Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Metrology
Metrology
NON-METROLOGISTS
Rocío M. Marbán
Julio A. Pellecer C.
2002
iii
To contact the authors:
ISBN 99922-770-1-7
© OAS, 2002
iv
This English version of the second revised edition is pub-
lished under the sponsorship of SIM.
v
vi
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ix
Presentation xi
Introduction 1
What we measure and how 11
Characterization of metrology 19
Vocabulary 21
vii
INTRODUCTION
1
Metrology for non-metrologists
MEASURE UNIT
2
Introduction
3
Metrology for non-metrologists
4
Introduction
5
Metrology for non-metrologists
6
Introduction
7
Metrology for non-metrologists
8
Introduction
9
10
WHAT WE MEASURE AND HOW
11
Metrology for non-metrologists
TABLE 1
length m metre
mass kg kilogram
time s second
thermodynamic
temperature K kelvin
amount of
substance mol mol
luminous
intensity cd candela
12
What we measure
13
Metrology for non-metrologists
14
What we measure
15
Metrology for non-metrologists
16
What we measure
TABLE 2
Time:
minute min 1 min = 60 s
hour h 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s
day d 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s
Plane angle:
degree o
1o = (π/180) rad
minute ’ 1’ = (1/60)o = (π/10 800) rad
second ” 1”= (1/60)’ = (π/648000) rad
Volume:
liter l, L(a) 1 L = 1 dm3 = 10-3 m3
Mass:
ton,
metric ton t 1 t = 103 kg
a) The alternative symbol for the liter, “L”, was adopted by the CGPM in
order to avoid the risk of confusion between the letter l and the number
1. The script letter is not approved for the liter.
b) Other additional units are: the electronvolt (eV), the unified atomic mass
unit (u), and the astronomical unit (ua).
17
Metrology for non-metrologists
18
What we measure
CHARACTERIZATION OF METROLOGY
Scientific metrology
19
Metrology for non-metrologists
Legal metrology
Industrial metrology
20
What we measure
VOCABULARY
Quantity (measurable)
attribute of a phenomenon, body or substance that
may be distinguished qualitatively and determined
quantitatively.
Base quantity
one of the quantities that, in a system of quantities,
are conventionally accepted as functionally inde-
pendent of one another.
Derived quantity
quantity defined, in a system of quantities, as a func-
tion of base quantities of that system.
Dimension of a quantity
expression that represents a quantity of a system
of quantities as the product of powers of factors
that represent the base quantities of the system.
21
Metrology for non-metrologists
Measurement
set of operations having the object of determining
a value of a quantity.
Measurand
particular quantity subject to measurement.
22
What we measure
Accuracy of measurement
closeness of the agreement between the result of
a measurement and a true value of the measurand.
Uncertainty of measurement
parameter, associated with the result of a measure-
ment, that characterizes the dispersion of the val-
ues that could reasonably be attributed to the
measurand.
Material measure
device intended to reproduce or supply, in a per-
manent manner during its use, one or more known
values of a given quantity.
23
Metrology for non-metrologists
Primary standard
standard that is designated or widely acknowledged
as having the highest metrological qualities and
whose value is accepted without reference to other
standards of the same quantity.
Secondary standard
standard whose value is assigned by comparison
with a primary standard of the same quantity.
Reference standard
standard, generally having the highest metrologi-
cal quality available at a given location or in a given
organization, from which measurements made
there are derived.
24
What we measure
Working standard
standard that is used routinely to calibrate or check
material measures, measuring instruments or ref-
erence materials.
Transfer standard
standard used as an intermediary to compare stan-
dards.
Traceability
property of the result of a measurement or the value
of a standard whereby it can be related to stated
references, usually national or international stan-
dards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons
all having stated uncertainties.
