Political History of Pakistan

Benezir Bhutto
Early Life: (1953-1971)
Benazir Bhutto was born on June 21, 1953, in Karachi, Pakistan, into a politically
influential family. She was the eldest child of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Begum Nusrat
Bhutto. Her father, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, was a charismatic and influential political figure
who would shape Benazir's destiny. Growing up in a household filled with political
discussions and activism, Benazir was exposed to the dynamics of power and governance
from a young age.
Political Environment: Growing up, Benazir was immersed in a politically charged
environment. Her father, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, founded the Pakistan People's Party (PPP)
in 1967, which played a crucial role in shaping her political consciousness.
Education: (1971-1977)
Education in Pakistan: Benazir's educational journey played a pivotal role in shaping
her intellect and worldview. Benazir received her early education in Pakistan, attending
schools in Karachi and Murree.
Harvard University: After completing her early education in Pakistan, she ventured
abroad to the United States for higher studies. She pursued higher education at Radcliffe
College, Harvard University, where she studied Comparative Government. This period
marked her exposure to a global perspective on politics.
Oxford University: Benazir continued her education at the University of Oxford,
studying Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) at Lady Margaret Hall. Her time at
Oxford broadened her intellectual horizons.
Benazir's educational pursuits during this period not only contributed to her academic
growth but also provided her with a global perspective. The intellectual environment at
Harvard and Oxford exposed her to diverse ideologies, setting the stage for her future
political endeavors.
Political Awakening: (1977-1986)
Impact of Father's Execution The political landscape of Pakistan took a dramatic turn
in 1977 when Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was ousted in a military coup. The subsequent
execution of Benazir's father deeply affected her, instilling in her a profound commitment
to continuing the Bhutto legacy. These tumultuous years saw Benazir's emergence as a
symbol of resistance against the authoritarian rule of General Zia-ul-Haq..
Periods of Imprisonment: Benazir faced periods of imprisonment and house arrest
during General Zia-ul-Haq's military regime.
Exile and Return: (1984-1986)
Exile in London: Benazir spent much of the early 1980s in exile in London, where she
continued her political activism. The period between 1984 and 1986 marked a phase of
exile for Benazir Bhutto. In London, far from her homeland, she continued her political
activism against the Zia regime. Her resilience and determination to challenge the
military dictatorship resonated with the diaspora and the international community.
Return to Pakistan: Her return to Pakistan in 1986 marked a pivotal moment. The anti-
Zia sentiment was growing, and she emerged as a charismatic leader to lead the
opposition against the military dictatorship.
Political Leadership: (1986-1988)
Benazir's return to Pakistan in 1986 was a turning point in the country's political
landscape. The anti-Zia sentiment was gaining momentum, and she emerged as a
charismatic leader rallying the masses against military rule. The Pakistan People's Party
(PPP), under her leadership, became a formidable force challenging the status quo.
Chairperson of PPP: Benazir became the Chairperson of the PPP after her brother's
assassination in 1985. She assumed a central role in mobilizing support against the Zia
regime.
Elections of 1988: The year 1988 witnessed the fruition of Benazir Bhutto's political
endeavors. The PPP secured a victory in the general elections, propelling Benazir to the
forefront as the first woman to lead a Muslim-majority nation. Her election as Prime
Minister was a historic milestone that garnered global attention.
Prime Ministership (First Term): (1988-1990)
Becoming Prime Minister: In December 1988, Benazir Bhutto was sworn in as the
Prime Minister of Pakistan, making history as the first woman to head the government of
a Muslim-majority country.
Challenges and Achievements: Her first term focused on economic reforms, social
development, and addressing issues related to education and healthcare. However, her
government faced challenges, including allegations of corruption.
Opposition and Second Term: (1990-1996)
Election Loss (1990): The PPP lost the 1990 elections, and Nawaz Sharif assumed the
role of Prime Minister.
Second Term (1993-1996): Benazir returned to power after winning the 1993 elections.
Her second term saw both accomplishments and controversies, including accusations of
corruption and governance challenges.
Exile and Return: (1996-2007)
Exile and Global Advocacy: Benazir spent several years in exile, advocating for
democracy and human rights globally. During this period, she continued to influence
international perceptions of Pakistan.
Assassination: (2007)
Return to Pakistan: Benazir Bhutto returned to Pakistan in 2007, aiming to participate
in the upcoming elections.
Assassination: The year 2007 marked a tragic chapter in Pakistan's history. Benazir
Bhutto's return was cut short by her assassination in a suicide attack in Rawalpindi on
December 27. The event sent shockwaves through the nation and the world, underscoring
the complex and perilous nature of Pakistani politics.
Legacy:
Global Impact: Benazir Bhutto's legacy transcends the realm of politics. Her life
symbolizes resilience, courage, and the struggle for democracy. As a woman who
shattered glass ceilings, she became an inspiration for women worldwide. The Bhutto
legacy continued, with her children, Bilawal, Bakhtawar, and Aseefa Bhutto playing
active roles in Pakistani politics.