ALKALOSIS

GROUP : G
CONTENTS

Definition

Causes

Role of kidney

Symptoms

Test and diagnosis

Treatments
 INTRODUCTION

Alkalosis is the result of a process reducing hydrogen ion

concentration of arterial blood plasma (alkalemia).

Alkalosis is a condition concerning the pH of your blood and

fluids. It occurs when your blood pH levels are imbalanced.
When your blood is too acidic, it’s called acidosis. When it’s
too alkaline, it’s alkalosis. ‌

It may caused by metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis.

CAUSES :1- RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

Respiratory alkalosis occurs when there isn’t enough carbon dioxide in your
bloodstream. It’s often caused by:
hyperventilation, which commonly occurs with anxiety
high fever
lack of oxygen Respiratory alkalosis :occurs
when low levels of carbon
salicylate poisoning
dioxide disrupt the blood acid-
being in high altitudes base balance
liver disease Normal ph(7.35-7.45)
Alkalosis(increase ph )
lung disease
Pco2 (35-45 mm Hg)
Alkalosis(less than 35 mm Hg)
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

plasma pH depends on the ratio of [HCO3-] to pCO2

which is 20:1, not on their absolute values

changes in pCO2 can be compensated by changes in

[HCO3-] from the kidneys, but it takes 2-3 days

respiratory acidosis is compensated by the kidneys

reabsorption [HCO3-]

respiratory alkalosis is compensated by the kidneys

secretion [HCO3-]
CAUSES : 2- METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

Metabolic alkalosis develops when your body loses too much acid or gains too much base.
This can be attributed to:
excess vomiting, which causes electrolyte loss
overuse of diuretics
adrenal disease
a large loss of potassium or sodium in a short amount of time
antacids
accidental ingestion of bicarbonate, which can be found in baking soda
laxatives
alcohol abuse
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

if plasma [HCO3-] rises (e.g. after vomiting)

plasma pH rises

metabolic alkalosis

It stimulate central chemo receptor

This can be compensated to a degree by decreasing ventilation

(hypoventilation)
ROLE OF KIDNEY

A major function of the kidney is to collaborate

with the respiratory system to maintain
systemic acid-base status within limits
compatible with normal cell and organ
function.
It achieves this by regulating the excretion and
recovery of bicarbonate (mainly in the
proximal tubule) and the secretion of buffered
protons (mainly in the distal tubule and
collecting duct)
ROLE OF KIDNEY

Proximal convoluted tubule compensate by

decrease absorption of bicarbonate

Collecting tubule by activity of beta

intercalated cells which secrete
bicarbonate and reabsorption of proton
SYMPTOMS OF ALKALOSIS

The Symptoms of Alkalosis even a slight imbalance of your blood pH can make
you sick, irritable, and uncomfortable. Some of the common symptoms for
metabolic and respiratory alkalosis are:
General confusion
Tremors
Feeling faint
Muscle spasms
Nausea
Vomiting
Numbness in your face, feet, or hands‌
SYMPTOMS OF ALKALOSIS

Alkalosis can range in severity. It can have no noticeable symptoms

or result in nearly constant, painful muscle spasms. If severe tetany
(muscle spasms) develops, you’ll need to contact your doctor. ‌For
most people with healthy kidneys, alkalosis won’t likely be severe.
Severe symptoms to keep an eye out for include:

Heart arrhythmia

Seizures

Coma
TEST AND DIAGNOSE

The first step in diagnosing alkalosis is a physical exam. Your doctor will evaluate your
symptoms before moving on to any invasive tests. If there are any urgent symptoms,
such as hyperventilation, your doctor will treat those first before any complications
arise. ‌
Your doctor will then perform a blood test. This will tell them quickly if you have a pH
imbalance and alkalosis. This blood test will check for several factors, including: Blood
gases
Acid-base balance
Electrolyte levels‌
If necessary, your doctor may perform a urinalysis or other urine test. This will help
them pin down the cause of your alkalosis.
TREATMENT

The aim when treating alkalosis is to treat the cause, not just the
imbalance. After the initial symptoms are treated, your doctor will
determine the cause and begin a more in depth treatment process.
‌Once your initial treatment is over, you’ll start feeling better within a
few hours or after a night’s rest. If the cause isn’t treated, you may
experience alkalosis again. T
‌ reating metabolic alkalosis. If you’re
experiencing metabolic alkalosis, you’ll need to intake plenty of water
and electrolytes to balance your blood pH levels. This can be done
through drinks containing sodium and potassium. ‌
REFERENCES

First aid usmle step 1

Guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology