Dead load shall be the weight of all permanent construction including

foundation, walls, floors, roofs, partitions, fire-proofing, stairways and fixed
service and other equipments including all fixtures, platforms, ladders and
attached piping but excluding their content.
If piping weight is not indicated separately or included in the weight of the

equipment, the same shall be taken as 10% of the operating weight of the
equipment. Component of soil backfill weight over foundation slab shall be
considered as foundation dead load.
The unit weight of materials in general, should be in accordance with IS:

875 part-1. However, for following materials, minimum unit weights shall
be as below:
Reinforced Concrete 25 kN/m³

Plain Concrete 24 kN/m³
Brickwork 19 kN/m3
Structural Steel 78.5 kN/m3
Backfill Soil 18 kN/m³
Operating floor with grating 1 kN/m²
Staircase (steel) 1.4 kN/m²
6mm thk. Chequered Plate 0.55 kN/m²
25mm thk. Grating 0.5 kN/m²
Handrail 0.16 kN/m
Ladder 0.4 kN/m
Heavy duty tar felting 0.3 kN/m²
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3.3 Live Loads

Imposed loads shall mean the total weight of moving or movable external
loads on structures, buildings and / or foundations, produced by people,
tools, furnishings of buildings etc, which are not permanently fixed there to.
However, weight for small equipments and miscellaneous facilities like

following, which may be permanently fixed there to, shall be included in
imposed loads.
- Local lighting facilities
- Local instrumentation & electrical facilities & cables except for
substation and control room.
Live loads should, in general, be as per IS:875 Part-II. However, the

following minimum live loads should be considered in the design of
structures to account for maintenance and erection as well:
i. Process Building/Technological
Structure (Open/Enclosed type)
Operating area 2
5.0 kN/m
2
Maintenance area 7.5 kN/m
Ground Floor 10 kN/m2
ii Compressor House/TG house
Operating area 2
7.5 kN/m
Maintenance area 7.5 kN/m2
(or as specified by machine
vendor)
Ground Floor 10 kN/m2
iii Substation/Control Room
Panel floor 10.0 kN/m2
Other areas 5.0 kN/m2
Partitions 1.0 kN/m2
iv Office building
Office area 3.0 kN/m2
Lobby 5.0 kN/m2
Exit way 5.0 kN/m2
Partitions / Misc. Portions 1.0 kN/m2
v Laboratory
Upper floors 4.0 kN/m2
Ground floor 5.0 kN/m2
vi Cooling Tower
Operating platform/ 3.0 kN/m2
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Hot water basin cover slab

vii Staircase
Process Building/ Technological 5.0 kN/m2
Structure
Office 5.0 kN/m2
Substation/Control Room 5.0 kN/m2
Laboratory 3.0 kN/m2
Service platform 2.5 kN/m2
viii Platforms & Walkway
Gantry Girder 3.0 kN/m2
Access way 3.0 kN/m2
Service Platform around / on 3.0 kN/m2
Vessel/Tower
Isolated platform 3.0 kN/m2
(for valve operation)
Pipe Rack walkways 2.5 kN/m2
Cross over 2.5 kN/m2
Pipe Rack
(Blind Floor below Air Fin Cooler /
Valve Operation)
5 kN/m2
L
* Wherever a lower floor load is
o
expected, suitable reduction over
a
specified load shall be adopted.
d
Operating platform in GT 3.0 kN/m2
s
Buildings/ DM Plant/ ETP
ix Warehouse & Workshop
o
n Light 5.0 kN/m2
Medium 7.5 kN/m2
a Heavy 10.0 kN/m2
c x Storage Areas
c Light Storage Areas 5.0 kN/m2
o Heavy Storage Areas 12 kN/m2
u xi Miscellaneous
n False Ceiling 0.75 kN/m2
t Archive Area / Documentation 6.0 kN/ m2
of equipment and incidental loads shall be taken over and above the
loads indicated in the table.
1 KN/m² allowance shall be made for services supported from bottom of

the floor.
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Apart from specified live loads, any other equipment load or possible
overloading during construction/hydrotest/ maintenance/erection shall also
be considered in design.
Live load on various types of roofs should be as per the requirements

given in IS:875(Part-II).
a) Operating Load of Equipment:

Operating loads should include the maximum designed equipment
inventory in the operating cycle of the plant. For silos, the contents
shall be considered as operating load.
b) Hydrotest Load:
All equipment foundations & supporting structures shall be designed
for Hydro-test loads. Hydrotest shall be considered for one
equipment at a time. Further, under hydro-test condition the wind
force shall be taken as 25% of normal wind loading. Seismic forces
shall not be considered while hydro-testing.
3.4 Contingency Loads

a) RCC Structures
All floor slabs and beams shall be designed for a concentrated load
of 1 ton acting simultaneously with the uniform live load, but not with
actual concentrated loads from equipment, piping etc. This load
shall be placed to result in maximum moment and / or maximum
shear, it shall not be considered for the design of columns,
foundations and in overall frame analysis. For floor slabs, the load
shall be considered to be distributed over an area of 0.75m x 0.75m.
b) Structural Steel
For process plants, the following contingency additional loading shall

be applied to individual beam elements. These shall be applied as
point loads to produce worst shear and bending stresses:
Platform Walkways 3 KN
Secondary Floor Trimmers 5 KN
Primary beams 10 KN
3.5 Wind Loads

Wind loads should generally be as per IS:875 Part-3, except for switch yard
structures & transmission towers for which IS:802 shall be applicable.
The mean probable design life for computation of wind forces for all
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structures (units & offsite) shall be taken as 50 years. However, Temporary

sheds, structures such as those used during construction operations (e.g.
formwork and false work), structures during construction stages and
boundary walls shall be designed for mean probable design life span of 5
years.
To account for surface area of piping, platforms and other attachments fixed
to the equipment the surface area of the equipment (vessel/column)
exposed to wind should be increased by 20% or as specified in the
mechanical data sheet of the equipment.
In calculation of wind force frictional drag shall be considered where

applicable.
Flexible slender structures and structural elements shall be investigated to

ascertain the importance of wind induced oscillations or excitations along
and across the direction of wind. Guidelines given in IS:875 (Part-3) shall
be used to examine the problems of wind induced oscillations.
3.6 Seismic Loads

Seismic Loads on buildings / structures / foundations should be calculated
in accordance with IS:1893 (Part-1 & 4) and Project specific
recommendations & Site Specific Response Spectra, whichever is more
stringent.
Sr. Parameter Reference
No.
1 Plant Location _________
2 Seismic Zone Corresponding to Plant Location
3 Z-factor As per Seismic Zone
4 Spectral Acceleration Response spectra in IS:1893 / Site
Specific Response Spectra
5 Importance Factor-I As per Seismic – hazard category
in IS: 1893
6 Damping in material IS:1893 for RCC, Steel
When designing for earthquake forces, the characteristic earthquake load is to

be substituted for the characteristic wind load for the limit state design.
For important structures or projects, site specific response spectra may be

developed. In case design response spectra is specifically prepared for a
Project/structure at a particular site, the same is to be used for design directly,
and the factor given in IS: 1893 Part-1, which are meant to be used with
spectra given in Average Acceleration Spectra should not be used in such
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cases.
Provisions for appropriate ductile detailing of reinforced concrete members

are given in IS: 13920. Provisions of this code shall be adopted in all
reinforced concrete structures which are located in seismic zone III, IV or V.
In steel structures, members and their connections should be so proportioned

that high ductility is obtained to ensure that premature failure due to elastic or
inelastic buckling does not occur. Ductile detailing of steel structures shall be
carried out as per the provisions of IS: 4326 and IS: 1893 & IS 800.
For Process columns, vessels, tanks, exchangers, compressors etc., seismic

loads shall be taken from Mechanical Group.
3.7 Impact & Vibratory Loads

Structures subjected to impact or vibratory loads should be designed
as per the provisions of IS:875 (Part 2) & IS:2974.
Requirement of monorails and overhead cranes shall be as per IS: 800, IS:
875 or manufacturer’s data, whichever is more stringent.
Vibration loads should mean the vibration forces caused by heavy vibrating
equipment or machinery and dynamic forces caused by fluids in the normal
operation. Frames, structures and foundations for machinery or
equipment causing vibration should be designed to limit vibrations to an
acceptable level.
It should be designed such that whether they are independent or part of

the building, it should not only safely carry the loads for such items but also
prevent resonance.
Dynamic analysis will be carried out for foundations of critical equipment like
compressors & pumps. While carrying out dynamic analysis of
foundation/structures supporting dynamically loaded equipment’s, the loads
indicated by vendor in his documents shall be used.
However, in the absence of such vendor data, the following load shall be
assumed as the equivalent static loads when the dynamic analysis is not
carried out.
S.N Equipment Type & Direction Equivalent Static Load

1 Rotating (Centrifugal) Type
0.5 times the weight of equipment /
Vertical
machinery.
Along direction 0.25 times the weight of equipment
Horizontal
of rotation / machinery.
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(perpendicular
to centerline of
shaft)
Along direction 0.10 times the weight of equipment
of shaft axis / machinery.
2 Reciprocating Type
0.5 times the weight of equipment /
Vertical
machinery.
Along direction
0.25 times the weight of equipment
of reciprocating
/ machinery.
motion
Horizontal Along direction
perpendicular 0.10 times the weight of equipment
to reciprocating / machinery.
motion
3.8 Blast Forces

Structures subjected to blast forces generated due to accidental blasts from
hydrocarbon ignitions shall be designed to withstand maximum of the
following:
• Actual Blast Pressure.
• Minimum equivalent static overpressure of 3 psi (20.7 kN/sqm) as per
OISD-STD-163.
• As recommended in Rapid Risk Analysis (RRA) report.
3.9 Bundle Pull

Bundle pull for different types of Exchangers should be taken as under,
unless otherwise specified in the equipment data sheet:
Fixed type - Nil

Kettle type - 0.30 x Bundle weight.
All other types - 0.86 x Bundle weight OR
30N/mm of diameter whichever is greater.
Total Bundle Pull should be considered on fixed pedestal alone.
3.10 Thermal Expansion
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Horizontal force due to thermal expansion of horizontal vessels / exchangers

shall be relieved by using slotted holes and slide plates and remaining force
derived from the product of the sliding saddle gravity load and the coefficient
of friction taking shall be applied to each support.
When the thermal expansion or contraction results in friction between the

equipment & its support at the sliding end, the friction force shall be
calculated in accordance with the following coefficient of static friction &
sliding ends in opposite directions:
Concrete to soil………..0.40
Steel on Steel………….0.30
Steel on concrete…….. 0.45
PTFE to PTFE…………0.10*
* Compressive stress on PTFE (Poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene / Teflon)
shall be minimum 3.5 N/mm2.
3.11 Non-Static Loading

Foundations and structures supporting vessels subject to surge loading, such
as Deaerators shall be designed with sufficient stiffness and rigidity to resist a
notional horizontal forces of 10% of those derived from the vessels operating
weight or the given surge load whichever is the greater.
The forces shall be applied at the vessel’s CG and act longitudinally OR
transversely. Consideration shall be given to bracing these structures.
The design of foundation and structures supporting agitated vessels,

centrifuges, reactors and other variable load equipment shall take full account
of all the loading data provided by the equipment vendors. Where no loads
are available, consideration shall be given to applying force at 10% of
operating weight. In addition, for dynamic effect loads will be increased by
50% for steam agitated equipment and 25% for mechanical agitated vessels.
Where two or more similar items of such equipment are supported on a

common foundation or structure, the design must be based on the
assumption that these items will resonate in phase.
3.12 Earth Pressure / Liquid Pressure

Earth pressure shall mean pressure of the soil acting on the underground
structure and/or foundation of retaining walls /dykes. Active and passive earth
pressure acting on retaining wall shall be calculated from Coulomb’s or
Rankine’s earth pressure equation.
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Liquid Pressure shall mean the pressure of liquid acting on the Pit/Basin
structures.
3.13 Traffic Loads

Minimum wheel load of 5 MT for 10 MT hydras on precast covers and
minimum surcharge load of 1.0 T/m2 on cable trench wall shall be applied for
design. Similar loads are also being considered for U/G drainage pipes
wherever applicable.
Culverts shall be designed for a minimum class-A loading and Crane

movement shall be designed for appropriate loading as per IRC 6-2000.
3.14 Handling Facilities

Permanent handling facilities shall be designed for the following loads:
• Trolley beams and their supports shall be designed to IS 800/ IS 807/ IS

3177 with an allowance of 25 % of the total load for vertical impact. Where
the hoist is to be operated with a grade mounted winch, a line pull of not
less than 25 % of the lifted load shall be included.
i.e. Design Load = 1.25 (W + 0.25 W + weight of trolley).
This line pull allowance assumes the pulley system has a mechanical
advantage of 4.
• Crane beams and supports for travelling cranes shall be designed in

accordance with IS 800/ IS 807/ IS 3177.
• Davits shall be designed for the heaviest item to be lifted plus 25 % for
impact but not less than a total of 450 kg. Lateral forces shall be assumed
as 20 % of the lifted load. A line pull of 100 % of the lifted load shall be
included to provide for the possibility of the load being handled by a line
over a single pulley.
3.15 Process Vibration

Structures supporting process equipment subject to vibration due to normal
process surging, e.g. fluid crackers, fluid hydroformers and fluid cokers, shall
be designed for the following dynamic loads which will be periodic in the
range of 60 to 100 cycles per minute (1 to 1.67 Hz):
Fluid coker 0.150 C

Fluid cracker and Hydroformer 0.075 C
where C = weight of fluid in vessel and adjacent piping.
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3.16 Piping Load & Pipe Rack design requirements:

Piping load to be considered as actual Load as per Piping details.
a) Vertical Loading: Actual weights of pipes coming at each tier shall
be calculated. In calculating the actual weight of pipe, the class of
pipe, material content and insulation, if any, shall be taken into
consideration.
Insulation density shall be taken as 2600 N/m3 minimum. In case
of gas/steam carrying pipes, the material content shall be taken as
1/3rd volume of pipe filled with water. The total actual weight thus
calculated shall then be divided by the actual extent of the span
covered by the pipes to get the uniform distributed load per unit
length of the span. To obtain the design uniformly distributed load
over the entire span, the u.d.l. obtained as above shall be
increased by 20% to account for fittings and accessories and shall
be assumed to be spread over the entire span. However, minimum
loading for any pipe rack shall not be less than 1.25 kN/m 2. In case,
the calculated loading is higher than 1.25 kN/m2, this shall be
rounded off to the nearest multiple of 0.25 (i.e. 1.50, 1.75, 2.0
kN/m2).
Structures supporting piping shall be designed for the rigidity

assumed in pipe stress analysis.
Vertical loads of flare pipe shall be taken as one third full of water
for piping within units & one sixth full for outside unit battery line. All
flare line independent support shall be of four legged braced open
tower type construction.
In addition to piping loads, gravity loads due to encasement, if any,

shall be considered.
b) Frictional Force: Where the pipes are of similar diameter and

service condition, the friction force at each tier on every portal, both
in longitudinal and transverse directions shall be 10% of the design
vertical loading of the pipes for four or more pipes supported on a
tier, and 30% of the design vertical loading of the pipes for single to
three pipes supported on a tier. Longitudinal friction force shall be
considered as uniformly distributed over the entire span of the
beam at each tier and transverse friction force shall be considered
as a concentrated load at each tier level. Friction force on T-
supports and trestles shall be taken as 30% of the vertical loading.
Both longitudinal and transverse friction forces shall be considered
to be acting simultaneously.
c) Anchor and Guide Force (Thermal load):

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The Anchor or Guide Forces in longitudinal and transverse

directions shall be as per piping inputs.
d) Cable Tray/Ducts and Walkway Loads:

The estimated actual load from electrical trays and instrumentation
ducts shall be considered at the specified locations, together with
walkways, if provided.
e) Loading on Longitudinal & Transverse Beams:
Longitudinal beams connecting portal columns shall be sufficiently

strong to sustain 25% of the load on the transverse beams. This
total load shall be assumed as two equal concentrated loads acting
at 1/3 span. Other longitudinal axial forces coming on it from the
design of the supporting system shall also be simultaneously taken
into account in the design of the longitudinal beam. Friction &
Anchor forces, if specifically given by the Piping Specialist shall also
be catered for in the design. Loads from monorails, when
supported from these beams shall also be considered to be acting
simultaneously along with all other loads mentioned above.
Intermediate beam at tier level shall be designed for 25% of load on

main portal beams in transverse direction. A reduction of 10% in
vertical loading shall be considered for main portal beams if
intermediate beams are provided.
f) Wind Force:
Transverse wind loading shall be calculated depending on the width
of the Pipe Rack as follows:
a) Basic wind pressure shall be considered as per IS: 875.
b) This force shall be considered irrespective of height between two
tiers as per following table.
Width of Pipe Rack Wind force at each tier level

Up to 4.0 m 1.25 x p x s
Above 4.0m but up to 6.0m 1.50 x p x s
Above 6.0m but up to 10.0m 2.00 x p x s
Above 10.0 m Hxpxs
p = design wind pressure as per IS: 875 (Part 3) in N/m².
s = spacing of portals (in m).
H = Projected height (m)
Pipe racks should be adequately braced in all possible directions,

consistent with functional requirements.
Limiting permissible horizontal deflection for piperack shall be

height / 325.
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3.17 Elevator Loads:

All Elevator loads shall be increased by 100% for impact and the
Structural Supports shall be designed within the limits of deflection
prescribed by the elevators' vendor.
Dynamic analysis (required if any) shall be carried out due to adjacent

vibrating machine/equipment (if any).
3.18 Other Loads:

Apart from the specified live loads, any other equipment load or possible
overloading during construction/hydro-test maintenance/erection shall also
be considered in the design.
All handrails, parapets, parapet walls, balustrades shall be designed for

horizontal load mentioned in Table 3 of IS:875 (Part 2).
Operational load shall be defined as the dead load of Piping plus weight of
any liquids or solids, normally present within piping during operation.
Design of all structures should also consider any other relevant and
consequential load/stress imparted to the structure.
All liquid retaining/storage structures should be designed assuming liquid

upto the full height of wall irrespective of provision of any over flow
arrangement. Pressure relief valves or similar pressure relieving devices
should not be made in underground water retaining/storage RCC
structures. Hot water basin in Cooling tower should be designed for the
weight of water up to top of parapet wall.
All buildings/ structures shall be designed to resist the worst combination

of the above loads (in accordance with IS:875 Part-5, other than seismic
loads). However wind/ seismic loads shall not be considered in
combination together or with loads during maintenance.
Consideration shall be given to loads of a special nature such as piping

counterweights, spring hangers, thrusts from expansion joints, expansion
loads from horizontal vessels and exchangers, purpose made handling
equipment such as counterbalanced crane hooks, and thermal expansion
of the structure.
4.0 Load Combinations:
All buildings/structures should be designed to resist the worst combination of the

above loads. However wind loads should not be considered in combination with
loads due to maintenance cranes in workshop, comp. House etc.
It should be recognized in load combinations that the simultaneous occurrence of
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maximum values of wind, earthquake, imposed and snow load is not likely.
Selection of Load combinations to be considered in analysis and design shall be

decided based on the type of structure under consideration.
Design shall be done to resist the worst combination of the above loads.
The overall stability of the structure and foundations may need to be reviewed
against a more critical load combination than combinations defined below
depending upon configuration of structure.
Load elements shall be as set out below:
DL : Dead Load
IL : Imposed / Live Load
EE : Equipment Loads for Erection / Empty
EO : Equipment Loads for Operation
ET : Equipment Loads for Testing
BP : Bundle Pull
VL : Impact / Vibratory Load
WL : Wind Load
SL : Seismic / Earthquake Load
PL : Piping Load
PE : Piping Loads for Erection / Empty
PO : Piping Loads for Operation
PT : Piping Loads for Testing
TL : Thermal Load/ Friction Load
TA : Thermal Anchor Load
CRL : Crane Load
H : Earth Pressure Load
Hd : Handling Device Load
Bp : Blast Force / Load
4.1 For Stacks, Towers, Vertical Vessels:
The load elements shall be combined to form load combinations for

check of soil bearing pressure / pile capacity and stability of
foundation as shown in the following Table:
Load Condition Load Combination
DL + EE
Erection
DL + EE + WL
Operating DL + EO
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DL + EO + WL
DL + EO + SL
DL + ET
Test
DL + ET + 0.25 WL
The load elements shall be combined to form load combinations for RC

Member Design viz. for Footing, Pedestal etc. as shown in the following
Table:
1.5 (DL + EE)
Erection 1.5 (DL + EE + WL)
0.9 (DL + EE) + 1.5 WL
1.5 (DL + EO)
1.5 (DL + EO + WL)
Operating 1.5 (DL + EO + SL)
0.9 (DL + EO) + 1.5 WL
0.9 (DL + EO) + 1.5 SL
1.5 (DL + ET)
Test 1.5 (DL + ET) + 1.5 (0.25 WL)
0.9 (DL + ET) + 1.5 (0.25 WL)
4.2 For Horizontal Vessels/ Exchangers:

foundation as shown in the following Table:
DL + EE
Erection
DL + EE + WL
Operating DL + EO + TL
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DL + EO + TL + WL
DL + EO + TL + SL
DL + ET
Test
DL + ET + 0.25 WL
Maintenance DL + EE + BP
(for exchangers only)

Member Design viz. for Footing, Pedestal etc. as shown in the following
Table:
1.5 (DL + EE)
Erection 1.5 (DL + EE + WL)
0.9 (DL + EE) + 1.5 WL
1.5 (DL + EO + TL)
1.5 (DL + EO + TL + WL)
Operating 1.5 (DL + EO + TL + SL)
0.9 (DL + EO + TL) + 1.5 WL
0.9 (DL + EO + TL) + 1.5 SL
1.5 (DL + ET)
Test 1.5 (DL + ET + 0.25 WL)
0.9 (DL + ET) + 1.5 (0.25 WL)
Maintenance 1.5 (DL + EE + BP)

4.3 For Pipe Rack / Open Technological Structures supporting Equipment:

check of soil bearing pressure / pile capacity & stability of foundation
and Serviceability Check as shown in the following Table:
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DL + EE + PE
DL + EE + PE + IL
Erection
DL + EE + PE + WL
DL + IL + EE + PE + WL
DL + EO + PO + TA + TL
DL + IL + EO + PO + TA + TL
DL + EO + BP + VL + PO + TA + TL
DL + IL + EO + VL + PO + TA + TL
DL + IL + EO + PL + Hd + TL
DL + EO + PO + TA + TL + WL
Operating DL + IL + EO + PO + TA + TL + WL
DL + 0.5IL + EO + BP + PO + TA + WL
DL + 0.5IL + EO + PL + Hd + TL + WL
DL + EO + PO + TA + TL + SL
DL + 0.5IL + EO + PO + TA + TL + SL
DL + 0.5IL + EO + BP + PO + TA + SL
DL + 0.5IL + EO + PL + Hd + TL + SL
DL + ET + PT
DL + ET + PT + IL
Test DL + ET + PT + 0.25 WL
DL + ET + PT + 0.5IL + 0.25 WL
DL + 0.5IL + ET + 0.25WL + PL + Hd
Maintenance DL + 0.5IL + EE + PE + BP
DL + IL + EO + BP + H

Foundation Reinforcement Design as shown in the following Table:
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1.5 (DL + EE + PE + IL)
Erection 1.2 (DL + IL + EE + PE) + 1.2 WL
1.5 (DL + EE + PE) + 1.5 WL
1.5 (DL + IL + EO + PO + TA + TL)
1.5(DL + PO) + 1.2(EO + BP + VL + TA + TL)
1.5IL + 1.2(DL + EO + VL + PO + TA + TL)
1.2 (DL + EO + BP + H) + 1.5IL
1.5 (DL + EO + PO + TA + TL + WL)
1.2 (DL + IL + EO + PO + TA + TL + WL)

Operating
0.9 (DL + EO + PO + TA + TL) + 1.5 WL
0.5IL + 1.2(DL + EO + BP + PO + TA) + 1.5WL
1.5 (DL + EO + PO + TA + TL) + 1.5 SL
1.2 (DL + 0.5IL + EO + PO + TA + TL + SL)
0.9 (DL + EO + PO + TA + TL) + 1.5 SL
0.5IL + 1.2(DL + EO + BP + PO + TA) + 1.5SL
1.5 (DL + ET + PT + IL)
Test 1.2 (DL + ET + PT + 0.5IL) + 1.2 (0.25 WL)
1.5 (DL + ET + PT) + 1.5 (0.25 WL)
The load elements shall be combined to form load combinations for RC /

Steel Structure Member Design as shown in the following Table:
1.5 (DL + EE + PE + IL)
Erection 1.2 (DL + IL + EE + PE) + 1.2 WL
1.5 (DL + EE + PE) + 1.5 WL
1.5 (DL + IL + EO + PO + TA + TL)

Operating
DL + EO + VL + PO + TA + TL
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DL + IL + EO + VL + PO + TA + TL
1.5 (DL + IL + EO + PL + Hd + TL)
1.5 (DL + EO + PO + TA + TL + WL)
1.2 (DL + IL + EO + PO + TA + TL + WL)
0.9 (DL + EO + PO + TA + TL) + 1.5 WL
1.2 (DL + IL + EO + PL + Hd + TL + WL)
1.5 (DL + EO + PO + TA + TL) + 1.5 SL
1.2 (DL + 0.5IL + EO + PO + TA + TL + SL)
0.9 (DL + EO + PO + TA + TL) + 1.5 SL
1.2 (DL + IL + EO + PL + Hd + TL + SL)
1.5 (DL + ET + PT + IL)
1.2 (DL + ET + PT + 0.5IL) + 1.2 (0.25 WL)

Test
1.5 (DL + ET + PT) + 1.5 (0.25 WL)
1.5 (DL + IL + ET + PL + Hd + WL)
4.4 For Shed Type Building with Crane Loads

foundation and Deflection Check as shown in the following Table:
Normal DL + IL + CRL
DL + 0.5IL + 0.5WL + CRL

Wind**
DL + 0.5IL + WL + 0.5CRL
DL + IL + CRL + 0.5SL
Seismic
DL + 0.5IL + 0.5CRL + SL

Member Design as shown in the following Table:
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Normal 1.5 (DL + IL + CRL)
1.2DL + 1.2IL + 0.6WL + 1.2CRL

Wind**
1.5DL + 0.75IL + 1.5WL + 0.75CRL
1.2DL + 1.2IL + 1.2CRL + 0.5SL

Seismic
1.5DL + 0.75IL + 0.75CRL + 1.5SL
** Wind Load check with Parallel and Perpendicular to Ridge
4.5 For General Buildings & Buildings (with or without Equipment) and their
Foundations

Foundation Sizing as shown in the following Table:
DL
DL + IL + Hd
DL + IL + EE
Normal
DL + ET
DL + IL + EO
DL + Bp
DL + WL
DL + IL + WL + Hd
DL + EE + 0.8WL
Wind
DL + EO + 0.8WL
DL + IL + EE + 0.8WL
DL + 0.8IL + ET + 0.8WL
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DL + 0.8IL + EO + 0.8WL
DL + SL
DL + 0.5IL + SL + Hd
DL + EE + 0.8SL
Seismic DL + EO + 0.8SL
DL + IL + EE + 0.8SL
DL + 0.8IL + ET + 0.8SL
DL + 0.8IL + EO + 0.8SL

Deflection Check as shown in the following Table:
Normal DL + IL
DL + WL
Wind
DL + 0.8IL + 0.8WL
DL + SL
Seismic
DL + 0.4IL + 0.8SL

Reinforcement Design for Buildings as shown in the following Table:
1.5DL
1.5 (DL + IL)
1.5 (DL + IL + Hd) + Bp

Normal
1.5 (DL + IL + EE)
1.5 (DL + ET)
1.5 (DL + IL + EO)
Wind 0.9DL + 1.5WL
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1.2 (DL + IL + WL)
1.2 (DL + IL + Hd + WL)
1.5 (DL + WL)
1.5 (DL + EE + WL)
0.9 (DL + EE) + 1.5WL
1.5 (DL + EO + WL)
1.2 (DL + IL + EE + WL)
1.2 (DL + IL + ET + WL)
1.2 (DL + IL + EO + WL)
0.9DL + 1.5SL
1.2DL + 0.6IL + 1.2SL
1.2DL + 1.2IL + 1.2Hd + 1.2SL
1.5 (DL + SL)
1.5 (DL + EE + SL)

Seismic
0.9 (DL + EE) + 1.5SL
1.5 (DL + EO + SL)
1.2 (DL + IL + EE + SL)
1.2 (DL + IL + ET + SL)
1.2 (DL + IL + EO + SL)
5.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN
5.1 General Requirements:
1) Foundation design should be as per Geo-Technical Data. Minimum

depth of foundation for all structures should be as per Geo-Technical
Data.
2) The design ground water level should be as per the Geo-Technical

Data and the hydrostatic pressure should be adequately accounted for
in design.
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3) Pile capacities (compression, shear and uplift/tension) shall be per

Geotechnical Recommendations.
4) For transient loadings, e.g. wind/seismic, SBC (safe bearing

capacity) shall be considered based on shear criteria instead of
settlement criteria.
5) Permissible increase in SBC/ Pile capacities (for compression, shear and

uplift/tension) shall be as per the Geotechnical Recommendations.
6) Under blast (due to hydrocarbon explosion) load combinations the SBC of

soil shall not exceed 2.0 times allowable static bearing pressure of soil.
7) Under blast (due to hydrocarbon explosion) load combinations Pile

capacity shall not exceed 1.5 times the permissible capacity under
compression, tension and shear modes.
8) Foundation for vibrating equipment shall be kept independent of building

floors/ foundations and other adjacent foundations.
9) Foundation for tanks upto 10m diameter shall be of RCC ring wall type,
unless required from anchorage or counterweight considerations.
10)For load combinations including earthquake, the Safe Bearing Pressure

of Soil and the Safe Bearing Load of piles shall be increased as
permitted in IS:1893.
11)In reinforced and plain concrete footings, the thickness at the edge shall
be not less than 150 mm for footings on soils, nor less than 300 mm
above the tops of piles for footings on piles.
5.2 Stability against Overturning & Sliding
Foundations should be checked for stability against overturning & sliding,

while checking against sliding/overturning, the following should be
considered.
Minimum Stability Ratio i.e. Factor of safety required against overturning

(MR/MO) both being calculated at the leading edge of the foundation
considering all forces and moments.
MR = Resistant moment and
MO =Over turning moment should be restricted to the followings

for the worst load case combination.
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The resistance to sliding should be calculated from the following, where

applicable:-
• Foundation / soil friction
• Passive soil resistance to the side of the foundation
• Passive soil resistance of soil bearing against keys
FOUNDATION DESIGN - FACTORS OF SAFETY
Minimum Factor Of
Safety Against Minimum Factor
Overturning Of
Safety Against
Erection Operating Sliding
Condition Condition
Type Of
Structure With Wind Without With Wind Without With Without
Or Wind Or Or Wind Or Wind Or Wind Or
Seismic Seismic Seismic Seismic Seismic Seismic
All Buildings/
Structures 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.75
/Equipments in
Units
1.5 1.5
Over Head water (empty) (empty)
- - 1.5 -
Tank 2.0 2.0
(full) (full)
Flood Light Mast 1.5 - 1.5 - 1.5 -
Retaining Wall - - 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.75
Flare Supporting 1.5 - 1.5 - 1.5 -
Structure
2.0
- - 1.5 or 1.5 1.5
Resistant 1.2#
Structures
Transmission
Tower / Switch 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.75
Yard Structure
Pipe Rack
1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.75
(Offsite)
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# With blast pressure.
Percentage weight of overburden shall be taken as 100% & to be

considered on projected plan area of footing. In case area is paved,
overburden should be based on NGL (for area under filling) or 600mm
below HPP whichever is lower. In case of unpaved area, it should be
w.r.t. FGL.
Grade of concrete to be used in foundation should in general be as per

the philosophy adopted for the entire structure. However, minimum
cement content, type of cement & any remedial actions required for
foundation due to aggressiveness of sub soil water should be as per the
Geo-Technical Data.
5.3 Stability against Uplift
Minimum Factor of safety against Uplift should be 1.2 for all structures. In case
of sumps, lining weight should not be included.
In the design of foundations, the upward pressure of water, where

applicable, should be taken as the full hydrostatic pressure applied over
the whole area. The hydrostatic head shall be measured from the
underside of construction. The beneficial load of backfill can be included
only in circumstances where it will never be removed.
5.4 Allowable loss of contact area
Allowable loss of contact area between underside of foundation and soil

(due to resultant overturning moment) under different loading conditions
should be as given below.
Sr. Load Combination Allowable % Loss

No. of Contact Area
1 For Foundations on soils
a Operating with or without LL, for worst 0 to 10%
cases
b Operating with Wind or Earthquake (with or Up to 25%
without LL, for worst cases)
2 For Foundations on Rocks
a Operating with or without LL, for worst 0 to 20%
cases
b Operating with Wind or Earthquake (with or Up to 30%
without LL, for worst cases)
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5.5 Allowable Net SBC based on the settlement criteria:
Allowable Net Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC) of soil for isolated/ raft/
pile/ tank foundations shall be based on the settlement criteria for dead plus
imposed load conditions, as follows:
a. For foundations in Unit areas, Utility areas and foundations
of Plant buildings, settlement shall be considered as 25mm.
b. Allowable total settlement of foundation for Machine foundations
and critical equipment with interconnected piping– 25 mm.
c. For foundations of Non-plant buildings, settlement shall be
considered as 40mm.
d. For Raft foundations, settlement shall be considered as 40mm.
e. For foundation of Cone roof/ Dome roof Storage Tanks,
settlement shall be considered as 300mm at edge and differential
settlement shall be considered as 1 in 300 along periphery.
f. For foundations of Floating roof Storage Tanks, settlement to be
considered as 150mm at edge and differential settlement shall be
considered as 1 in 500 along periphery.
g. For Mounded Bullets, differential Settlement of 25 mm & overall
settlement of 60mm shall be considered for design.
5.6 Soil and hydrostatic pressure on walls below grade:
In the design of walls below grade, provision should be made for the
lateral pressure of adjacent soil. Due allowance should be made for
possible surcharge from fixed or moving loads. When a portion or whole
of the adjacent soil is below a free water surface, computations should be
based on the weight of the soil diminished by buoyancy, plus full
hydrostatic lateral pressure.
The lateral pressure from surcharge loads should be taken in addition to

the lateral earth pressure loads.
5.7 Foundations for Rotating and Reciprocating Equipment
a) General:
1) Foundation for rotating and reciprocating equipments such
as turbines, engines, compressors and generators should
be designed to secure the dynamic stability of the
foundation system, as well as the static stability.
2) Dynamic stability for foundation supporting heavy vibrating
equipments like the following should be secured by dynamic
analysis in general:
• Heavy vibrating equipment,
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• Equipment sensitive to vibration,

• Equipment causing large dynamic force
b) General Requirements for Design:

Following minimum requirements should be taken into account for
foundation design in principle.
1) Foundation for heavy vibrating equipment should be kept
independent of building floors/foundations and other
adjacent foundations.
2) The weight of foundation slab should not be less than the

combined weight of the structure and the machine.
3) Foundation should be of uniform rectangular/ square shape.

Beams and columns of foundations should be of uniform
rectangular/ square shape.
4) The horizontal eccentricity, in any direction, between the

center of gravity of the machine - foundation system and the
center of base contact area or centroid of the pile group,
should be within 5% for block foundations and 3% for frame
foundations. However, in highly compressible soils no
eccentricity should be permitted.
5) The geometric layout of the foundation and structure should

be basically symmetric with respect to the vertical plane
passing through the rotational axis of the equipment.
6) Mechanical equipment foundations should satisfy the

requirements of IS: 2974 and any other parameters as per
machine vendors.
7) Foundation block extensions supporting auxiliary

equipments requiring rigid positioning with respect to the
main equipment should be detailed to act integrally with the
block.
8) Generally, foundations and structures supporting rotating

machinery should be so proportioned that their natural
frequency should not fall within the range of 0.8 to 1.2 of
normal operating speed of the equipment.
9) Design should be carried out such that amplitude of

vibration during normal operation or other critical conditions
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should not exceed the allowable amplitude specified by the

equipment manufacturer or IS: 2974, whichever is more
stringent. The above design criterion may be omitted for
centrifugal pumps and fans and other minor rotating
equipment weighing less than 1 ton or if the mass of the
rotating parts are less than1/100th of the mass of foundation
installed directly on concrete foundation provided that the
weight of foundation is not less than 3 times of the
equipment weight. In such cases, dynamic analysis is not
necessary.
10)Where deviations (resulting from inaccuracies in soil

parameter measurements, approximations in design
method, etc.) from calculated natural frequencies, leading to
amplitudes in excess of specified limits, are foreseen,
provisions for increasing foundation mass without removal
of the machine and without affecting surrounding space
availability or connected piping should be made, if possible.
11)Machine foundations should satisfy the following

requirements:
Minimum reinforcement as per requirements of IS: 2974
should be provided unless required otherwise by design. All
units of the foundation system, except foundation raft
should be provided with symmetric reinforcement on
opposite faces, even if not required by design
considerations.
12)No common raft should be designed for set of machines.
13)The soil stress below foundations under dead loads should

not exceed 80% of the allowable soil bearing capacity, or
safe load on pile, for static loading.
14)It should be ensured that there is no transfer of vibrations

from machine foundations to any part of the adjoining
structures. Such foundations should be isolated from other
foundations and floor /paving slab by providing adequate
gap between the foundation faces and surrounding soil
mass; the gap should be filled with bitumen impregnated
fiber board unless otherwise stated in the item.
15)The foundations and its superstructure should be separated

from adjacent floors and platforms. Clear air gap
should be provided in superstructure to avoid
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transmission of vibration to adjacent structures. Special

note should be given on the drawing in this respect, and
suitable details should be shown as required.
16)Block foundations for machine should be cast in a single

concreting operation.
17)Foundations consisting of various blocks of the same

machine seated on a common foundation raft may be
provided with a single, properly designed construction joint
at the top of base raft. However, a special note should
always be given on the drawing regarding the recommended
procedure of construction.
18)All faces of the foundation block should be provided with

surface reinforcement. Minimum reinforcement diameter
in horizontal and vertical directions should be 12Ø, and
maximum spacing of bars should not exceed 200 mm.
19)For frame foundations, base raft should be cast in a single

concreting operation. A properly designed construction joint
should be provided between the base slab and
columns. The entire superstructure of columns and
upper deck should be cast in a continuous concreting
operation. If height of the frame columns above raft level
exceeds 8.0m, an additional construction joint at the
junction of columns / top-deck may be provided.
20)The location of beams and columns, and their reinforcement

should be arranged, as far as possible, symmetrically with
respect to the vertical plane passing through the longitudinal
axis of the machine.
21)The minimum beam depth should be one-fifth of the span

and the beam width is normally equal to the width of the
column, consistent with anchor bolt requirements,
embedded depth, and edge distances etc.
22)Weight of base raft of the frame foundation should not be

less than the combined weight of the machine and
foundation superstructure above the base raft, i.e. columns,
top-deck slab/beams etc.
23)For frame type of foundations, all the elements of

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foundations should be provided with top and bottom, two-

way reinforcements. Reinforcement should be provided on
all the faces of beams and columns even if not required by
design calculations. The diameter of main bars in column /
beam should be so selected to limit the maximum spacing
of bars to 150 mm.
24)For tie beams below ground, consideration shall be given for

designing, additionally, for superimposed load and/or traffic
loading, where applicable.
c) Dynamic Analysis:
• General
Dynamic analysis should be performed by suitable and
approved method so that dynamic feature can be evaluated
correctly.
Following effects should be taken into account:

• Dynamic features of subsoil
• Dynamic features of supporting foundation
system
• Dynamic effect of the foundation system
• Dynamic forces of equipment
All machine foundations shall satisfy two fundamental criteria

that resonance does not occur between the frequencies of the
pulsating loads and natural frequency of foundation/soil system
and also the amplitude of vibration does not exceed safe limits.
Data of dynamic load to be used for the dynamic analysis

should be supplied by Equipment Supplier and should state
unbalanced force due to:
• Eccentricity of dynamic mass of rotating
equipment.
• Different crank arrangement of reciprocating
equipment.
• Evaluation of Dynamic Analysis:

Foundations should be so designed that natural frequency of
the foundation system should not resonate with the following:
• Operating speed of the motor.
• Operating speed of the machine.
• 2 times operating speed of the machine
(This condition should be complied only when
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the manufacturer has furnished the unbalanced

forces related to 2 times the operating speed of
the machine)
• Critical speed of the machine (for centrifugal
machines)
Natural frequency of the foundation should be ±20% away

from the above mentioned frequencies. However, amplitudes
of vibration of the foundation block should always be checked
to be within permissible limits
• Allowable amplitude due to dynamic load:

Amplitude of the foundation systems for vibrating equipment
should be calculated through dynamic analysis by using
dynamic load supplied by supplier and the allowable
amplitude should conform to supplier’s requirement.
If supplier’s requirement on amplitude is not specified,
Permissible Amplitudes mentioned in IS: 2974, Part-1 shall be
adopted.
Unless otherwise specified foundation design shall follow general

criteria indicated below.
P = Rated Power output of equipment (unit KW).
*If the supplier’s requirement is available, it shall be considered.
5.8 Pile Foundations:
1) Piles should be designed as per IS: 2911(part 1 to 4) such that the

Safe Working Load on the piles should not be exceeded based on
pile capacity value arrived from soil parameter available in referred
soil report.
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2) Safe working load on piles should be confirmed by the Piling

CONTRACTOR as per specification or by conducting confirmatory
pile test /soil test.
3) The increase in Safe Working Load permitted due to wind

/earthquake should apply equally to uplift and shear conditions,
subject to confirmations by the piling contractor in respect to the
particular piling system.
4 ) Design capacity should be established by conducting sufficient

number of initial load tests. Routine pile load tests should be
carried out as per relevant IS code. When any major machinery is
to be supported on piles, behavior of the piles under dynamic
loading conditions as established by necessary field tests should
be considered.
5) The capacity of pile groups should be obtained by applying

appropriate group efficiency factors.
6) Where piles pass through filled ground the available pile safe
working load should be suitably reduced to account for negative
skin friction caused by settlement of fill. Where suitable
consideration should be given to reducing draw down effects by
slip coating the piles.
7 ) While computing horizontal capacity, piles should be treated as

fixed head or free head depending on the degree of fixity at the
top. Top of pile cap should be minimum 1.5m below the ground
level.
8) Driven cast in-situ piles should have safe distance (as per IS
Code requirement) from the existing structure to avoid any
damage due to vibration.
9) Minimum embedment of piles in pile caps should be 100 mm.
5.9 Blast Resistant Construction:
1) Minimum thickness of Reinforced Concrete Blast walls should be

250mm to meet the criteria of T.A.C. (Tariff Advisory Committee).
2) R.C.C. blast walls should be taken up to 1.5m below FGL or up to

top of footing whichever is lower, maintaining the wall thickness
and reinforcement same as in superstructure.
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3) Members should be designed for reversal of stresses.
4) Minimum reinforcement in wall in each face should be 1% (as total

in both directions) of gross cross sectional area or as calculated
from structural design considerations. Maximum reinforcement in
each face should not exceed 2%.
5) Roof slab shall be doubly reinforced. Minimum reinforcement in

roof slab in each face should be 1% (as total in both directions) of
gross cross sectional area or as calculated from structural design
considerations.
6) Minimum bar diameter in walls and slab should be 12mm.
7) Maximum spacing of bars in walls and roof slab should not exceed
150mm c/c.
8) The structure shall be designed on shear wall concept with roof

acting as a diaphragm that transfers the transverse loads to the
side shear wall & columns in proportion to their stiffness. Internal
partitions & division walls shall not be designed as shear wall.
9) Design bearing pressure of soil shall not exceed twice the

allowable static bearing pressure of soil for blast load combination
only.
10)Allowable Pile capacity in Compression, Uplift & S hear may be

increased by 50% under blast load combination.
5.10 Anti Termite Treatment:
All buildings coming in units, offsite and utility areas shall be provided with
Post Constructional anti-termite treatment shall be done as per IS: 6313 and
IS: 8944.
5.11 Foundation Bolts:
Minimum Cover to Foundation Bolts: Minimum distance from the centerline

of foundation/anchor bolt to edge of pedestal should be the maximum of
the following:
1) Clear distance from the edge of the base plate/base frame to the
outer edge of the pedestal should be minimum 50mm.
2) Clear distance from the face of pocket to the outer edge of the
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pedestal should be 100mm.

3) Clear distance from the edge of the sleeve or anchor plate to the
edge of pedestal should be 100mm.
The tension capacities of anchor bolts shall be worked out based on the bolt
to bolt spacing and the distance between anchor bolt to the edge of
concrete. If required, additional reinforcement around anchor bolts shall
be provided in the concrete pedestal.
In case of no tension loads in the anchor bolts of equipment such as small

towers, tanks, heat exchangers, pumps, blowers, compressors, etc. anchor
bolts shall generally be set in anchor boxes unless embedment is required.
Anchor bolts for heavy towers, which are subject to pull out force, shall be
embedded into the foundation at the time of placing concrete using
templates.
Minimum size of bolts shall be 16mm (10mm & 12mm can be used for
miscellaneous structures). Minimum center-to-center distance of bolts shall
be 2.5 times nominal diameter.
All anchor bolts shall also be provided with a nut and lock nut.
Sleeve type anchor bolts shall be used preferably.
5.12 Expansion Joint:
Expansion joints in concrete structures shall be provided at 30-35 m

intervals. The expansion joint shall be provided preferably by way of twin
columns on a common foundation. Sliding joints shall be avoided as far
as possible. Design and installation of Joints shall be as per IS: 3414.
5.13 Height of Pedestals:
Minimum height of pedestals from finished paving / floor/ ground:

Sr.
Description Pedestal Height
No.
600 mm above finished ground
1 Building plinth
level.
2 Pedestals for structural columns
150 mm (min.) OR as indicated
a Open paved area
in equipment layout drawing
b Open unpaved area 300 mm
3 Covered area (building etc.)
in drawing
4 Storage tank foundation As per equipment layout
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All equipment supporting

5
foundations /pedestals
As required but not less than
a Unpaved area
500 mm
As required but not less than
b Paved area
150 mm
6 Stair Pedestals
in equipment layout drawing
7 Ladder pedestals 150 mm
5.14 Grouting & Minimum Grout Thickness:
1) Unless otherwise specified by equipment manufacturers, top of

foundations except for local foundations should be provided with
an allowance for grouting as specified below:
Process Columns (equipment), unless

Min. 50 mm
otherwise required in equipment datasheet
Foundation for large heavy duty compressors,
50 mm
generator, etc
Foundation for big towers (>20 m) 50 mm
Other foundation bases for columns, trusses,
30 mm
etc
2) All anchor bolt sleeves/ pockets and spaces under column bases,
shoe plates etc. shall be grouted with free flow, non shrink (premix
type) grout with 28 day minimum cube crushing strength of 40 N/sq
mm.
3) Nominal thickness of grouting between the top of concrete

foundation levels and the underside of base plates should be 30
mm, for up to a plate dimension of 500 mm and 50 mm for plate
sizes in excess of 500 mm - grout edges & sides shall be splayed
at 45 degrees.
4) The thickness of grout should not be less than 25 mm and should

not be more than 50mm.
5) Neat cement should not be used for grouting under any condition.
6) Grouting requirement for machines and equipments are not

covered here. The same should be governed by vendor’s
requirement.
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7) Grout shall be finished at a slope of 1:1 from the Bottom of Base

Plates to the finished concrete level.
8) Non-Shrink Cement Base Grout, as per specifications shall be

applied for major Steel Structures and Stationary Equipment’s
unless Epoxy Grout is used.
9) Ordinary cement sand (1:2) grout should only be used under the
base plates of cross-overs, short pipe supports (not exceeding 1.5
m height) and small operating platforms (not exceeding 2 m
height) not supporting any equipment.
10)For rotating equipment bases, (above 300 kW rating) grout shall be

as per requirements of equipment vendor; or in absence of any
stated requirements, grout type shall be Non-Shrink Epoxy Grout.
6.0 Plinth Protection:
Each building shall be provided with 1.0 m wide (100mm high from top of
Approach Road Level) concrete M15, 75 mm thick laid on 75 mm thick M7.5
concrete with brick bats all round as plinth protection, with building drain around
the building. Paving shall be sloped for a rapid run off of rain water away from
the building.
7.0 Ramps:
Ramps for building entrance shall be cast in situ R.C.C designed as a

grade slab and the slope of ramps shall not be less than 1 in 10. Minimum
thickness of the slab shall be 150mm.
Ramps for physically challenged persons shall be designed in accordance

with IS: 4963 and National Building Code.
8.0 Covering of Pits / Basins:
1) Open pits and basins without roofing or covering should have safety
railings. Stepladders should also be provided for the pits and
basins having a depth of more than 1 m.
2) The minimum 600 mm diameter cover for access should be

provided for pits and basins with roofing.
9.0 Flooring Details For Buildings & Sheds:
The specifications given hereunder should be adopted for the non- suspended
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ground floor slabs for buildings & sheds as categorized in following table:
Sr. Flooring Type

Description
No. I II III
Earth fill base
compacted to To be To be To be
1.1
95% dry provided provided provided
density
Compacted
Sub layer of sand/
Grade boulder
1.2 packing over 200mm thick 200mm thick 150mm thick
thoroughly
compacted
Earth fill (in
mm)
Sr. Flooring Type
Description
No. I II III
Lean concrete
1:5:10 over 50mm thick 50mm thick 50mm thick
sand layer (in
mm)
Structural Non
suspended slab
Structural 150 mm thick
in M20 Grade 150 mm thick
2 Grade slab with
concrete slab with 100 mm thick
Slab reinforcement
(Reinforced with reinforcement slab without
placed in 2
8mm dia bars placed reinforcement
layers (at top
@ 200mm c/c centrally
& bottom)
both ways) over
lean concrete
3 Finish Floor Finish As per Architectural Details
a) Flooring details as given above shall be adopted for the non-suspended

ground floor slabs for buildings & sheds only as categorized for various
flooring types.
b) Flooring Type I shall be considered for Control Rooms, Satellite Rack Rooms,
Sub-Stations, Pump Houses, Utility Compressor Houses, Parking Areas,
Stores, Porches.
c) Flooring Type II shall be considered for Ware Houses, Workshops, Cement

Godowns, Fire Stations, Process Compressor Houses.
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d) Flooring Type III shall be considered for Administration, Laboratory, Canteen,

Time Office, Gate House, Training Centre, Guest House, Residential
buildings.
e) Floor finish for all the above three types of flooring shall be as per Engineering
Design Basis - Architecture.
f) Reinforcement steel shall be as per other relevant clause of this document.
g) Expansion gap if provided in the building shall be provided in flooring also.
h) Outdoor pavements shall be as per Engineering Design Basis – General Civil.