25
Metrology for non-metrologists
26
APPLICATIONS
Length
27
Metrology for non-metrologists
Mass
28
Applications
Temperature
29
Metrology for non-metrologists
Time
30
Applications
31
Metrology for non-metrologists
32
Applications
33
Metrology for non-metrologists
Ionizing radiation
34
Applications
Chemistry
35
36
STANDARDS AND REFERENCE
MATERIALS
INTRODUCTION
37
Metrology for non-metrologists
38
Standards and reference materials
LENGTH
What do we measure
History
39
Metrology for non-metrologists
Definition
40
Standards and reference materials
Standards
41
Metrology for non-metrologists
42
Standards and reference materials
Uncertainties
Measuring instruments
43
Metrology for non-metrologists
44
Standards and reference materials
MASS
What do we measure
45
Metrology for non-metrologists
History
46
Standards and reference materials
Definition
Standards
47
Metrology for non-metrologists
48
Standards and reference materials
REFERENCE STANDARDS
WORKING STANDARDS
49
Metrology for non-metrologists
Accuracy
where:
50
Standards and reference materials
Measuring instruments
51
Metrology for non-metrologists
52
Standards and reference materials
TEMPERATURE
What do we measure
History
53
Metrology for non-metrologists
Definition
54
Standards and reference materials
55
Metrology for non-metrologists
Standards
56
Standards and reference materials
TABLE 3
57
Metrology for non-metrologists
Uncertainties
Measuring instruments
58
Standards and reference materials
59
Metrology for non-metrologists
60
Standards and reference materials
61
Metrology for non-metrologists
62
Standards and reference materials
What do we measure
History
63
Metrology for non-metrologists
64
Standards and reference materials
65
Metrology for non-metrologists
66
Standards and reference materials
Standards
67
Metrology for non-metrologists
68
Standards and reference materials
h.ν = | EB - EA |
69
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70
Standards and reference materials
Uncertainties
71
Metrology for non-metrologists
Measuring instruments
72
Standards and reference materials
What do we measure
E = IR
73
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74
Standards and reference materials
History
75
Metrology for non-metrologists
The main derived units are the volt and the ohm.
76
Standards and reference materials
Standards
77
Metrology for non-metrologists
Uncertainty
Measuring instruments
78
Standards and reference materials
LIGHT
(PHOTOMETRY AND RADIOMETRY)
What do we measure
History
79
Metrology for non-metrologists
80
Standards and reference materials
History
81
Metrology for non-metrologists
82
Standards and reference materials
83
Metrology for non-metrologists
Standards
Uncertainties
Measuring instruments
84
Standards and reference materials
What do we measure
85
Metrology for non-metrologists
86
Standards and reference materials
87
Metrology for non-metrologists
88
Standards and reference materials
89
Metrology for non-metrologists
Standards
90
Standards and reference materials
Uncertainties
91
Metrology for non-metrologists
Measuring instruments
92
Standards and reference materials
IONIZING RADIATION
What do we measure
History
93
Metrology for non-metrologists
94
Standards and reference materials
Standards
95
Metrology for non-metrologists
Uncertainties
Measuring instruments
96
Standards and reference materials
CHEMISTRY
What do we measure
97
Metrology for non-metrologists
History
98
Standards and reference materials
99
Metrology for non-metrologists
100
Standards and reference materials
History
101
Metrology for non-metrologists
The katal (symbol kat) is the mole per second unit, for
use in medicine and biochemistry for the expression of
catalytic activity.
102
Standards and reference materials
Electrochemistry:
- coulometric titration
- pH measurements
- electrolytic conductivity
103
Methods of classical analytical chemistry:
- gravimetry
- titrimetry
104
which each certified value is accompanied by an un-
certainty at a stated level of confidence.
Uncertainties
Measuring instruments
105
106
REFERENCES
1. Alonso, Marcelo
Física, Curso elemental
Tomo I, Mecánica; Tomo II, Hidromecánica-Calor;
Tomo IV, Electromagnetismo, física atómica
La Habana Cuba, Cultural S.A., 1953
3. Audoin, C.
Caesium Beam Frequency Standards: Classical
and Optically Pumped
Metrologia, 1992, 29, 113-134
4. Benson, Harris
University Physics
New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1991
5. Campos, J. et al
Realization of the candela from a partial filtering
V(() detector traceable to a cryogenic radiometer
Metrologia, 1995/96, 32, 675-679
107
Metrology for non-metrologists
6. CENAM
personal communications
7. Cerruti, L.
The Mole, Amedeo Avogadro and others
Metrologia, 1994, 31, 159-166
8. Clare, J.F.
Realization of a photometric scale based on cryo-
genic radiometry
Metrologia, 1998, 35, 251-254
108
References
109
Metrology for non-metrologists
19. http://www.bipm.fr
20. http://www.cenam.mx
21. http://www.euromet.org
22. http://www.ibpinet.com.br/sim
23. http://www.lcie.fr
24. http://www.nist.gov
25. http://www.oiml.org
26. http://www.ptb.de
110
References
111
Metrology for non-metrologists
38. Ohno, Y.
Detector-based luminous-flux calibration using
the Absolute Integrating-Sphere Method
Metrologia, 1998, 35, 473-478
112
References
113
Metrology for non-metrologists
114
References
115
Metrology for non-metrologists
Appendix 1
-8 -6
? 4x10 2x10
RKK
R KkJ
e k
h 2e -8 -6
e2 h 4x10 R 2x10
-7
RK-90 KJ-90
R 4x10
-8
A K 3x10
-9
(10 -9 ) (10 -10 ) 4x10
-15
-8 3x10
? 8x10
mol S
exact
NA
c
8x10 -8 -8
10
-4
-12 8x10
cd m 10
h
?
kg
-3 -12
10 G 8x10
R
m 12 me
c ?
-8 -8
8x10 8x10
116
Appendix 1
117
Appendix 2
118
force newton N m·kg·s-2
energy, work,
quantity of heat joule J N·m m2·kg·s-2
power, radiant
flux watt W J/s m2·kg·s-3
electric charge,
quantity of electricity coulomb C s·A
electric potential
difference,
electromotive
force volt V W/A m2·kg·s-3·A-1
magnetic flux
119
density tesla T Wb/m2 kg·s-2·A-1
activity (referred to
a radionuclide) becquerel Bq s-1
Appendix 2
absorbed dose, specific
energy (imparted),
kerma, index of
absorbed dose gray Gy J/kg m2·s-2
dose equivalent,
personal dose equivalent,
organ equivalent dose sievert Sv J/kg m2·s-2
Metrology for non-metrologists
120
(a) The radian and steradian may be used with advantage in expressions for derived units
to distinguish between quantities of different nature but with the same dimension.
(b) In practice, the symbols rad and sr are used where appropriate, but the derived unit “1”
is generally omitted.
(c) In photometry, the name steradian and the symbol sr are usually retained in expres-
sions for units.
(d) This unit may be used in combination with SI prefixes, e.g. millidegree Celsius, m°C.
Appendix 3
121
3
1 000 = 10 kilo k one thousand
-3
0,001 = 10 mili m one thousandth
-6
0,000 001 = 10 micro µ one millionth
-9
0,000 000 001 = 10 nano n one thousand millionth
-12
0,000 000 000 001 = 10 pico p one billionth
Appendix 3
Metrology for non-metrologists
Appendix 4
122
Appendix 4
123
Metrology for non-metrologists
124
Appendix 4
125
Metrology for non-metrologists
Appendix 5
126
Appendix 5
127
Metrology for non-metrologists
128
Temperature 53
Time and frequency 63
Electricity and magnetism 73
Photometry and radiometry 79
Acoustics and vibrations 85
Ionizing radiation 93
Chemistry 97
References 107
Appendix 1
Fundamental physical constants and their
relationship to base units 116
Appendix 2
Some derived SI units 118
Appendix 3
Multiples and submultiples of common
use with SI 121
Appendix 4
Scientists in the field of electricity 122
Appendix 5
Radionuclides - basic concepts 126
viii
Acknowledgements
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ix
of that organization; all of them shared fully and un-
reservedly their knowledge and their work practices.
Several changes in this second edition were sug-
gested by CENAM personnel. We are particularly in-
debted for their valuable comments to Dr. Ismael
Castelazo Sinencio, Director of Tecnological Services
and M.Sc. Rubén Lazos, Scientific Coordinator, both
at CENAM, and to Dr. Luis Mussio, Head of Metrol-
ogy at the Laboratorio Tecnológico del Uruguay
(LATU).
July 2002
x
Presentation
PRESENTATION
The aim of this book is to make available, to those
who are not themselves metrologists, a scientifically
and technically sound document as an introduction to
the main aspects of Metrology in the hope that it will
help them understand its importance.
xi
Metrology for non-metrologists
xii
Presentation
xiii
Metrology for non-metrologists
xiv
Presentation
xv
Metrology for non-metrologists
Oscar Harasic
Regional Coordinator of the Project Inter-American System
for Metrology, Standardization, Accreditation and Quality,
Organization of the American States, OAS.
xvi