Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow

Department of Electrical Engineering

POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEM

Laboratory File

POWER ELECTRONICS LAB

(MTPE-251)
M.Tech
in
Power and Energy System

Second Semester

Name- Tanushree Rai

ROLLNO- 2200521685010
 INDEX
Sr. MARK
NO. TITLE Page DATE SIGN.
S
180 conduction mode 3-7
1

2 120 conduction mode 8-11

12-14
3 AC Voltage Controller

4 Single phase 240Vrms 3500W transformerless 15-18

grid connected PV Array

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 Experiment–1

AIM: 180 conduction mode

APPARATUS: MATLAB Software

THEORY:

The ideal circuit is drawn before it can be divided into three segments namely segment one, segment two & segment
three and we will use these notational in the later section of the article. Segment one consists of a pair of switches
S1&S2, segment two consists of switching pair S3 &S4 and segment three consists of switching pair S5&S6. At any
given time both the switches in the same segment should never be closed as it leads to battery short circuits failing the
entire setup, so this scenario should be avoided at all times.

Now let’s start switching sequence by closing the switch S1 in the first segment of the ideal circuit and let’s name the
start as 0º. Since the selected time of conduction is 180º the switch S1 will be closed from 0º to 180º.

But after 120º of the first phase, the second phase will also have a positive cycle as seen in the three-phase voltage
graph, so switch S3 will be closed after S1. This S3 will also be kept closed for another 180º. So S3 will be closed
from 120º to 300º and it will be open only after 300º.

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Similarly, the third phase also has a positive cycle after 120º of second phase positive cycle, as shown in the graph at
the beginning of the article. So the switch S5 will be closed after 120º S3 closing i.e. 240º. Once the switch is closed
it will be kept closed for coming 180º before being opened, with that the S5 will be closed from 240º to 60º (second
cycle).

Up until now, all we did was assume that’s the conduction is done once the top layer switches are closed but for
current flow from the circuit must be completed. Also, do remember that both switches in the same segment should
never be in the closed at the same time, so if one switch is closed then another must be open.

For satisfying the above both conditions, we will close S2, S4& S6 in a predetermined order. So only after S1 gets
opened we will have to close S2. Similarly, S4 will be closed after S3 gets opened at 300º and in the same way S6
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will be closed after S5 completes the conduction cycle. This cycle of switching between switches of the same
segment can be seen below figure. Here S2 followsS1, S4 follows S3 and S6 follows S5.

By following this symmetrical switching we can achieve the desired three-phase voltage represented in the graph. If
we fill in the beginning switching sequence in the above table we will have a complete switching pattern for 180º
conduction mode as below.

From the above table we can understand that:

From 0-60: S1, S4 & S5 are closed and the remaining three switches are opened.

From 60-120: S1, S4 & S6 are closed and the remaining three switches are opened.

From 120-180: S1, S3&S6 are closed and the remaining three switches are opened.
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SIMULINKMODEL:

RESULTS:

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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

ADVANTAGE:

 Reduced Harmonics
 Improved Efficiency
 Lower Switching Losses.

DISADVANTAGE:

 Increased Voltage Stress

 Limited Control Flexibility
 Increased Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): The prolonged conduction time in the 180 conduction mode
can contribute to increased electromagnetic interference.

APPLICATION
 Motor Drives
 Renewable Energy Systems
 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)

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 Experiment–2

AIM : 120 conduction mode

APPARATUS: MATLAB Software.

THEORY:
The 120º mode is similar to 180º at all aspects except the closing time of each switch is reduced to 120, which were 180 before.
As usual, let’s start switching sequence by closing the switch S1 in the first segment and be the start number to 0º. Since the
selected time of conduction is 120º the switch S1 will be opened after 120º, so the S1 was closed from 0º to 120º.

Since half cycle of the sinusoidal signal goes from 0 to 180º, for the remaining time S1 will be open and is represented by the
gray area above. Now after 120º of the first phase, the second phase will also have a positive cycle as mentioned before, so
switch S3 will be closed after S1. This S3 will also be kept closed for another 120º. So S3 will be closed from 120º to 240º
.

Si
milarly, the third phase also has a positive cycle after 120º of the second phase positive cycle so the switch S5 will be closed
after 120º of S3 closing. Once the switch is closed, it will be kept closed for coming 120º before being opened and with that, the
switch S5 will be closed from 240º to 360º
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This cycle of symmetrical switching will be continued for achieving the desired three-phase voltage. If we fill in the beginning
and ending switching sequence in the above table we will have a complete switching pattern for 120º conduction mode as below.

From the above table we can understand that:

From 0-60: S1&S4 are closed while remaining switches are opened.

From 60-120: S1 &S6 are closed while remaining switches are opened.

From 120-180: S3&S6 is closed while remaining switches are opened.

From 180-240: S2&S3 are closed while remaining switches are opened

From 240-300: S2&S5 are closed while remaining switches are opened

From 300-360: S4&S5 are closed while remaining switches are opened
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SIMULINK MODEL:

RESULT:

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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

ADVANTAGE:
 Reduced Switching Losses
 Smaller Voltage Stress
 Improved Control Flexibility

DISADVANTAGE:
 Increased Harmonics: Operating in the 120 conduction mode results in a higher harmonic content in the output
voltage waveform compared to the 180 conduction mode
 Lower Efficiency at Light Loads: Since the switches operate at a higher frequency, the associated switching
losses become more significant when the load demand is low. This can lead to reduced overall system
efficiency when operating at light loads.

APPLICATION:

 Induction Heating: The 120 conduction mode can be used in induction heating inverters to provide precise
control over the heating process, including control over the output power and heating intensity
 Grid-Tied Inverters: In some grid-tied inverters, the 120 conduction mode is employed to enable precise
control of the output voltage and current, ensuring compliance with grid requirements and maintaining grid
stability.

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 EXPERIMENT-3

AIM: AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

APPARATUS: MATLAB Simulink

THEORY:

A voltage controller, also called an AC voltage controller or AC regulator is an electronic module based on either
thyristors, triodes for alternating current, silicon-controlled rectifiers or insulated-gate bipolar transistors, which
converts a fixed voltage, fixed frequency alternating current (AC) electrical input supply to obtain variable voltage in
output delivered to a resistive load. This varied voltage output is used for dimming street lights, varying heating
temperatures in homes or industry, speed control of fans and winding machines and many other applications, in a
similar fashion to an autotransformer. Voltage controller modules come under the purview of power electronics.
Because they are low-maintenance and very efficient, voltage controllers have largely replaced such modules as
magnetic amplifiers and saturable reactors in industrial use.

Modes of operation:

Electronic voltage controller work in two different ways; either through "on-and-off control" or through "phase
control".
On-and-off control
In an on-and-off controller, thyristors are used to switch on the circuits for a few cycles of voltage and off for certain
cycles, thus altering the total RMS voltage value of the output and acting as a high speed AC switch. The rapid
switching results in high frequency distortion artifacts which can cause a rise in temperature, and may lead to
interference in nearby electronics. Such designs are not practical except in low power applications.

Phase angle control

In phase angle control, thyristors are used to selectively pass only a part of each AC cycle through to the load. By
controlling the phase angle or trigger angle, the output RMS voltage of the load can be varied. The thyristor is turned
on for every half-cycle and switched off for each remaining half-cycle. The phase angle is the position at which the
thyristor is switched on.

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MATLAB DIAGRAM:

RESULT:

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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

ADVANTAGE:
 Speed Control: AC voltage controllers allow for smooth and continuous control of the output voltage.
 Power Saving: AC voltage controllers can help in power-saving applications by reducing the voltage supplied
to the load.
 They use line commutation, hence no extra commutation circuits are required.

DISADVANTAGE:
 Harmonic Distortion: AC voltage controllers can introduce harmonic distortion into the power system due to
their switching operation.
 Complexity and Cost.

APPLICATION
 Domestic and industrial heating
 Transformer tap changing
 Lighting control
 Speed control of single phase and three phase AC drives
 Starting of Induction Motors
EXPERIMENT-4
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AIM: Single phase 240Vrms, 3500 W Tansformerless Grid Connected PV Array

APPARATUS: MATLAB Simulink

THEORY:

The SPS model implements a PV Array built of series- and parallel-connected PV module. The PV Array block has
two inputs that allow you to supply varying sun irradiance (input Ir in W/m^2) and temperature (input T in deg. C)
data.
Two small capacitors, connected on the + and - terminals of the PV array, are used to model the parasitic capacitance
between the PV modules and the ground .

One-phase DC/AC Converter:

The inverter is modeled using a PWM-controlled single-phase full-bridge IGBT module ( H-bridge). The topology of
the grid-side filter is the classical LCL configuration with the inductors split equally between the line and the neutral
branches.

Inverter Control:
The control system contains five major Simulink®-based subsystems:
 MPPT Controller: The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller is based on the 'Perturb and
Observe' technique. This MPPT system automatically varies the VDC reference signal of the inverter VDC
regulator in order to obtain a DC voltage which will extract maximum power from the PV string.

 VDC Regulator: Determine the required Id (active current) reference for the current regulator.

 Current Regulator: Based on the current references Id and Iq (reactive current), the regulator determines the
required reference voltages for the inverter. In our example, the Iq reference is set to zero.

 PLL & Measurements: Required for synchronization and voltage/current measurements.

 PWM Generator: Use the PWM bipolar modulation method to generate firing signals to the IGBTs.

Load & Utility Grid:

The grid is modeled using a typical pole-mounted transformer and an ideal AC source of 14.4 kVrms . The
transformer 240V secondary winding is center-tapped and the central neutral wire is grounded via a small resistance
Rg. The residential load (10 kW / 4 kvar @ 240 Vrms) is equally distributed between the two "hot" (120 V) terminals.

Simulation:

Run the simulation and observe the resulting signals on the various scopes.
RESULT: FOR 60 Hz Frequency , Irradiance (0.25, 0.75), Temperature (25)
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RESULT: For Frequency 50Hz, Irradiance (0.35,0.85), Temperature(35)

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 EXPERIMENT 5

OBJECTIVE: Cascaded H- BRIDGE Multilevel inverter

SOFTWARE USE: MATLAB/SIMULINK.

THEORY: Recently, induction motors are widely used in residence and industries because of compact size, and cheap price. However, industries are
required to improve its efficiency by employing various controls and to save energy. In this paper, the concept of a 3-level diode-clamp and modulate
principle are implemented to control the output waveform approaching the sinewave as close as possible,because sine wave is less peaky in nature and less
insulation is required. In recent years, industry has begun to demand higher power equipment, which now reaches the megawatt level. Controlled AC drives
in the megawatt range are usually connected to the medium voltage network.

DIODE-CLAMP MULTILEVEL INVERTER - The most commonly used multilevel topology is the diode clamped inverter also known as neutral fed
inverter, in which the diode is used as the clamping device to clamp the dc bus voltage so as to achieve steps in the output voltage. Thus, diode is used to
limit the voltage stress. The voltage over each capacitor and each switch is Vdc. By increasing the number of voltage levels the quality of the output voltage
is improved and the voltage waveform becomes closer to sinusoidal waveform. In this topology there are two pairs of switches and two diode are consists in
a three-level diode clamped inverter. All switch pairs work in complimentary mode and the diodes used to provide access to mid-point voltage. The DC bus
voltage is divided into three voltage levels with the help of two series connections of DC capacitors, C1 and C2. With the help of the clamping diodes Dc1
and Dc2 the voltage stress across each switching device is partial to Vdc. It is supposed that the total dc link voltage is Vdc and mid point is synchronized at
half of the dc link voltage, the voltage across each capacitor is Vdc/2 (Vc1=Vc2=Vdc/2). In a three level diode clamped inverter, there are three different
feasible switching states. At any time a set of two switches is on for a three- level inverter. Fig.1. shows the three level diode clamped MLI.

MATLAB MODEL:

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RESULT:

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Advantages of Multilevel Inverter:

The multilevel converter has several advantages, that is:

1. Common Mode Voltage:

The multilevel inverters produce common-mode voltage, reducing the stress of the motor and don’t damage the motor.

2. Input Current:

Multilevel inverters can draw input current with low distortion

3. Switching Frequency:

The multilevel inverter can operate at both fundamental switching frequencies that are higher switching frequency and lower switching frequency. It should
be noted that the lower switching frequency means lower switching loss and higher efficiency is achieved.

4. Reduced harmonic distortion:

Selective harmonic elimination technique along with the multi-level topology results the total harmonic distortion becomes low in the output waveform
without using any filter circuit.

Applications of Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter:

Static VAR compensation
Variable speed motor drives
High voltage system interconnections
High voltage DC and AC transmission lines

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