However 20 mm gap to be provided between floor slab and equipment
foundation/ column and shall be sealed using joint sealing compound.
10.0 Special Considerations For RCC Structures:
10.1 General/design methods:
a) All buildings, structures, foundations, machine/equipment foundations,

liquid retaining/storage structures, trenches, pits etc. should be of RCC
and designed based on the following IS Codes (latest revision with all
amendments issued there to) in general and other relevant IS Codes
applicable: IS:456, 875, 1893, 1904, 2911, 2950, 2974, 3370, 4091,
4326, 4991, 4995, 4998, 5249, 6403, 8009, 13920.
b) Only limit state method as per IS:456 should be followed in the

design unless otherwise specified elsewhere in this document for
special structures.
c) All structures shall be of frame type construction, with ductile detailing

as per IS: 13920.
d) Bi-polar concrete penetrating corrosion inhibiting admixture shall be

used in concrete works exposed to moderate to Extreme environment
based on the environmental exposure condition given in IS: 456.
e) Where the specified design depth of groundwater table so

warrants, all underground pits, tunnels, basements etc. (excluding
appurtenances of storm water/effluent collection system, cable trench,
pipe trench) should be of leak-proof RCC construction using approved
make of waterproofing compounds.
f) All liquid retaining/storage RCC structures should be leak-proof and

designed as un-cracked section (or with limited crack width in limit
state design) as per IS:3370. However, the parts of such structures
not coming in direct contact with the liquid should be designed
according to IS:456 except ribs of beams of suspended floor slabs,
counter forts of walls (located on the side remote from the liquid) and
roof which should be designed as un-cracked section. No increase in
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permissible stresses in concrete and reinforcement should be made

under wind or seismic conditions for such structures.
g) All liquid retaining/storage RCC structures/Sludge pits etc. shall be

lined with HDPE/LDPE lining or any other suitable impermeable media
such that no leaching takes place at any point of time. Adequate safety
measures shall also be implemented to protect the structures/pits from
getting breached.
h) The walls and base slabs of liquid retaining/storage structures should

be provided with reinforcement on both faces for thickness greater than
or equal to 150mm. In all liquid retaining structures, PVC water bars
(minimum size 230mm wide x 5mm thick) should be provided at each
construction joint (horizontal and vertical).
i) Hot/cold water basin and other primary framing members of Cooling

towers or similar liquid retaining structures which remain constantly in
contact with water (stored/sprayed) should be designed as un-cracked
sections.
j) Following conditions shall be also considered for design of liquid

retaining structures, basement, trenches and other underground
structure:
i. Only water pressure from inside and no earth pressure,
groundwater pressure or surcharge from outside wherever
such a condition is likely to exist either in operation or during
installation / testing.
ii. Earth pressure, surcharge pressure or ground water
pressure from outside and no water pressure from inside.
iii. Base slab shall also be designed for the empty condition
during construction and maintenance stages with maximum
ground water table.
iv. Intermediate dividing walls of pump sumps shall be
designed considering water in one pump sump only and the
other sump being empty for maintenance.
10.2 Concrete:
a) The minimum grade of reinforced cement concrete to be used for

superstructure & substructure (in case otherwise specified in
Geotechnical Recommendations, higher grade shall be followed for
substructure) shall be M25 (design mix) as per IS:456 based on Severe
exposure condition.
b) Minimum cement content for concrete in foundation shall be as per

Geotechnical Recommendations document.
c) Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) mud mat of grade M20 (nominal mix) of
minimum 150 mm thickness shall be provided under all masonry wall
foundations.
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d) Plain cement concrete of grade M20 (nominal mix) of minimum 40 mm

thickness shall be provided as damp proof course at plinth level of all
masonry walls. Integral waterproofing compound conforming to IS:2645
shall be mixed with concrete (as per manufacturer’s specifications) and
coated with bitumen emulsion.
e) Crystalline water-proofing compound of approved make shall be mixed

with concrete for all liquid retaining/ leak-proof structures.
f) Minimum grade of concrete for General Civil work shall be as

specified in Engineering Design Basis – General Civil.
g) From durability considerations the minimum cement content and

maximum free water-cement ratio shall be as per table given under
relevant other clause of this document.
h) However, the maximum cement content shall not exceed 450 kg/cum.
10.3 Minimum Cover to Main Reinforcement:
Unless specified otherwise, actual concrete cover should not deviate from
required nominal cover by +10 mm.
Nominal cover to meet durability requirement and specified period of fire

resistance shall be as per IS: 456.
Nominal cover should be as per IS: 456, however the following minimum clear
cover should be provided for RCC works.
Sr.
Description Minimum clear cover
No.
Slab (roof & floors, canopy,
1 25 mm
cantilever, waist slab)
45 mm or dia. of bar
2 Beam (roof, floor, tie & lintel) whichever is greater
3 Column 50 mm above FGL
75 mm below FGL
Retaining wall, Basement and
4 Pit Wall
a Face in contact with earth 50 mm
b Free face whichever is greater
5 Liquid retaining structure
a Face in contact with liquid whichever is greater
Face away from liquid but in
b 50 mm
contact with earth
c Free face whichever is greater
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Foundation slab, base slab,

6 75 mm
pedestal, plinth beam
7 Pile Cap
a Bottom face 125 mm
b Top & Sides 75 mm
The above requirements shall not be applied to concrete construction of

trench, local foundation, minor platform foundation, sump pit/ manhole,
paving and other miscellaneous concrete construction, for which minimum
clear cover shall be 25 mm.
Designer shall ensure that the reinforcement cover, mentioned above shall
in no case be lower than that required by Codes of practices as per
exposure condition of site and other recommendation of confirmatory soil
investigation report.
10.4 Minimum Thickness of Structural Concrete Elements:
The following minimum thickness should be followed:
Sr. Minimum
Description
No. Thickness
Footings (all types with or without beams)
(Note: Tapered footings should not have thickness 300 mm
1 less than 150mm at the edges. Minimum average
thickness should not be less than 300mm)
2 Pile Cap 500mm
Liquid Retaining / Leak-proof structure / Basement
3
/ Underground Pit :
a Walls 150mm
b Base slab with beams 200mm
c Base slab without beams 300mm
Slab thickness in Raft foundations with beam &
4 225mm
slab construction
5 Floor/Roof Slab, Walkway, Canopy Slab 150mm
6 Cable/Pipe Trench/Launder Walls & Base Slab 125mm
7 Parapet 125mm
8 Louvre / Fin 125mm
9 Precast Trench Cover/Precast Floor Slab 125mm
10 Louvre (in contact with liquid) 125mm
10.5 Minimum Bar Diameter:
Minimum bar diameter shall be as follows:

Piles – Main Bars 12 mm
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Piles – Ties 8 mm
Major Foundation 12 mm
Block Foundation - Main Bars & Tie Bars 12 mm
Minor Foundation (Local foundation etc.) 12 mm
Column, Pedestal - Main Bars 12 mm
Column, Pedestal – Ties 8 mm
Beam - Main Bars 12 mm
Beam - Anchor Bars 10 mm
Beam – Stirrups 8 mm
Slab & Wall - Main Bars 10 mm
Slab & Wall - Distribution Bars 8 mm
Minor Elements such as Chajjas, Lintel,
8 mm
Parapet etc.
Slab and Wall for Blast Resistant building 12 mm
10.6 Deflections:
Deflections in concrete structures shall in generally be limited by adherence

to the limits on span by depth ratio for beams and slabs and length to lateral
dimension ratios for columns as prescribed in IS: 456. Where special
functional / serviceability requirements or large spans demand actual
deflections and / or crack widths shall be calculated and the following limits
adhered to:
Total vertical deflection due to all loads including Span/250

the effects of temperature creep and shrinkage
Crack width (for non-liquid retaining structural) 0.3 mm
Total horizontal deflection between two floors Storey height / 200

(for wind)
Storey height / 250

(for earthquake)
10.7 Bar Spacing:
Minimum and maximum bar spacing for Foundations, Slabs, Stirrups for
Beams, Ties for Columns, Pedestals, Walls etc. should be 100 mm and
300 mm respectively. Bar spacing should be provided in multiples of 5
mm.
10.8 Cathodic Protection of Reinforcement:
Where reinforcement is to be cathodically protected reference should be

made to IS 8062/ BS 7361 for guidance on design and detailing
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requirements.
11.0 Special Considerations For Steel Structures:
11.1 General/design methods:
a) Design, fabrication and erection of the Steel Structures should be carried

out in accordance with the following IS Codes as applicable to the
specific structures, viz. IS:800, 801, 802, 806, 814, 816, 875, 1893,
6533, 9178, 9595 etc. Basic consideration of structural frame work
should primarily be stability, ease of fabrication/erection and overall
economy satisfying relevant Indian Standard Codes of Practice. Simple
and fully rigid design as per IS:800 should be used. Where fully rigid
joints are adopted they should generally be confined to the major axis of
the column member.
b) Structural elements continuously exposed to temperatures above

2150C should be designed for reduced stress as per Table 4 of IS:6533
(Part 2) / clause 16.4 (Fig. 24) of IS: 800. The expected temperature of
steel components should not be allowed to exceed 400 0C.
c) Fireproofing shall be carried out on all exposed structural steel members

in process and Tankage areas as per OISD-164 norms.
d) Crane gantry girders should generally be of welded construction and of

single span length. Chequered plate should be used for gantry girder
walkway flooring.
e) Steel staircases for main approaches to operating platforms should

have channels provided as stringers with minimum clear width of
900mm and slope of app. 41 degree. The vertical height between
successive landings should not be less than 2.6m nor exceed 4.0 meters.
Treads should be minimum 250mm wide made of electro-forged
galvanized grating (with suitable nosing) spaced equally so as to restrict
the rise to maximum 175mm. However for non-important structures like
crossovers etc. the minimum width of stair shall be 600 mm.
f) Hand rails, 1000mm high (from top of grating / top of chequered plate /
FFL), should be provided to all walkways, platforms, staircases. Toe
plate (100mmx5mm) should be provided for all horizontal hand railing
(except for hand railing in inclined portion of staircases). Spacing of
uprights should be 1500mm (maximum).
g) Two types of hand railing should be provided:

i. For Tech. structures, walkways, platforms (except
platform around/on circular/horizontal vessels), staircases: Top
rail, mid-rail and upright should be 32mm dia (NB) galvanized
medium grade MS tubes.
ii. For platforms around circular vessels: Top rail should be
32mm dia (NB) galvanized medium grade MS tubes but mid rail
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shall be 50X6 MS flat and vertical post shall be of angle section

L50X50X6.
h) Welded connections should be adopted as far as practicable except for

the removable members where bolted connections are required
viz. removable members, Galvanized electrical switchyard structures
and transmission towers. Field / Site connections shall be bolted.
Structural connections should have minimum two bolts of 16mm dia.
unless otherwise limited by the size of members.
i) Dedicated monorail for every pump with driver rating of 75 kw and above
shall be provided. The monorail shall be placed longitudinally along the
centerline of the pump and its drive.
Monorail and trolley shall also be arranged for pumps with driver rating of
30 to 75 kw. But in such cases, different clusters can be formed with the
like pumps and a monorail can be placed across every cluster of pumps
over the line joining the CGs of the motors in that cluster.
j) Minimum capacity of monorail shall be 3 MT or 1.5 times weight of

concerned equipment, whichever is higher.
k) Minimum two nuts should be used for all anchor bolts except for ladder,
stair and handrail.
l) Lock nuts shall be provided for anchor bolts of tall structures, tall process
columns, vibrating equipments etc.
m) Framing and bracing shall be planned so that the stiffness of the structure
can be well balanced with the loads and the structural stability can be
secured.
n) Vertical & Horizontal bracings shall be arranged properly, considering the

following requirements:
Plant Layout
Equipment / Piping arrangement
Structural layout
Construction, operation & maintenance requirement.
The Vertical bracings provided for lateral stability of structure may be
knee braced, diagonal or V type and shall satisfy clearance and rigidity
requirements.
o) Expansion joints for the structure shall be as per IS: 800.
p) Removable stoppers, fixed with bolts shall be provided on both sides of

Hoist Beams.
11.2 Grade of Steel:
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Structural Steel shall conform to IS: 2062 with minimum yield Strength of
250 N/mm2 & shapes shall be as per SP 6 of IS: 800 / IS: 12778 (wide
flange/narrow flange sections) or Universal beams and Columns as per BS.
Structural Steel shall comply with requirements as follows:

For ISMB, ISMC, ISA (Angles) : IS 2062 Grade E250A
For Flats : IS 2062 Grade E250A
For Plates : IS 2062 Grade E250BR / E350BR
For Universal Columns/Beams : BSEN 10025 S275JR / S275J0 /
S355J0
Tubular / Hollow steel should conform to Yst 310 of IS:1161.
Properties of steel section shall be as follows:

a) Rolled section as per IS: 808
b) Parallel flanged sections as per IS: 12778.
c) Circular Hollow sections (CHS) as per IS: 1161.
d) Square Hollow sections (SHS) / Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS)
as per IS: 4923.
Connection Bolts shall be High Strength Structural Steel Bolts of Property

Class 8.8 (minimum) conforming to IS:3757 & IS:4000. Hexagonal
Nuts shall conform to IS:6649. Washers shall conform to IS:6649.
11.3 Fireproofing of steel structures:
Fire-proofing of steel structures should be with vermiculite, wherever

required as per OISD-STD-164, and should be done for 2 hours fire
rating as per Specifications or as required as per TAC rules.
Fire resistance of a material is defined by fire rating, evaluated through a

fire test based on applied thickness and time taken to reach the defined
critical steel temperature. Fire rating adopted is based on UL-1709 rapid
rise fire tests of protection materials for structural steel, conducted by
Underwriters Laboratory, USA. In this test, fire resistance of a material is
evaluated on a W10x49 steel column as per UL-1709 fire curve and fire
rating is published in a UL design number under XR category for thickness
and time. In addition to the fire rating, under this test, material for exterior
use is also evaluated for accelerated ageing, high humidity, salt spray, wet-
freeze-dry cycling, acid spray, solvent spray etc.
Thickness of fireproof coating to be applied shall be based on the following:
a) Type-I : In-situ cement concrete for application up to 1.8m from

grade level for steel structures shall be applied with minimum 65mm
thickness.
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b) Type-II : Structural steel members such as column, beam etc. which

shall be protected for 2 hours from reaching critical temperature 538°C,
shall be applied with vermiculite based lightweight cementitious
fireproof of thickness corresponding to 2 hours fire rating as per
respective UL design number under UL-1709 (XR category) subject to
a minimum of 30mm.
c) Type-III : For equipment skirts/ saddles/ supports (which shall be

protected for 2 hours from reaching critical temperature 427°C), 2 hours
fire rating as per UL design is not adequate as the UL-1709 test is
based on 538°C critical temperature. Therefore for the required fire
protection from reaching 427°C, higher thickness shall be necessary.
For this, fireproof thickness corresponding to 3 hours fire rating as per
respective UL design number under UL-1709 (XR category) shall be
adopted subject to a minimum of 30mm.
11.4 Limiting permissible Stresses:
1) Permissible stresses in structural members should be as specified in:
Hot rolled sections (excluding transmission

IS:800 towers and switchyard structures).
IS:801 Cold formed light gauge sections
IS:806 Tubular structures
IS: 802 Transmission Towers & Switchyard structures.
2) Permissible stresses in bolts should be as specified in:
IS:800 Hot rolled sections (excluding transmission towers

and switchyard structures).
IS: 802 Transmission Towers & Switchyard structures.
3) Permissible stresses in welds should be as specified in:

IS:816 Metal Arc Welding
11.5 Limiting Deflection:
The limiting permissible vertical deflection for structural steel members such
as gantry girder for electric overhead crane, manually operated crane, purlin
supporting any type of roofing material under dead + live load or dead +
wind load conditions shall be as specified in IS: 800.
1) Pipe Rack and Equipment Supporting Structure

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Allowable deflection of beams and columns, to support Pipe and / or

Equipment directly during normal operation, shall be as stated below for
unfactored load.
Pipe Rack Beams Span / 325, but not more than 30mm
Equipment Supporting
Structure:
Span / 325, but not more than 30mm
Static Equipment supporting
Beams
Vibrating Equipment / Hoist
Supporting Beams
Other Beams
Duct (refractory lined) Span / 360
Duct (others) Span / 240

Horizontal Sway at top of
Column of each Storey for:
Open framed Structures Height / 200
Cladded Structures Height / 325
Pipe Rack Height / 325

Stack Height / 200

Cantilevers
at free end
2) Crane Girders
Allowable Vertical and Horizontal deflection of girders for traveling

cranes during normal operation, depending on types, shall be as stated
below:
Manually Operated Crane Span / 500
Electrical Overhead travelling Crane up to 50T Span / 750

Electrical Overhead travelling Crane over 50T Span / 1000
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Other Moving Loads e.g. Charging Cars, etc. Span / 600
3) Miscellaneous
Allowable deflection of miscellaneous members shall be as stated below:
Monorails and Hoist Beams Span / 500
Joists Span / 325

Purlins, Cladding Runners Span / 200
Span / 200 or 6mm
Grating / Chequered plates whichever is
minimum
The limiting permissible horizontal deflection for structural steel

members shall be as specified below, where 'H' represents the height:
S. No. Type of Structure Deflection Value Unit

1 Multi storeyed steel As per IS : 800 Same as 'H'
structure/ building
2 Flare stack supporting H / 200 Same as 'H'
structures
11.6 Minimum Thickness:
The minimum thickness of various structural components (Hot rolled

sections) should be as given:
1.0 Trusses, purlins, side girts & bracings 6mm

2.0 Columns, beams 7mm
3.0 Gussets in trusses & girders
3.1 Up to and including 12m span 8mm
3.2 above 12m span 10mm
4.0 Stiffeners 8mm
5.0 Base Plates 12mm
6.0 Chequered plate 6mm
(on plain)
7.0 Grating 3mm
8.0 Tubes 4mm
The ends of all tubes shall be sealed by using 6 mm thick plates welded all
round.
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Structural members exposed to marked corrosive action should be

increased in thickness or otherwise suitably protected against corrosion.
The minimum thickness of structural components (except gratings &

chequered plates) which are directly exposed to weather and inaccessible
for repainting should be 8mm. Chequered plates shall be avoided on
structures exposed to atmosphere.
For Transmission Towers & Switchyard Structures, the minimum

thickness of various structural components should be as per IS:802.
The minimum thickness for rolled beams and channels should be

mean flange thickness regardless of the web thickness.
The minimum thickness of tubes should be as specified in IS:806.
11.7 Connections:
Unless otherwise specified, the following shall be followed:
1) Shop connections shall be welded and all welds shall be continuous

fillet / butt structural welds. Where galvanizing is specified, seal
welding is required at all shop connections prior to hot-dip
galvanizing. Welding subsequent to galvanizing shall not be
permitted generally. But from construction point of view, if openings
in gratings are provided after erection, galvanizing spray shall be
used on cut & welded surfaces.
2) Field connection for Ladder, Handrails, post, stair stringers,

removable members, platform framing members shall be made with
Black Bolts.
3) Bolted connection for structural members shall be made, with at

least two bolts except for lacing bolt, where it may be with single bolt.
4) High Tensile Friction Grip bolts shall be used for connections

subjected to repetitive cycles of loadings and moments.
5) Ordinary black bolts & nuts (property class 4.6) shall conform to IS:
1367, part 3 shall be used for purlins, side runners, platforms,
ladders.etc. High strength bolts (property class 8.8) shall conform to
IS: 1367, part 3 shall be used for main structure members, such as
beams, columns, etc.
6) Minimum two nuts shall be used for all Anchor Bolts.
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7) Crane gantry girders shall generally be of welded construction and of

single span length.
8) Permissible stresses in bolts shall be as specified in IS: 800.
11.8 Platforms and Walkways:
1) Platform and walkways shall be as per piping design basis and shall
be made of grating flooring unless otherwise specified. Platforms
below the air fin coolers shall be provided with RCC platform.
2) The minimum clear headroom over platforms and walkways shall be

2250 mm to the lowest point of overhead structural framing or
equipment.
3) Chequered plates shall be minimum 6 mm thick.
11.9 Ladders:
1) Ladders shall be 450 mm wide and shall be made of stringers with

20 mm diameter M.S. rungs at 300 mm (max.) intervals.
2) The flight of Ladder without the intermediate platform shall not

exceed 6000 mm. However, wherever feasible, staircase shall be
provided.
3) Ladders over 3500 mm in height or originated from a point which is

3500 mm or more above grade, shall be provided with safety cages,
originating 2500 mm from the bottom.
4) Ladder access openings shall be provided with the safety

chain/safety bars.
5) Ladders shall preferably be vertical. In no case, will the angle with

the vertical exceed 5 degrees.
11.10 Electrical switchyard structure and Transmission Tower:
All electrical switchyard structure and Transmission Tower should be

bolted connection structural steel, and designed on the basis of IS:802.
Structural Steel members including bolts, Nuts and washers should

be hot dip galvanized in accordance with relevant IS Codes. The
zinc coating on tower members shall not be less than 900 gm/ sqm of the
surface area.
11.11 Painting:
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Painting including shop primer to Structural Steel should be as per the

painting specification to be adopted for the concerned project.
All underground structures including top surface of foundations shall be

painted with two coats of hot bitumen paint of grade 20/30 with quantity of
bitumen at least 1.2 kg/m2 per coat.
12.0 Special Considerations For Masonry Works:
a) All masonry works should be designed in accordance with IS:1905,

IS:1597, IS:2185, IS:4326, IS:12894, IS: 1077, IS: 4860 and other
relevant IS Codes as applicable. All external brick masonry walls
should be of minimum 230mm thickness except for fire walls. For
General Civil work, refer General Civil Design Basis.
b) All masonry walls from ground floor shall be placed on R.C.C grade
beams. However, light internal partitions may be placed on ground floor
slab.
c) All masonry work should be constructed in ceme nt sand mortar 1:4

for load bearing walls and 1:6 cement sand mortar for non-load
bearing walls except half brick partition walls which should be
constructed in 1:4 cement sand mortar with two numbers of 6mm
diameter MS bars provided at every fourth course properly
anchored with cross walls or pillars.
d) Thickness of masonry firewalls around transformers shall be 345mm

or as per OISD-STD-173, whichever is more.
13.0 Platform Below Air Coolers:
Blind floors should be provided below air coolers located on Pipe

Rack/Technological Structure, if pump handling hydrocarbon or other equipment is
located below air cooler else 2m center platform with 3m wide local ext ension
below motors should be provided.
14.0 RCC and STEEL Chimneys:
RCC and Steel chimneys should be designed as per the requirements of IS:4998
and IS:6533.
15.0 Barricading:
Foundation and superstructure shall be designed as per plant operation & safety
department/ General Civil requirements of location & height, keeping in view the
mean probable design life of structure.
16.0 Tank Foundations:
Storage tanks shall be supported either on open ring wall type foundations or sand
pads in accordance with the Geotechnical recommendations.
STRUCTURAL
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CL-0004
PAGE 1 OF 12
SEISMIC
SEISMIC
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RHQ-EC-CL-0004
PAGE 2 OF 12
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Description
1.0 General
2.0 Design Consideration
3.0 Permissible Stresses
4.0 Method of Seismic Design
5.0 Ductile Detailing
6.0 Special Provision For Storage Tanks
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1.0 General
1.1 Scope:
This establishes the basic inputs required for seismic design of the
plant and provides certain guidelines for the methods used for seismic
analysis of structures/equipment. However, detailed mathematical
formulations of seismic analysis are outside its scope.
Calculations of Seismic forces shall be made as per the provisions of

latest revision of IS: 1893 as well as this document and design shall be
done based on greater of the two forces obtained.
1.2 Codes and Standards
Latest editions of codes and standard as referred below shall be

followed:
Sr.
IS Code Description
No.
Code of practice for plain and reinforced
1 IS 456
concrete.
High strength deformed steel bars and wires for
2 IS 1786
concrete reinforcement.
Criteria for earthquake resistant design of
3 IS 1893
structures.
Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
IS 1893
4 Structures - Part 1 : General Provisions and
Part-1
Buildings
Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
IS 1893
5 Structures Part 4 Industrial Structures Including
Part-4
Stack-Like Structures
6 IS 2062 Steel for general structural purposes
IS: 875 Code of practice for design loads (other than

earthquake)for buildings and structures Part 1
7 Part-1 Dead loads - Unit weights of building material
and stored materials
8 earthquake) for buildings and structurres: Part 2
Part-2 Imposed loads
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IS: 875 Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than

9 Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures - Part 3
Part-3 : Wind Loads
10 earthquake) for buildings and structures Part 4
Part-4 Snow loads
11 earthquake) for buildings and structures Part 5
Part-5 Special loads and load combinations
IS 3370 Code of practice for concrete structures for
12
(Part 1) storage of liquids; Part 1 General requirements.
IS 3370 Code of practice for concrete structures for
13 (Part 2) storage of liquids; Part 2 Reinforced concrete
structures.
IS 3370
14 (Part 4) Code of practice for concrete structures for
storage of liquids; Part 4 Design tables.
15 IS 4326 Earthquake resistant design and construction of

buildings - code practice.
16 IS 4994 Criteria for blast resistant design of structures
for explosions above ground
Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete
17 IS 13920 structures subjected to seismic forces - Code of
Practice.
18 SP 16 Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS: 456
19 SP 24 Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code
for plain and reinforced concrete (IS: 456).
20 SP 22 Explanatory Handbook on Codes for Earthquake
Engineering
Licensor’s standard/ standard specification shall be followed

wherever applicable /available.
Note: The above list is suggestive and not exhaustive. Apart from
these basic codes any other related codes shall be also followed
wherever required.
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1.3 Categorization of Structures/Equipments
Structures/equipments shall be classified into the following four

categories.
1.3.1 Category-I :
Structures / Equipment whose failure can cause conditions that can

lead directly or indirectly to extensive loss of life/ property to population
at large in the areas adjacent to the plant complex.
1.3.2 Category-II:
Structures / Equipment whose failure can cause conditions that can

lead directly or indirectly to serious fire hazard / extensive damage
within the plant complex.
Structures / Equipment which are required to handle emergencies

immediately after an earthquake, also are included.
1.3.3 Category-III:
Structures / Equipment whose failure, although expensive, does not

lead to serious hazard within the plant complex.
1.3.4 Category-IV:
All other structures / Equipment.
Typical categorization of structures shall be as per Table-6 given in the

IS: 1893 Part-4.
Category of structures not covered in Table-6 of IS: 1893 Part-4, shall

be determined based on the above definition of different categories
The term failure used in the definition of categories implies loss of

function and not complete collapse.
Pressurized equipment where cracking can lead to rupture may be

categorized by the consequences of rupture.
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Structures which are ductile detailed as per IS 13920 or IS 800 and

equipment which are made of ductile materials can withstand
earthquakes many fold higher than the design spectra without
collapse; and damage in such cases is restricted to cracking only.
Generally, such equipment / structures where cracking will not lead to

hazards are to be placed in category-III and where it may lead to
hazards within the complex are to be placed in category – II. Category
– I earthquake is an extreme event with little possibility of its
occurrence. Nevertheless in the remote case when it occurs,
structures / equipment whose failure can lead to loss of life at large,
are to be designed so as to avoid failure.
2.0 Design Consideration:
2.1 Design Site data consideration:
Reference Seismic
Zone As per IS: 1893 Part-I.
Zone Factor As per IS: 1893 Part-I.

Importance Factor As per IS: 1893 Part-IV.
Soil Type As per Geotechnical investigation report.
Response Reduction
Factor (R) As per IS: 1893 Part-I / Part-IV.
Spectral acceleration
Coefficient (Sa/g) As per IS: 1893 (Part -I).
2.2 Design Acceleration Due To Earthquake
The Horizontal seismic coefficient Ah and Vertical acceleration shall be

obtained as per the IS: 1893 Part- 1 & 4.
3.0 Permissible Stresses
3.1 Material Stresses:
Whenever seismic forces are considered along with other normal

design forces, the permissible stresses in material shall be governed
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by the respective codes as per which the structure/equipment is being

designed. In the absence of such code/standard, provision of IS:1893
shall be used.
3.2 For permissible Increase in allowable b earing pressure of Soil and

Pile capacity Provisions of IS: 1893 (Part-1) shall be used.
Earthquake shall not be considered to act simultaneously with wind.
4.0 Method of Seismic Design
4.1 General:
This document provides certain guidelines for the methods to be

used for seismic analysis of structures/equipment. However,
detailed mathematical formulations of seismic analysis are outside
its scope. IS:1893 essentially defines the acceleration spectra to be
used in different zones and gives the method of design of various kinds
of structures. If available, acceleration spectra for the project site are
not to be taken from IS:1893, but is to be taken from site-dependent
spectra. Apart from the modifications of acceleration values, other
provisions given in IS:1893 in respect of the applicability of the
methods remain unaltered.
If Site-Specific Spectrum gives design MCE acceleration spectrum Ah

value less than that by the MCE Spectrum value specified (as per IS
1893 Part-IV), the latter shall govern.
If Site-Specific Spectrum gives design DBE acceleration spectrum Ah

value less than that by the DBE Spectrum value specified (as per IS
1893 Part-IV), the latter shall govern.
All category-I Industrial structures shall be analyzed using site specific

spectra. However, if site specific studies are not carried out, the code
specified spectra may be used with modifications as per the provisions
given in IS: 1893 (Part-IV). For all other structures the spectra and
seismic zone shall be as per IS: 1893 (Part-I & IV)
Site specific earthquake hazard assessment may not be required for

Category-2, 3 & 4 Industrial structures.
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4.2 Fundamental Natural Period Of Structure/Equipment
This shall be determined by any of the standard methods described in

IS: 1893 Part-4.
4.3 Method Of Analysis:
Detailed analysis shall be carried out for structures of Category 1, in aIl

seismic zones.
Detailed analysis shall be carried out for all structures of Category 2 and
3 in seismic zones III, IV and V.
Simplified analysis may be used for structures of Category 2 and 3 in

seismic zone II.
Simplified analysis may be used for structures of Category 4 in all

seismic zones. However, those structures of Category 4, which could be
identified as buildings, may be analysed as per provisions of IS 1893
(Part 1).
4.4 Effect of Masonry Infill Walls:
In RC buildings with moment resisting frames and unreinforced masonry

(URM) infill walls, variation of storey stiffness and storey strength shall
be examined along the height of the building considering in-plane
stiffness and strength of URM infill walls. If storey stiffness and strength
variations along the height of the building render it to be irregular as per
IS: 1893 (Part 1), the irregularity shall be corrected especially in Seismic
Zones III, IV and V.
The estimation of in-plane stiffness and strength of URM infill walls shall
be based on provisions given in IS: 1893 (Part 1).
4.5 Lateral Force:
Buildings shall be designed for the design lateral force VB given by:
VB = Ah x W
where, Ah is Design horizontal seismic coefficient,

W is Seismic Weight of floors.
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Buildings and portions thereof shall be designed and constructed to

resist at least the effects of lateral force specified above. But, regardless
of design earthquake forces arrived at, buildings shall have lateral load
resisting systems capable of resisting a horizontal force not less than as
specified below:
Sl. No. Seismic Zone Percent

1 II 0.7
2 III 1.1
3 IV 1.6
4 V 2.4
4.6 Structures / Equipment not covered in IS: 1893
If fundamental time period is less than or equal to 0.04 sec. equipment /

structure may be treated as a rigid body and Ah corresponding to zero
period may be used in conjunction with the use of pseudo static
method (a method of design whereby seismic force on any structures /
equipment is assumed to be static and acting at c.g. and its magnitude
is given by the weight of body multiplied by A h). It has been observed
that generally horizontal heat exchangers and horizontal storage
vessels mounted directly on the foundations having nominal support
height fall in this category.
If fundamental time period is greater than 0.04 second, one may use
pseudo static method or response spectrum method depending on the
height of structure / equipment. The height above which one should use
response spectrum method shall be as per the discretion of the
designer.
In the pseudo static method, value of Ah corresponding to the

fundamental period of structure is taken from the site dependent
spectra. Small vessels supported on lugs and storage vessels
which can be approximated as single degree of freedom system are
examples where pseudo static method may be used.
Steps involved in response spectra method are given briefly:

a) Calculate all natural periods above 0.04 second and their mode
shapes.
b) Pick up Ah corresponding to each period from the site dependent
spectra curve.
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c) Calculate response of structure for each mode. (i.e.

displacement, bending moment, shear force etc.).
d) Combine response of each mode by SRSS (square root of sum
of squares).
For seismic analysis of piping, seismic coefficient method is not valid

and one has to resort to the use of response spectrum method.
Thermal loading calls for a flexible system while seismic loading calls for
a rigid system and the designer has to make an optimum choice.
Generally it is seen that pipes are provided with supports in the vertical
direction with little or no support in the horizontal plane. Such supporting
arrangement gives large seismic forces and moments on the equipment
/ vessel nozzles. As far as possible supports which restrain the motion
of pipe in horizontal plane, should be provided without exceeding the
seismic forces and moments on the equipment/vessel nozzles.
4.7 Combination of Responses Due To Multi-component Seismic

Accelerations
All types of structures/equipments shall be designed for

multicomponent earthquakes as per the provisions given in IS: 1893
Part-4.
4.8 Damping
The variety of damping displayed in different types of structures has

made the choice of a suitable damping co-efficient for a given
structure largely a matter of judgement. In general, damping increases
with increase in stress amplitude or displacement amplitude or both.
Moreover damping exhibited in lower-frequency modes of vibration is
generally lower than that exhibited in higher-frequency modes. The
following values of damping are recommended for design:
CAT-I CAT-II CAT-III

STRUCTURE/COMPONENT
(%) (%) (%)
Tall columns, large diameter Piping
(>300mm dia.), lug supported small
vessels, Storage tank Integrated 3 2 2
systems (i.e. piping combined with
reactor/ vessel/ equipment):
Small diameter piping 2 1 1
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Welded steel structures 4 2 2

Bolted steel structures 7 4 4
Reinforced concrete 7 5 5
Pre-stressed concrete structures 5 2 2
Above values may be used in conjunction with the methods of analysis

given in IS:1893(Part1) or otherwise.
4.9 Base isolation and energy absorbing devices
Base isolation and energy absorbing devices may be used for

earthquake resistant design. Only standard devices having detailed
experimental data on the performance should be used. The designer
must demonstrate by detailed analyses that these devices provide
sufficient protection to the buildings and equipment as envisaged in
IS:1893. Performance of all assembled isolation and energy absorbing
devices should be evaluated experimentally, and duly approved by the
competent authority identified by the client / owner of the structure,
before such devices are used in practice. Design of buildings and
equipment using such device should be reviewed by a competent
authority. In general, base isolation systems are found useful for short
period structures, say those with fundamental periods, including soil-
structure interaction less than 0.7s.
To control the serious loss of life and economic loss, the technique of
base isolation can be an alternate damage control strategy, which
should be promoted or encouraged in Seismic Zones III, IV and V. The
commonly used seismic isolators are:
(i) laminated natural rubber bearings,
(ii) high damping rubber bearings,
(iii) laminated lead rubber bearings, and
(iv) sliding bearings.
A combination of different types of isolators can be adopted to achieve

satisfactory stiffness of the isolation system. Supplementary dampers
(viscous or metallic yielding dampers) can be used along with base
isolation systems, to reduce relative displacement demand on the
isolated superstructure.
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5.0 Ductile Detailing
Appropriate ductility details of reinforced concrete members should

be provided as per the provisions of IS:13920 to avoid premature
failure during earthquake.
In steel structures, members and their connections should be so

proportioned that high ductility is obtained to ensure that premature
failure due to elastic or inelastic buckling does not occur. Ductile
detailing of steel structures should be carried out as per the provisions
of IS: 4326 and IS: 1893.
6.0 Special Provision For Storage Tanks
Seismic design of storage tanks shall be carried out as per the

provisions of API 650 Appendix-E/ API 620 Appendix-L (as
applicable). For double-walled tanks inner and outer tanks have to be
checked separately and the outer tank has also to be checked for
possible inner tank failure.
The value of Z and I (refer API 650 Appendix-E/ API 620 Appendix-L)
shall be taken as unity unless otherwise specified..
The spectral acceleration values for periods greater than 3.0 seconds
may be considered same as that for 3.0 seconds.
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PAGE 1 OF 31
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
AND REPORT
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION & REPORT

CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CL-0005
PAGE 2 OF 31
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Description
1.0 General
2.0 Geotechnical & Topographical Survey Report
3.0 Special Notes
4.0 Appendix-1

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RHQ-EC-CL-0005
PAGE 3 OF 31
1.0 General
1.1 Scope
This document is prepared for the purpose of carrying out detailed Soil
Investigation & Topographical Survey Work at the proposed plant location. This
specification is issued to investigate the geological features at the proposed plant
location, existing conditions, subsoil strata, location of ground water table and
thereby to determine various parameters like shear strength and bearing capacity
of the soil, physical and chemical properties of ground water, etc. Field as well as
laboratory tests are required to be carried out. Proposal shall be made for
foundation systems for different types of structures based on techno-commercial
consideration.
1.2 Codes and Standards
Latest editions of codes and standard as referred below shall be followed:
Sr.
IS Code Description
No.
CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS FOR
1 IS 1498
GENERAL ENGINEERING PURPOSES
2 IS 1888 METHOD OF LOAD TESTS ON SOILS
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR SITE INVESTIGATION FOR
3 IS 1892
FOUNDATIONS
4 IS 2131 METHOD FOR STANDARD PENETRATION TEST FOR SOILS
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THIN WALLED TUBE SAMPLING OF
5 IS 2132
SOILS
6 IS 2720 METHOD OF TEST FOR SOILS (RELEVANT PARTS)
7 IS: 3043 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR EARTHING
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR INDEXING AND STORAGE OF
8 IS: 4078
DRILLED CORES
9 IS: 4434 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR IN-SITU VANE SHEAR TEST
PRESENTATION OF DRILLING INFORMATION & CORE
10 IS: 4464
DESCRIPTION IN FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION
11 IS: 4968 METHOD FOR SUBSURFACE SOUNDING FOR SOILS
12 IS 5249 DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL –
METHOD OF TEST
13 IS 5313 GUIDE FOR CORE DRILLING OBSERVATIONS
14 IS 5529 IN-SITU PERMEABILITY TESTS, CODE OF PRACTICE FOR TEST
IN OVERBURDEN

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15 IS 8763 GUIDE FOR UNDISTURBED SAMPLING OF SANDS

16 IS 9214 METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF MODULUS OF SUB GRADE
REACTION (K VALUE) OF SOILS IN THE FIELD.
Licensor’s standard/ standard specification shall be followed wherever

applicable /available.
Note: The above list is suggestive and not exhaustive. Apart from these basic
codes any other related codes shall be also followed wherever required.
2.0 Geotechnical & Topographical Survey Report
A Geotechnical report is a tool for communicating the Site Conditions and Design
& Construction recommendations to the Structural & Civil Designer and the
Construction Personnel. They have the purpose of providing specific information
on Sub-surface Soil, Rock and Water conditions. It also includes interpretation of
the Site investigation information by a Geotechnical Expert/Engineer with Design
and Construction recommendations for Foundations, Earth Retaining Structures,
Embankments, Cuts and other required Facilities. The information in the Report
establishes a geotechnical baseline to be used in assessing the existence and
scope of changed Site conditions and is often referred to during the design period,
construction period, and frequently after completion of the project. Therefore, the
report should be as clear, concise, and accurate. First, preliminary geo-technical &
Topographical Survey report describing the field investigation with results and
interpretation shall be submitted to the Engineer with information which will benefit
the Design Process. Early submission of the Preliminary Report to the Design
Team is necessary for establishing Basic Design Concepts or Design Criteria.
Since the scope, site conditions, and design/construction requirements of each

project are unique, the specific contents of a geotechnical design report must be
tailored for each project. However, the basic essential information that all
Geotechnical Reports shall contain are:
a) Summary of all Sub-surface Exploration Data, including Sub-Surface Soil

Profile, Exploration Logs, Laboratory or in-situ Test Results, Ground Water
information etc;
b) Interpretation and analysis of the subsurface data;
c) Specific engineering recommendations for design;
d) Discussion of conditions for solution of anticipated problems;
e) Recommended geotechnical special provisions.

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In general, the geotechnical design report shall address all the geotechnical issues
that may be anticipated on a project. The report to identify each soil and rock unit
of engineering significance and provide recommended design parameters for each
of these units. A summary and analysis of all factual data is to be provided to justify
the recommended index and design properties. Groundwater conditions shall be
carefully assessed and described as it has impact both on Design and
Construction. For every project, the subsurface conditions encountered in the site
investigation need to be compared with the geologic setting to better understand
the nature of the deposits and to predict the degree of variability between borings.
Each geotechnical design issue must be addressed, and the results of these
studies need to be concisely and clearly discussed in the report. Of particular
importance is an assessment of the impact of existing subsurface conditions on
construction operations, phasing and timing. Properly addressing these items in
the report can preclude change-of-conditions claims. Sub-surface conditions
having an impact but not limited to the following are:
a) Vertical and lateral limits for recommended excavation and replacement of any
unsuitable shallow surface deposits (peat, muck, top soil etc.);
b) Excavation and cut requirements (i.e., safe slopes for open excavations or the need
for sheeting or shoring);
c) Anticipated fluctuation of groundwater table along with the consequences of high
groundwater table on excavations and liquefaction potential;
d) Effect of boulders on pile driveability or deep foundation drilling, and
e) Rock hardness on rippability.
Recommendations should be provided for solution of the anticipated problems.
2.1 Guidelines for Minimum Boring, Sampling and Testing Criteria
The most important step in geotechnical design is to conduct an adequate

subsurface investigation. The number, depth, spacing, and character of borings,
sampling, and testing to be made in an individual exploration program are
dependent upon the site conditions and the type of project and its requirements.
Accordingly, no “rigid” rules may be established.
However, the following are considered reasonable “guidelines” to follow to

produce the minimum subsurface data needed to allow cost-effective
geotechnical design and construction.

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Boring Criteria:
Geotechnical Minimum Number of

Minimum Depth of Borings
Feature Borings
Structure 1 per substructure unit Spread footings: 2B where L< 2B, 4B where L
Foundation under 30 m in width. > 2B and interpolate for L between 2B and 4B
2 per substructure unit over or to a depth where stress increase due to
30 m in width. estimated footing load is less than 10% of the
existing effective overburden stress,
Additional borings in areas whichever is greater
of erratic sub-surface
conditions. Deep foundations: 6m below tip elevation or
two times maximum pile group dimension,
whichever is greater.
If bedrock is encountered: for piles core 3 m
below tip elevation; for shafts core 3D or 2
times maximum shaft group dimension below
tip elevation, whichever is greater.
Investigation depth should be great enough to

penetrate soft highly compressible soils
(organic silt, soft fine-grained soils) into
competent material of suitable bearing
capacity (stiff to hard cohesive soil, compact
dense cohesionless soil or bedrock)
Retaining Borings spaced every 30 to Extend borings to depth of 1 to 2 times the
Structures 60 m with locations wall height or a minimum of 3 M into bedrock.
alternating from in front of
the wall to behind the wall Investigation depth should be great enough to
penetrate soft highly compressible soils
(organic silt, soft fine-grained soils) into
competent material of suitable bearing
capacity (stiff to hard cohesive soil, compact
dense cohesionless soil or bedrock)
Centerline Cuts Borings typically spaced Cuts: (1) in stable materials extend borings
and every 60 m (erratic minimum 5 m below depth of cut at the ditch
Embankments conditions) to 120 m line and,
(uniform conditions) with at (2) in weak soils extend borings below grade
least one boring taken in to firm materials or to twice the depth of cut
each separate landform. For whichever occurs first.
high cuts and fills, should Embankments: Extend borings to a hard
have a minimum of 3 stratum or to a depth of twice the embankment
borings along a line height.
perpendicular to centerline
or planned slope face to
establish geologic cross-
section for analysis.
Material Sites Borings spaced every 30 to Extend exploration to base of deposit or to
(Borrow 60 m. depth required to provide needed quantity.
sources,
Quarries)

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Sampling & Testing Criteria:
a. Sand or Gravel Soils

SPT (split-spoon) samples should be taken at 1.5 m intervals or at significant changes in soil
strata. Continuous SPT samples are recommended in the top 4.5 m of borings made at
locations where spread footings may be placed in natural soils. SPT jar or bag samples should
be sent to lab for Classification Testing, Moisture Test and verification of field visual soil
identification.
b. Silt or Clay Soils
SPT and “undisturbed” thin wall tube samples should be taken at 1.5 m intervals or at
significant changes in strata. Take alternate SPT and tube samples in same boring or take
tube samples in separate undisturbed boring. Tube samples should be sent to lab to allow
consolidation testing (for settlement analysis) and strength testing (for slope stability and
foundation bearing capacity Analysis). Minimum of Three (3) Lab Test shall be conducted for
the Unconfined Compression Test, Moisture Test & Unit Weight Determination on each
Sample collected. Field vane shear testing is also recommended to obtain in-place shear
strength of soft clays, silts and well-rotted peat.
c. Rock
Continuous cores should be obtained in rock or shales using double or triple tube core barrels.
In structural foundation investigations, a minimum of 3 m into rock to be cored to ensure the
same is bedrock and not a boulder. Core samples to be sent to the lab for possible strength
testing (unconfined compression) if for foundation investigation. Percent core recovery and
RQD value to be determined in field or lab for each core run and recorded on boring log.
d. Groundwater
Water level encountered during drilling, at completion of boring, and at 24 hours after
completion of boring to be recorded on boring log. In low permeability soils such as silts and
clays, a false indication of the water level may be obtained when water is used for drilling fluid
and adequate time is not permitted after boring completion for the water level to stabilize (more
than one week may be required). In such soils a plastic pipe water observation well should be
installed to allow monitoring of the water level over a period of time. Seasonal fluctuations of
water table shall also be determined where fluctuation will have significant impact on design
or construction (e.g., borrow source, footing excavation, excavation at toe of landslide, etc.).
Artesian pressure and seepage zones, if encountered, should also be noted on the boring log.
The top 0.3 m or so of the annular space between water observation well pipes and borehole
wall should be backfilled with grout, bentonite, or sand-cement mixture to prevent surface water
inflow which can cause erroneous groundwater level readings.
e. Soil Borrow Sources
Exploration equipment that will allow direct observation and sampling of the subsurface soil
layers is most desirable for material site investigations. Such equipment that can consist of
backhoes, dozers, or large diameter augers, is preferred for exploration above the water table.
Below the water table, SPT borings can be used. SPT samples should be taken at 1.5 m
intervals or at significant changes in strata. Samples should be sent to lab for classification
testing to verify field visual identification. Groundwater level should be recorded. Observations
wells should be installed to monitor water levels where significant seasonal fluctuation is
anticipated.
Field Sampling Requirements:
The choice of sampling tools, the methods of sampling and the procedure for
taking samples shall be in accordance with IS:1892 and IS:2132. Contractor shall
assign a reference number to each soil and water sample taken from the

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borehole. This number shall be unique for that borehole and shall be in order of
depth below ground level. All samples shall be clearly labeled indicating job
number, borehole number, sample number, date of sampling, brief description of
sample, type of sample elevation of sample etc. In case of undisturbed samples,
the top and bottom of samples shall also be clearly labeled.
Every sample taken during the boring and sampling procedure shall be inspected
visually, manipulated by the hands and given a description with consideration
being given to the driller's description of the material and particularly to soil layer
changes. Each layer and/or sample will have a description pertaining to color,
moisture content, relative density, and relative consistency. Method of description
will be at the discretion of the Consultant except that all symbols and all
descriptions be defined on the finished boring log.
Disturbed Soil Samples:
Disturbed samples shall be carefully collected in polythene bags/airtight containers

routinely to prevent loss of moisture and preserved for mechanical analysis and tests
for index properties.
Undisturbed Soil Samples:
Samplers for recovering the undisturbed soil samples shall conform to IS: 2132.
Use of samples less than 65 mm in diameter shall not normally be permitted. The
sampling procedure shall conform to IS: 1892 and IS: 2132. In very hard and
dense soils, use of thick-walled sampler may be permitted, subject to approval of
the Engineer. In very soft or soft clays a piston sampler of an approved design
shall be used.
Immediately upon retrieval, the tubes are to be trimmed and cleaned of excess
soil on the ends, sealed with approved air-tight expanders on the top and sealing
wax on the bottom. Both ends shall be covered with plastic caps, then tape should
be applied in such a manner as to seal the open bolt holes and the lip of the cap.
Samples shall be kept in a vertical position with the top up during transporting
and storage. Samples shall not be jarred or shaken, and shall always be
protected from temperature extremes, especially freezing. Each tube shall be
properly tagged inside and out with all the pertinent information including project
and designation number, boring, depths, recovery percentage and date. The
sample shall be delivered promptly to the laboratory for testing.
Bag Samples:
All bags shall be properly tagged, inside and out, with tags showing the project
designation number, sample number, date and field identification number etc.

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Samples should be delivered to the lab in a timely manner.
2.2 Requirements of Tests and Analysis:
2.2.1 Recommended Geotechnical Engineering Analysis (As per

Foundation Type): May vary as per requirement
Foundation Engineering Required Information for
Field Testing Laboratory Testing
Type Evaluations Analyses
Shallow • Bearing capacity • Subsurface profile (soil, • Vane share test • 1-D Oedometer test
Foundations • Settlement groundwater, rock) • SPT (granular • Direct shear test
(magnitude & • Shear strength parameters soils) • Triaxial tests
Rate) • Compressibility parameter • CPT • Grain size distribution
• Shrink/swell of (including consolidation, • Dilatometer • Atterberg Limits
foundation soils shrink/swell potential and • Rock coring • pH, resistivity tests
(natural soils or elastic modulus) (RQD) • Moisture content
embankment fill) • Frost depth • Nuclear • Unit weight
• Chemical • Stress history (present and density • Organic content
compatibility of past vertical effective • Plate load • Collapse/swell
soil and concrete stresses) testing potential tests
• Frost heave • Chemical composition of • Rock uniaxial
• Scour (for water soil compression
crossings) • Depth of seasonal moisture • Test and intact rock
• Extreme loading change modulus
• Unit weight • Point load strength
• Geologic mapping test
including orientation and
characteristics of rock
discontinuities.
Driven Pile • Pile end bearing • Subsurface profile (soil, • SPT (granular • Triaxial tests
Foundations • Pile skin friction ground water, rock) soils) • Interface frication test
• Settlement • Shear strength parameter • Pile load test • Grain size distribution
• Down-drag on pile • Horizontal earth pressure • CPT • 1-D Oedometer tests
• Lateral earth coefficients • Vane shear • pH, resistivity test
pressures • Interface frication test • Atterberg limits
• Chemical parameters (soil and pile) • Dilatometer • Moisture content
compatibility of • Compressibility parameters • Piezometers • Unit weight
soil and pile • Chemical composition of • Rock coring • Collapse/swell
• Driveability soil/rock (RQD) potential test
• Presence of • Unites weights • Geophysical • Slake durability
boulders/very hard • Presence of shrink/swell testing • Rock uniaxial
layers soils (limits skin frication) compression test and
• Scour (for water • Geologic mapping intact rock modulus
crossings) including orientation and • Point load strength
• Vibration/heave characteristics of rock test
damage to nearby discontinuities.
structures
• extreme loading.
Drilled Shaft • Shaft and bearing • Sub surface profile (soil, • Technique • 1-D Oedometer
Foundations • Shaft skin frication ground water, rock) shaft • Triaxial tests
• Constructability • Shear strength parameter • Shaft load test • Grain size distribution
• Interface friction test

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• Down –drag on • Interface shear strength • Vane shear • pH, resistivity test
shaft friction parameter (soil and test • Permeability test
• Quality of rock shaft) • CPT • Atterberg Limits
socket • Compressibility parameter • SPT (granular • Moisture content
• Lateral earth • Horizontal earth pressure soils) • Unit weight
pressures coefficients • Dilatometer • Collapse/swell
• Settlement • Chemical composition of • Piezometers potential test
(magnitude & rate) soil/rock • Rock coring • Slake durability
• Groundwater • Unit weights (RQD) • Rock uniaxial
seepage/dewaterin • Permeability of water- • Geophysical compression test and
g bearing soils testing intact rock modulus
• Presence of • Presence of artesian • Pont load strength test
boulders/very hard conditions • Slake durability
layers • Presence of shrink/swell
• Scour (for water soils (limits skin frication)
crossing) • Geologic mapping
• Extreme loading including orientation and
discontinuities
• Degradation of soft rock in
presence of water and/or air
(e.g. rock sockets in sales)
Embankmen • Settlement • Subsurface profile (soil, • Nuclear • 1-D Oedometer
ts and (magnitude & rate) ground water, rock) density • Triaxial tests
Embankmen • Bearing capacity • Compressibility parameter • Plate load test • Direct shear test
t foundations • Slope stability • Shear strength parameter • Test fill • Grain size distribution
• Lateral pressure • Unit weights • CPT • Atterberg Limits
• Internal stability • Time-rate consolidation • SPT (granular • Organic content
• Borrow source parameters soils) • Moisture-density
evaluation • Horizontal earth pressure • Dilatometer relationship
(available quantity coefficients • Vane shear • Hydraulic
and quality of • Interface friction • Rock coring conductivity
borrow soil) parameters (RQD) • Geosynthetic-soil
• Required • Pullout resistance • Geophysical testing
reinforcement • Geologic mapping testing • Shrink/swell
including orientation and • Slake durability
characteristics of rock • Unit weight
discontinuities
• Shrink/swell/degradation of
soil and rock fill
Excavations • slope stability • Subsurface profile (soil, • Test cut to • Hydraulic
and Cut • Bottom heave ground water, rock) evaluate-up conductivity
slops • Liquefaction • Shrink/swell Properties time • Grain size distribution
• Dewatering • Unit weight • Piezometers • Atterberg Limits
• Soil • Hydraulic conductivity • CPT • Triaxial tests
softening/progress • Time-rate consolidation • SPT (granular • Direct shear test
ive failure parameters soils) • Moisture content
• Pore pressures • Shear strength of soil and • Vane shear • Slake durability
rock (including • Dilatometer • Rock uniaxial
discontinuities) • Rock coring compression test and
• Geologic mapping (RQD) intact rock modulus
including orientation and

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characteristics of rock • In situ rock • Point load strength

discontinuities direct shear test
test
• Geophysical
testing
Fill • Internal stability • Subsurface profile (soil, • CPT • 1-D Oedometer
Walls/reinfo • External stability ground water, rock) • SPT (granular • Triaxial tests
rced soil • Settlement • Horizontal earth pressure soils) • Direct shear test
Slope • Horizontal coefficients • Dilatometer • Grain size distribution
deformation • Interface shear strength • Vane shear • Atterberg Limits
• Lateral earth • Foundation soil/swell fill • Piezometers • Ph resistivity test
pressures shear strengths • Test fill • Moisture content
• Bearing capacity • Compressibility parameter I • Nuclear • Organic content
• Chemical including consolidation, density • Moisture- density
compatibility with shrink/swell potential and • Pullout test relationship
soil and wall elastic modulus (MSEW/RSS) • Hydraulic
materials • Chemical composition of • Rock coring conductivity
• Pore pressures fill/foundation soils (RQD)
behind wall • Hydraulic conductivity of • Geophysical
• Borrow source soil directly behind wall testing
evaluation • Time-rate consolidation
(available quantity parameters
and quality of • Geologic mapping
borrow soil) including orientation and
discontinuities
Cut Walls • Internal stability • Subsurface profile (soil, • Test cut to • Triaxial tests
• External stability ground water, rock) evaluate • Direct shear test
• Excavation • Horizontal earth pressure stand-up time • Grain size distribution
stability coefficients • Well pumping • Atterberg Limits
• Dewatering • Interface shear strength tests • pH resistivity test
• Chemical • Hydraulic conductivity of • Piezometers • Organic content
compatibility of soil • SPT (granular • Hydraulic
wall/soil • Geologic mapping soils) conductivity
• Lateral earth including orientation and • CPT • Moisture content
pressure characteristics of rock • Vane shear • Unit weight
• Down-drag on discontinuities • Dilatometer
wall • Pullout test
• Pore pressures (anchors,
behind wall nails)
• Obstructions in • Geophysical
retained soil testing

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2.2.2 Required Geotechnical Engineering Analysis (As per Soil Type):
Embankment and Cut Retaining Structures

Soil Classification Structure Foundations
Slopes (Conventional, Crib and MSE)
Settlement
Settlement
Soil Type
Pressure
Analysis
Capacity
Stability
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Stability
Bearing
Unified
Lateral
Slope
Earth
GRAVEL Generally Generally Required for Generally not GW, SP, SW All walls
GW Well- not required not required spread needed & SP soils should be
graded if cut or fill except footings, except for SC generally designed to
GRAVEL slope is possibly for pile or drilled soils or for suitable for provide
GP Poorly- 1.5H to 1V SC soils. shaft large, heavy backfill minimum F.S.
graded or flatter, foundations. structures. behind or in = 2 against
GRAVEL and Spread Empirical retaining or overturning &
GM underdrains footings correlations reinforced F.S. = 1.5
Silty
GRAVEL are used to generally with SPT soil walls. against sliding
GC draw down adequate values usually GM, GC, SM along base.
Clayey
SAND the water except used to & SC soils External slope
SW Well- table in a cut possibly for estimate generally stability
graded slope. SC soils settlement suitable if consideration
SAND Erosion of have less s same as
SP Poorly- slopes may than 15% previously
graded be a fines. Lateral given for cut
SAND problem for earth slopes &
SM SW or SM pressure embankments
Silty
soils. analysis .
required
SAND using soil
SC angle of
Clayey
internal
friction.
Required Required Required. Required. These soils
unless non- unless non- Spread Can use SPT are not
SILT plastic. plastic. footing values if non- recommend
ML Inorganic Erosion of generally plastic. ed for use
silt Sandy slopes may adequate. directly
be a behind or in
problem. retaining or
CLAY Required Required reinforced
CL Inorganic soil walls.
Lean Clay
SILT Required Required
OL
Organic
Required. Required. Required. Required. These soils All walls
Erosion of are not should be
SILT
MH slopes may Deep Consolidation recommend designed to
Inorganic
be a foundation test data ed for use provide
problem. generally needed to directly minimum F.S.
CLAY Required. Required. required estimate behind or in = 2 against
CH Inorganic unless soil settlement retaining overturning &
Fat Clay has been amount and walls. F.S. = 1.5
OH CLAY Required. Required. preloaded. time. against sliding
Organic along base.
Required. Required. Deep Highly External slope
PEAT stability
PT Long term foundation compressible
Muck
and not

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settlement required suitable for consideration

can be unless foundation s
significant peat support same as
excavated previously
and given for cut
replaced. slopes &
Fills – not required for Required for Required Required. embankments
slopes 1.5H to 1V or flatter. spread where rock is Use rock
Cuts – required but footings badly backfill angle
depends on spacing, or drilled weathered or of internal
orientation and strength of shafts. closely friction.
discontinuities and Empirically fractured (low
Rock
durability of rock related to RQD). May
RQD. require in situ
test such as
pressure
meter.
Notes:
Soils – temporary ground water control may be needed for foundation

excavations in GW through SM soils. Backfill specifications for reinforced soil
walls using metal reinforcements should meet the following requirements to
insure use of non-corrosive backfill: pH range = 5 to 10; Resistivity > 3000 ohm-
cm; Chlorides < 100 ppm; Sulfates < 200 ppm; Organic content 1% maximum.
Rock – Durability of shales (siltstone, claystone, mudstone, etc.) to be used in

fills should be checked. Non-durable shales should be embanked as soils, i.e.,
placed in maximum 0.3m loose lifts and compacted with heavy sheepsfoot or grid
rollers.
2.3 Essential Information to be provided in Geo-technical Reports:
2.3.1 Site Investigation Information
An adequate Site Investigation is the most important step in the Geotechnical

Design process. Accordingly the presentation of the subsurface information in the
geotechnical report is very important. Following information to be provided:
Geotechnical Report Text:
a. General location of the investigation and/or vicinity map.

b. Scope and purpose of the investigation.
c. Concise description of the Geologic Setting and topography of the Area.
d. General description of the subsurface soil, rock and groundwater conditions i.e.
anticipated seasonal fluctuations for interpreting the liquefaction potential as well.

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Plan and Subsurface Profile:
a. Plan and subsurface profile of the investigation site.

b. Locations of the Field Explorations on the Plan view.
c. Minimum criteria of Site investigation as per Table in Clause 2.1.
d. Explorations to be plotted and correctly numbered on the profile at their true
elevation and location.
e. Groundwater levels and date measured shown on the subsurface profile.
f. Seasonal fluctuation of the Groundwater levels and their impact on the
Foundation Design and Liquefaction Potential of Soil.
Field Boring Logs:
A finished boring log based on the driller's field boring log and containing all
laboratory test results will be prepared for each test boring. The finished boring
log title page will contain
a. Boring number
b. Project number
c. Surface elevation
d. Latitude and Longitude
e. Type of drilling equipment
f. SPT hammer type (auto or manual)
g. SPT hammer calibration information (in notes column)
h. Drillers notes describing whether drilling mud was used
i. Definition of all symbols and terms that are otherwise not self-explanatory;
j. Sheet number and total number of log sheets for each boring
k. Date of drilling.
The finished boring log body will contain:
a. Depth scale
b. Horizontal line at stratum change
c. Elevation of bottom of boring
d. All drillers' notes tabulated in relation to the zone where the conditions were
encountered
e. All laboratory test results tabulated in relation to the exact depth from which the
sample was retrieved.
f. Percent Core recovery and RQD values
g. Description of material of each stratum
h. Water level observation and a description of how water level was determined
i. SPT Blow Counts and corrected Standard Penetration Test values tabulated in
relation to the exact depth that the test was conducted.
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j. Plots of Cone resistance and friction ratio shown with depth.
Laboratory Test Data:
a. Lab Classification Tests such as natural moisture content, gradation, Atterberg

Limits performed on selected representative samples for verification of field visual
soil identification.
b. Laboratory Test results such as Shear Strength, consolidation etc. included
and/or summarized.
2.3.2 Centerline Cuts and Embankments
In addition to the Basic information listed in clause 2.3.1, the following additional
information to be provided in the Report.
a. Descriptions of the Existing surface and subsurface drainage.
b. Evidence of excessively Wet Areas.
c. Slides, Slumps and faults noted along the Alignment.
General Soil Cut or Fill:
a. Specific Surface/subsurface Drainage recommendations.

b. Excavation Limits of unsuitable materials.
c. Erosion protection measures for backslopes, side slopes and ditches including
riprap recommendations or special slope treatment.
Soil Cuts:
a. Recommended Cut Slope Design

b. Clay Cut Slopes to be Designed for minimum F.S. = 1.50.
c. Special usage of excavated soils.
d. Estimated Shrink-Swell factors for excavated materials.
e. Recommendations for Design Treatment if Slides, Slumps and Faults are noted.
Fills:
a. Recommended Fill Slope Design

b. Minimum Fill Slope Design with F.S. = 1.25
2.3.3 Embankments over Soft Ground

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Where embankments are to be built over soft grounds (such as clays, organic
silts, or peat), stability and settlement of the fill shall be carefully evaluated.
Following information to be provided:
Embankment Stability:
a. Stability of Embankment to be evaluated for minimum F.S. = 1.25 for side slopes
and 1.30 for end slopes.
b. Shear Strength of Foundation Soil to be determined from Lab Testing and / or
Field Vane Shear or Cone Penetrometer Tests.
c. Recommendations or feasible treatment alternates for increasing the factor of
safety to minimum acceptable level (such as change of alignment, lower grade,
excavation and replacement of weak subsoil, lightweight fill, geotextile fabric
reinforcement etc.).
Settlement of Subsoil:
a. Determination of Consolidation properties of fine-grained soils determined from

laboratory consolidation tests.
b. Recommendations like waiting period, surcharge or wick drains etc. to get the
settlement out before any construction works (if required).
Construction Considerations:
a. Vertical and Lateral Limits of recommended excavation to be mentioned for

excavation and replacement of unsuitable shallow surface deposits.
b. Plan and Cross Section Area of the Surcharge Treatment for Settlement of
Subsoil to be provided.
2.3.4 Retaining Structures

In addition to the basic information listed in clause 2.3.1, the following information
to be also provided:
1. Recommended Soil Strength Parameters and Groundwater elevations for use in

computing wall design lateral earth pressures and Factor of Safety for
overturning, sliding and external slope stability.
2. Recommendations for alternate wall designs and reasons for the choice and/or
exclusion of certain wall types.
3. Analysis of wall stability with minimum acceptable factors of safety against

overturning (F.S. = 2.0), sliding (F.S. = 1.5) and external slope stability (F.S. =
1.5).

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4. Estimated total, differential and time rate of settlement if the retaining structure
is placed on compressible foundation soils.
5. Recommendations for Retaining Structures drainage details, including materials

and compaction.
6. Requirements for Excavation including safe slopes for open excavations or need
for sheeting or shoring.
7. Fluctuation of Groundwater table.
8. For Soil nail and Anchor Walls following information to be included:
a. Design Soil Parameters

b. Minimum bore size (soil nails)
c. Design pullout resistance (soil nails)
d. Ultimate Anchor Capacity (anchors)
e. Corrosion protection requirements
2.3.5 Structure Foundations – Spread Footings
In addition to the basic information listed in clause 2.3.1, the following information
to be also provided:
1. Recommendations for Spread Footings. If not, reasons for the same.
2. Recommended bottom of footing elevation and reasons for such

recommendation.
3. Allowable Soil bearing pressure and estimated footing Settlement and Time for
different sizes at different founding depths below ground level starting from 1.0
M.
4. Reasons for the type of Shear Failure adopted in the calculation for the Allowable
Soil bearing pressure.
5. Modulus of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity, deformation modulus from

plate load test results along with time-settlement and load settlement curves for
the various footing sizes at different founding levels. The recommended values
shall include the effect of size, shape and depth of foundation.

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6. Descriptions of the materials on which the footing is to be placed for its

verification at the time of execution.
7. Requirements for Safe slope in open excavations i.e. need for shoring or
sheeting etc.
8. Fluctuations of the Groundwater Table.
2.3.6 Structure Foundations – Driven piles:
1. Recommendations for the Pile Type (Displacement, Non-Displacement, Steel

pipe, Concrete, H pile etc. with valid reasons for choice and/or exclusion.
2. Recommendation for the most suitable and economical Pile Type.
3. Estimated Pile Lengths and estimated Tip elevations for the recommended
allowable Pile Design Loads.
4. Estimation of Pile Group Settlement for friction pile groups ending in cohesive
soils.
5. Recommendations for a minimum pile tip elevation on account of underlying soft

layers, downdrag, piles uneconomically long etc.
6. Design analysis for verification that the pile section can be driven to the
estimated or specified tip elevation without damage. Applicable especially for
dense gravel-cobble-boulder layers or other obstructions.
7. P-y Curves (load vs deflection) or Soil parameters for evaluation of lateral load
capacity of piles.
8. Assessment of liquefaction potential of foundation soil (loose saturated sands

and silts) during design earthquake.
9. Evaluation of Effects of Pile Driving operation on adjacent structures due to

footing excavation or pile driving vibration.
10. Need for preaugering, jetting, spudding, pile tip reinforcement, driving shoes etc.

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11. Pile driving control recommendations for large no. of Piles via Dynamic Testing
or wave equation analysis.
2.3.7 Structure Foundations – Bored Piles
In addition to the basic information listed in clause 2.3.1, if bored pile support is
recommended or given as an alternative, following conclusion/recommendations
to be provided:
1. Recommendations for Shaft Diameter(s) and lengths(s) for allowable design

loads based on analysis using Soil parameters for side friction and end bearing.
2. Estimated Settlement for recommended Design Loads.
3. P-y Curves (load vs deflection) or Soil parameters for evaluation of lateral load
capacity of piles.
4. Recommendations for Static Load Test.
5. Evaluation of the Construction methods and recommendation of the methods

like Dry Method, Slurry Method or requirement of Casing.
6. If casing is required, then recommendations on whether the same can be pulled

as the concreting is done.
7. If artesian water was encountered in explorations, inclusions of design

provisions to handle it (by requiring casing and a tremie seal)
2.3.8 Ground Improvement Techniques:

In addition to the basic information listed in clause 2.3.1, if Ground Improvement
Technique is recommended or given as an alternative, following
conclusion/recommendations to be provided:
1. For wick drains, recommendations to include the coefficient of consolidation for

horizontal drainage, Ch, and the length and spacing of wick drains.
2. For lightweight fill, recommendations to include the material properties (φ, c, γ),
permeability, compressibility, and drainage requirements.
3. For vibro-compaction, recommendations to include required degree of

densification (e.g., relative density, SPT blow count, etc.), settlement limitations,
and quality control.
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RHQ-EC-CL-0005
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4. For dynamic compaction, recommendations to include required degree of

densification (e.g., relative density, SPT blow count, etc.), settlement limitations,
and quality control.
5. For stone columns, recommendations to include spacing and dimensions of

columns, bearing capacity, settlement characteristics, and permeability (seismic
applications).
The Engineer shall send his written comments upon receipt of the preliminary
report and shall specify the information and recommendations to be included in
the final report.
The final Geo-technical report shall be in accordance with the requirements

mentioned above in clause 2.3 and Appendix 1 of this Design Basis.
All results shall be properly tabulated giving reduced levels of ground and
boreholes at various borehole locations, depth of ground water table. Necessary
calculations and inferences shall be cross-referred and wherever references to
specific papers or documents are made in arriving at final figures, copies of such
references shall be attached.
Conclusive recommendations shall be given based on test results and field

observations keeping in view the local practices in design and construction of soil
foundation system. All recommendations shall be supported by Back-up
Calculations. The final report shall contain responses to Engineer's
comments/queries on the preliminary report.
2.3.9 Additional Recommendations
a) Cone resistance, frictional resistance, total resistance, relation between cone

resistance and SPT (N) value and settlement analysis for different footing
sizes based on CPT/SPT.
b) Coefficient of earth pressure at rest and stress strain modulus of soil.
c) Susceptibility of sub soil strata to liquefaction in the event of earthquake and

recommendation on remedial measures, if necessary.
d) Recommendation for the type of cement to be used and any treatment to the
underground concrete structures based on the chemical composition of soil
and sub-soil water.
e) Recommendations on suitability of the overburden soil as material of

CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
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construction of earthen embankments and in back filling or excavated pits /

trenches.
3.0 Special Notes
a) The Geotechnical Investigation Contractor is considered as a “Specialist in

Geo-Technical Work & Practice” and shall therefore execute the work in the
technical spirit of the work with the sole objective of investigating and reporting
the “SOIL CHARACTERISTICS” as are required to be known for Design of all
types of Foundations and loading. Hence he shall determine and inform about
Additional Tests (if required) & not specified in the Tender with proper Technical
Justifications and obtain prior approval of OWNER/IOCL to carry them out.
b) The Location of Borehole for investigation shall be jointly finalized by the Geo-
tech Consultant & OWNER/IOCL before commencement of the Boring Works.
c) Loss or Make of drilling fluid: The “Loss” or “Make” of drilling fluid, if observed
during the boring, shall be noted and brought to the attention of the
OWNER/IOCL. Attempts shall be made to detect joints, fissures, artesian
conditions etc. Geotechnical Consultant shall include recommendations for the
Foundation works in the Final Geotechnical Report in the vicinity of such
discoveries.
d) Transportation and storage of samples: Contractor shall store properly all the
samples at the site till they are transported to his laboratory for testing. All rock
cores and samplers with undisturbed soil samples shall be placed in order of
their occurrence in strong wooden boxes, suitably partitioned and provided with
hinged wooden covers, so that the samples are not damaged during transit by
impact or improper handling. To minimize disturbance during shipment,
samplers containing undisturbed soil samples shall be packed with sawdust or
similar other resilient material and as directed by the OWNER/IOCL.
e) The record of the cores recovered during boring for all boreholes shall be
maintained and submitted in photographs along with the report.
f) The recommendations for safe/allowable Bearing Capacity for Shallow

Foundations as per the Shear & settlement Criteria shall be provided beginning
from a depth of 1.00 M from the Existing Ground Level (EGL) with increments
of 0.5 M thereon.
g) The ‘N’ value obtained from the SPT field investigations shall be corrected to
arrive at the ‘Nc’ value by applying corrections for the field procedure,
Overburden pressure and Dilatancy. The energy ratio for the ‘N’ value obtained
CIVIL DESIGN BASIS
RHQ-EC-CL-0005
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shall also be specified. Sample Calculation shall be provided for ‘Nc’ value
calculations in the Geotechnical Report.
h) The Particle Size Distribution Test, Atterberg Limits, Natural Moisture Content
Tests, Void Ratio, Specific Gravity, Relative Density, Classification of Soils as
per IS Code shall be carried out at every 1.5 m interval within continuous
stratum or at every change of stratum whichever is less.
i) The Geotechnical Investigation Report shall give a generalized sub-soil profile

for the entire Project Area or for zones which are distinct in conditions with the
recommended ‘Nc’ Value for each strata distinctly defined to be adopted as the
design parameter for the foundation works.
j) The Geotechnical Report shall provide recommendations for the type of

Foundations to be adopted for the Above Ground Storage Tanks with checks
for the Bearing Capacity in the Zone of Influence and Long term settlement of
not more than 100 mm or as per API 650 for Oil Storage Tanks. For achieving
the criteria of 90% of the Long Term Consolidation Settlement during the Hydro
testing of the Tanks, the Report shall also include the appropriate Ground
Improvement Technique to be adopted.
k) The Geotechnical Report shall include interpretations of the Design parameters

(i.e. Shear Strength, Angle of Internal Friction, Cohesion, Relative Density,
Compression Index, State of the Cohesive soil - Normally consolidated / Over
consolidated, OCR, Unconfined Compressive Strength etc.) from the SPT ‘Nc’
Value and the Cone Resistance & Frictional Resistance from SCPT. These
parameters shall be correlated with the Actual Values obtained from the Field
Investigations and conclusive recommendations be provided.
Deviations/Aberrations in the two shall be noted and recommendations to be
provided in the Geotechnical Report for adoption of the correct parameters for
the Design works with reasons for adoption of the same recorded in the Report.
l) The Geotechnical Report shall be approved by a Geotechnical Expert having at

least 10 years’ experience in the field of Geotechnical Investigation Works.
m) For carrying out the Field and Laboratory Tests the following accreditation and
documentation requirements shall have to be met with:
i. The existing testing facilities of the agencies should be accredited by the

National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories (NABL)
/ equivalent Govt. authority for soil testing. In case such accreditation is not
available, the successful Bidder / Agency shall carry out all tests through a

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Laboratory accredited by the NABL / equivalent Govt. authority for soil

testing.
ii. All machines should qualify the criteria of design, installation, operations
and performance qualification as required by NABL.
iii. Successful Bidder / Agency shall submit the following documentations:
a. A self-attested photocopy of the valid NABL accredited certificate along

with the competency certificate in soil testing issued to the agency by
NABL.
b. An undertaking/ certificate towards the full functioning, performance &

capacity of each equipments / machines to be used for soil analysis.
c. Detailed specifications of the equipments / machines visa-vis

parameters to be analyzed along with the analyzing capacity of each
equipments / machines for each parameter to assess the sensitivity,
accuracy & capacity of the machines for ensuring Precision, reliability
and timely project execution of the soil test.
d. Copy of NABL approved authorized signatories for chemical testing

scope.
iv. At least 1% soil samples may be referred to the standard referral NABL /
equivalent Govt. authority accredited laboratories for cross checking so as
to ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of the soil test results.

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4.0 APPENDIX 1
FINAL GEO-TECHNICAL & TOPOGRAHICAL SURVEY REPORT

The final Report shall include information and recommendations in the following
list:
A4-1 Introduction
A4-1.1 Purpose and scope of investigation
A4-1.2 Abstract of findings and recommendations
A4-2 Site Conditions
A4-2.1 Site geology, general description
A4-2.2 Potential geologic hazards
A4-2.3 Site surface description
A4-2.4 Site topography, general description
A4-2.5 Description of above ground obstructions
A4-3 Surface Conditions
A4-3.1 Stratigraphy
A4-3.2 Subsurface material properties, general description
A4-3.3 Groundwater elevations and expected variations
A4-3.4 Description of underground obstructions encountered or otherwise
identified.
A4-4 Field Investigation
A4-4.1 Summary of operations
A4-4.2 Description of sampling procedures
A4-4.3 Description of field tests
A4-4.4 Logs of borings, pits, etc. containing :
A4-4.4.1 Complete description and thickness of all strata, including near-surface
materials such as paving, base course, topsoil, fill etc.
A4-4.4.2 Locations referenced to plant coordinate system.

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A4-4.4.3 Ground surface elevations referenced to plant datum, if available; if not,

then referenced to MSL (mean sea level)
A4-4.4.4 Standard penetration test values in blows per 300 mm increment
A4-4.4.5 Results of all field tests
A4-4.5 Location plan, containing as a minimum
A4-4.5.1 Scale plan with locations of borings, pits, etc.
A4-4.5.2 Include plant coordinate system
A4-4.5.3 Location showing sudden change in depth of hard strata (example –
presence of stone quarry in the past)
A4-5 Laboratory Tests
A4-5.1 Description of tests
A4-5.2 Test results
A4-6 Foundation Recommendations

A4-6.1 Type(s) of foundation recommended -Shallow foundations and Deep
foundations.
A4-6.2 Basis of selecting recommended foundation type(s)
A4-6.3 Recommendations for foundation type(s) selected

A4-6.4 Soil strength parameters used in determining design capacities
A4-7 Shallow Foundation Recommendations

A4-7.1 Spread footing: Depth below grade, size and shape restrictions
A4-7.2 Mat foundations: Depth below grade, modulus of subgrade reaction
A4-7.3 Tank foundations: Recommendations and restrictions, excavation and
backfill, ringwall or mat considerations, extended water tests.
A4-7.4 Vibratory equipment foundations: Dynamic shear modulus, Poisson's ratio,
other considerations
A4-7.4.1 Based on correlations from published literature
A4-7.4.2 Based on in-situ testing
A4-7.5 Ultimate and allowable net soil bearing capacity
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A4-7.5.1 As a function of the shape and size of foundation, depth of embedment,

and soil strength.
A4-7.5.2 Any increase in net allowable bearing capacity for hydrotest loads, and
short term loads such as wind and earthquake.
A4-7.5 Recommendation for lightly loaded foundations for SBC <=5 Ton/m2.
A4-7.6 Foundation settlement in the Influence Zone
A4-7.6.1 As a function of loading, shape and size of foundations, and
compressibility of subsoils
A4-7.6.2 Immediate settlement during construction
A4-7.6.3 Long term settlement
A4-7.6.4 Time rate of settlement
A4-7.6.5 Adjacent foundation settlement
A4-7.6.6 Differential settlement for tanks
A4-7.6.6.1 Along the perimeter
A4-7.6.6.2 Centre of tank to perimeter
A4-7.6.6.3 Slope of tank bottom after anticipated settlement
A4-7.6.6.4 Limitations or recommendations for hydrotest procedures to minimize
differential settlement
A4-7.6.6.5 Anticipated settlement and rebound during hydrotest and specific
measurements during hydrotest.
A4-8 Deep Foundation Recommendations

A4-8.1 Type of pile and basis for recommendation
A4-8.2 Ultimate and allowable axial compression capacity through end bearing and
skin friction for various diameters.
A4-8.2.1 Capacity v/s length
A4-8.2.2 Any increase in capacity for hydrotest loads, or for short term loads such
as wind and earthquake.
A4-8.3 Minimum and maximum tip elevations, when applicable

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A4-8.4 Ultimate and allowable axial uplift capacity for various diameters
A4-8.4.1 Uplift capacity v/s length
A4-8.4.2 Any increase in capacity for hydrotest loads or for short term loads such
as wind and earthquake.
A4-8.5 Allowable lateral capacity for various diameters
A4-8.5.1 Applied lateral loading v/s deflection of pile head

A4-8.5.2 Pile moment v/s depth
A4-8.5.3 P-Y curves
A4-8.5.4 Recommendations for generation of P-Y curves and required parameters
(cohesion, friction angle, E).
A4-8.5.5 Recommendations for ground improvement techniques for enhancing the
lateral capacity of the piles
A4-8.6 Down drag considerations
A4-8.7 Spacing, group action, and use of batter piles

A4-8.8 Settlement considerations
A4-8.9 Vibratory equipment foundations, spring constants in each direction for
recommended pile type
A4-8.10 Driven pile installation considerations
A4-8.10.1 Driving criteria, including refusal criteria
A4-8.10.2 Wave equation analysis
A4-8.10.3 Pre-drilling requirements / restrictions
A4-8.10.4 Potential problems and recommended solutions
A4-8.10.5 Pile installation near existing facilities
A4-8.11 Bored/ drilled pile installation considerations
A4-8.11.1 Installation equipment requirements
A4-8.11.2 Casing / slurry considerations

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A4-8.11.3 Installation criteria and recommendations

A4-8.11.4 Potential problems and recommended solutions
A4-8.12 Load test requirements, procedures, and acceptance criteria
A4-9 Earth Pressures
A4-9.1 Active earth pressure, at-rest earth pressure
A4-9.2 Ultimate and allowable passive soil resistance for onsite soils, and
recommended fill and backfill material.
A4-9.3 Groundwater considerations-uplift parameters
A4-9.4 Drainage requirements
A4-10 Soil Properties

A4-10.1 Coefficient of friction or adhesion values between soil and concrete
A4-10.2 Unit weight of soil
A4-10.3 Cohesion and angle of internal friction
A4-10.4 Chemical analysis and other properties of soil and groundwater at depths
of proposed structural elements and utilities, as follows:
A4-10.4.1 pH value
A4-10.4.2 Electrical conductivity (laboratory determination)
A4-10.4.3 Chloride ion (Cl) concentration
A4-10.4.4 Sulphate ion (SO4) concentration

A4-10.4.5 Electrical resistivity of soil (field determination)
A4-10.5 Recommendations on harmful sulphate and chloride attack on concrete.
Recommendations on environmental exposure conditions for concrete below
ground as per Table 3, IS:456. Recommendations on type of cement, reinforcing
steel, coatings etc.
A4-10.6 Recommendation on corrosive effects of soil on carbon steel pipes.
A4-10.7 Permeability
A4-10.7.1 Laboratory determination

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A4-10.7.2 In situ determination
A4-11 Rigid and Flexible Pavements

A4-11.1 Natural soil and fill, subgrade suitability
A4-11.2 Recommended California bearing ratio value for pavement design
A4-11.2.1 Based on correlations from published literature.
A4-11.2.2 Based on laboratory testing
A4-11.2.3 Based on in-situ testing

A4-11.3 Recommended modulus of subgrade reaction for slab design
A4-11.4 Treatment for improving subgrade, if required
A4-11.5 Base course, sub-base course, and shoulder recommendations
A4-11.6 Surfacing recommendations
A4-11.7 Base, sub-base, and subgrade drainage recommendations
A4-11.8 Complete pavement system design
A4-12 Other Considerations, discuss and provide recommendations for

A4-12.1 Swelling potential of soils, including depth of zone of soil moisture content
fluctuation
A4-12.2 Liquefaction potential of soils

A4-12.3 Collapsible or dispersive soils
A4-12.4 Frost susceptibility of soils, frost depth
A4-12.5 Effects of proposed construction on existing facilities or adjacent property.
A4-13 Excavation Considerations
A4-13.1 Allowable excavation slope inclinations, temporary and permanent
A4-13.2 Groundwater control
A4-13.2.1 Recommended dewatering method
A4-13.2.2 Temporary and permanent groundwater control
A4-13.2.3 Flow quantities

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A4-13.3 Foundation subgrades

A4-13.3.1 Heave control
A4-13.3.2 Protection/preserving integrity of subgrade
A4-13.4 Effects on existing facilities
A4-13.5 Potential excavation problems
A4-13.6 Rock excavation
A4-13.6.1 Rock quality designation (RQD).
A4-13.6.2 Definition of rock for contract documents
A4-13.6.3 Rock quantity estimate guidance
A4-13.7 Pressure diagrams for shoring design
A4-13.8 Applicability of specialized shoring/stabilization procedures
A4-14 Earthwork
A4-14.1 Topsoil: Thickness for stripping; definition for contract documents
A4-14.2 Suitability soils at the site for use in compacted fills
A4-14.3 Special preparations or other requirements for use of on-site material
A4-14.4 Availability of imported fill
A4-14.5 Subgrade preparation
A4-14.6 Recommended compaction criteria and moisture content control
A4-14.7 Potential compaction difficulties and recommended solutions
A4-15 Dykes and Embankments

A4-15.1 Recommended slope inclination
A4-15.2 Slope stability analysis
A4-15.3 Settlement
A4-15.4 Seepage analysis
A4-15.5 Erosion protection of slopes
A4-15.6 Foundation and subgrade preparation

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A4-15.7 Fill material: Type, compaction, and moisture content control.
A4-15.8 Filling/diversion/protection of existing wells, ponds, lakes, rivulets and the

like.
A4-16 Topographical Survey
A4-16.1 Plotting/Developing Contour Maps in scale of 1:1000 with Contour Lines

at an interval of 0.500 M indicating shape and elevation of the land over the entire
project area
A4-16.2 Marking Survey Reference Stations/ Permanent Benchmark Pillars, Location
of Permanent Structures including retaining walls, culverts, Boundary Wall, existing
Structures, electric poles, roads, nallahs etc.
A4-16.3 Spot levels with respect to known reference such as Survey of
India/PWD/OWNER Benchmark etc. in a grid of 5 M both ways
A4-16.4 Recommendation for the Level of the Finished Grade Level (F.G.L)
considering the Facilities nearby and the Drainage Pattern of the Area.
A4-16.5 Recommendation for connections with existing Drainage Network/pattern
of Drainage to be adopted.
A4-16.6 Cutting & Filling quantities for the Recommended Level of F.G.L.

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अभिय ांत्रिकी डिज इन के आध र (भिविल)

Project Engineering Department

पररयोजन अभिय ांत्रिकी विि ग

These values may be

1.2. Requirements derived from analyses (based on calculations and/or

2. The Statutory Provisions, P&ID’s, IS/IRC/other relevant Codes wherever stringent

3. The EDB applies to all Projects (Greenfield/Brownfield), Expansions of existing

Sl. No. Description

1.0 Standard Specifications Codes & Practices

2.0 Design Philosophy/ Criteria

3.0 Architectural Finishes

4.0 New Construction Technologies for Buildings

5.0 General Requirements

1. National Building Code of India.

1.0 Standard Specifications Codes & Practices

Engineering design incorporates Codes and Standards as referred in the

2.0 Design Philosophy/ Criteria

2.1 Architectural Design

Architectural design of the buildings shall be in accordance with this design

2.2 Building Requirements

2.2.1 Spatial requirements:

Spatial requirements of Buildings shall mainly be decided based on the

Requirement of services/utilities such as air conditioning, LAN etc. shall be

2.2.1.1 Plant Buildings:

1) Central Control Building.

16) Repair shops.

(b) Sub-Station buildings shall be designed as per OSID–STD 149; 173;

Sub Station Buildings shall broadly consist of Switchgear Room, Operator’s

2.2.1.2 Non-Plant Buildings

(A) Functional Spaces:

(i) Activities, group of activities and consequent workflow pattern

The objective of spatial arrangement shall be to satisfy functional requirements

(B) Circulation Spaces:

(i) Corridors & passages.

(C) Amenity Spaces:

(i) Toilet (Gents & Ladies)

(D) Utility Spaces:

(i) Air-conditioning plant room

Ceiling height shall be as per functional requirements and applicable factory

Minimum ceiling height requirements shall be as per the following table;

Sr. No. Description Minimum Ceiling Height *

* All height dimensions are to underside of ceiling or beams, whichever is

2.2.2 Day Lighting:

Established level of illumination shall be maintained for all parts of the

• Main gate house.

• At least one entrance, preferably main entrance per building shall be

Note: Reference shall be made to Chapter-3, NBC for further details on

2.2.4.1 Natural Ventilation:

publications like State Factory rules, NBC part-VIII Section-1, IS:3101

Natural Ventilation in Industrial Sheds:

(i) Stores, Warehouses:

(ii) Equipment/ machine sheds:

2.2.4.2 Mechanical ventilation

2.2.5 Acoustic & Sound Insulation:

Specified acceptable noise level and reverberation time shall be maintained

a) National Building Code of India

Required noise level in any space shall be maintained by means of

2.2.6 Fire and Life Safety

Requirements of Exits for life safety:

a) Every building having human occupancy shall be provided with exits

Exit is that unobstructed component of means of egress (A continuous

An exit may be a fire exit doorway, an internal staircase, exit passageway,