Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

School of Mechanical and Industrial

Engineering
Thermo-Fluid Systems
Assignment

Thermal Stream

Done By:
Abirham Yazie ATR/7907/09
Biruk Solomon ATR/7460/09
Samson H/Michael ATR/9817/09
Sophonias Dawit ATR?2651/09

Submitted to: Mr. Dawit M.

Date: September 01, 2021

Step 1: Developing the economical Duct Layout

Figure 1 Duct Layout

The width of the corridor is assumed to be 1.5 m. and the duct lines extends up to the width
center to each room (that is 1.5 m in to the center)
Step 2: Selecting a suitable frictional Pressure drop per unit Length
From the EBCS 11, the resistance per unit length for different situations are given:
Quiet – Pressure drop of 0.4 Pa/m
Commercial – Pressure drop of 0.6 Pa/m
Industrial – Pressure drop of 0.8 Pa/m
The duct layout is to be designed for an office, so we will use the value given for Quiet places.
∆𝑃𝑓
= 0.4 𝑃𝑎⁄𝑚
𝐿
Step 3: Determining the flow rates in each section of the pipes
The first task is to calculate the flow rate that reaching each room; and to do so, the mass flow
rates to each room should be determined.
𝑄 = 𝑚̇𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
𝐾𝐽
Where, 𝐶𝑝 = 1.005 𝐾𝑔.𝐾

In order to calculate the mass flow rate, we need to select the appropriate heat load. So, we need
to Calculate to see whether the heating or cooling loads are larger:
Heating Load, 𝑄 = 1.6 + 1.8 + 1.2 + 1 = 5.6 𝐾𝑊
Cooling Load, 𝑄 = 2.1 + 2.4 + 1.2 + 1.6 = 7.3 𝐾𝑊
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 ≤ 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
So, we will use the cooling loads to each room to calculate their mass flow rate. And a
temperature difference of 10 K is selected between the ambient and the rooms’ temperature for
effective heat transfer.
Room 1:
𝐾𝐽
2.1 𝐾𝑊 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 1.005 ∗ 10𝐾
𝐾𝑔. 𝐾
𝐾𝑔⁄
𝑚̇ = 0.209 𝑠
Room 2:
𝐾𝐽
2.4 𝐾𝑊 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 1.005 ∗ 10𝐾
𝐾𝑔. 𝐾
𝐾𝑔⁄
𝑚̇ = 0.239 𝑠
Room 3:
𝐾𝐽
1.2 𝐾𝑊 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 1.005 ∗ 10𝐾
𝐾𝑔. 𝐾
𝐾𝑔⁄
𝑚̇ = 0.119 𝑠
Room 4:
𝐾𝐽
1.6 𝐾𝑊 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 1.005 ∗ 10𝐾
𝐾𝑔. 𝐾
 𝐾𝑔⁄
𝑚̇ = 0.159 𝑠
𝐾𝑔⁄
We will use density of air at STP, 𝜌 = 1.225 𝑠 to calculate the flow rate,
𝑚̇
𝑄̇ =
𝜌
Room 1:
0.209 3
𝑄̇1 = = 0.171 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
1.225
Room 2:
0.239 3
𝑄̇2 = = 0.195 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
1.225
Room 3:
0.119 3
𝑄̇3 = = 0.097 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
1.225
Room 4:
0.159 3
𝑄̇4 = = 0.130 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
1.225
Then we need to determine the flow rate at different sections of the main pipe.
For the First Section (Section A) of the main duct:

𝑄̇𝑚𝑝1 = 𝑄̇1 + 𝑄̇2 + 𝑄̇3 + 𝑄̇4

3
𝑄̇𝑚𝑝1 = 0.593 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
For the section of the main duct after delivering air to room 1 and 2 (Section B):

𝑄̇𝑚𝑝3 = 𝑄̇3 + 𝑄̇4

3
𝑄̇𝑚𝑝3 = 0.227 𝑚 ⁄𝑠

Step 4: Determine the equivalent diameter of the main pipe:

Now we determine the diameters using the following Equation:
1⁄
4.973
0.022243 ∗ 𝑄1.852
𝐷=[ ]
∆𝑃𝑓
𝐿
For section A of the main Pipe (duct):
 1⁄
0.022243 ∗ 0.5931.852 4.973
𝐷=[ ] = 0.460𝑚
0.4
For section B of the main Pipe (duct):
1⁄
0.022243 ∗ 0.2271.852 4.973
𝐷=[ ] = 0.322𝑚
0.4
Step 5: Determining the equivalent diameter for the branches:
For the branch duct to room 1:
1⁄
0.022243 ∗ 0.1711.852 4.973
𝐷=[ ] = 0.290𝑚
0.4
For the branch duct to room 2:
1⁄
0.022243 ∗ 0.1951.852 4.973
𝐷=[ ] = 0.304𝑚
0.4
For the branch duct to room 3:
1⁄
0.022243 ∗ 0.0971.852 4.973
𝐷=[ ] = 0.235𝑚
0.4
For the branch duct to room 4:
1⁄
0.022243 ∗ 0.1301.852 4.973
𝐷=[ ] = 0.262𝑚
0.4
Step 6: Determining the cross-sections of the pipes, if they are rectangular, and the velocity
through each
Here we assume that there is no space constriction for us to use a rectangular pipe. In addition to
that the during selection of the elbow to room 4 there isn’t enough information on an appropriate
bent radius for rectangular pipes, which adds to the questionability of the design. Another main
reason is the increased cost related to use of rectangular joints.
So, circular ducts are selected for use in our design.
Next we are going to select standard circular pipe sizes that are closer to the calculated
equivalent diameter.
Selected pipe sizes are as follows:
Pipe Section Calculated Pipe Diameters (m) Selected Pipe Diameters (m)
Main Duct (Section A) 0.460 0.500
Main Duct (Section B) 0.322 0.400
Branch Duct (Room 1) 0.290 0.315
Branch Duct (Room 2) 0.304 0.315
Branch Duct (Room 3) 0.235 0.250
Branch Duct (Room 4) 0.262 0.315

Calculating the cross-sectional area of each pipe section:

𝜋 2
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑑
4
Pipe Section Pipe Diameters (m) Cross-sectional Area (m2)
Main Duct (Section A) 0.500 0.196
Main Duct (Section B) 0.400 0.126
Branch Duct (Room 1) 0.315 0.078
Branch Duct (Room 2) 0.315 0.078
Branch Duct (Room 3) 0.250 0.049
Branch Duct (Room 4) 0.315 0.078

Velocity through Each Pipe is calculated the as follows:

𝑄̇
⃗ =
𝑉
𝐴𝑐
The calculated velocities are tabulated as follows:
Pipe Section Flow Rate (m3/s) Cross-sectional Area Velocity (m/s)
(m2)
Main Duct (Section 0.593 0.196 3.026
A)
Main Duct (Section 0.227 0.126 1.802
B)
Branch Duct (Room 0.171 0.078 2.192
1)
Branch Duct (Room 0.195 0.078 2.5
2)
Branch Duct (Room 0.097 0.049 1.980
3)
Branch Duct (Room 0.130 0.078 1.667
4)

Step 7: Determining frictional pressure loss

To determine the frictional pressure loss, we need to dimension each part of the network
including the fittings and elbows.
For the branches that lead to rooms 1, and 2, we select the SD5-25 Cross (Conical Branches
Tapered into Body, Diverging), while for the branch leading to room 3 we select the SD5-10 Tee
(Conical Branch Tapered into Body, Diverging). For the elbow leading to room 4, we select the
CD3-5 Elbow (Pleated, 90 Degree, r/D = 1.5). Both are illustrated in the diagram below.

Figure 2 SD5-25 Cross

Figure 3 SD5-10 Tee

Figure 4 CD3-5 Elbow

For Rooms 1 and 2:

Parameters SD5-25 Cross

Dc (m) 0.500
Db1 (m) 0.315
Db2 (m) 0.315
Ds (m) 0.400
Dc-Ds (m) 0.100

For Room 3:
Parameters SD5-10 Tee
Dc (m) 0.400
Db (m) 0.250
Ds (m) 0.315
Dc-Ds (m) 0.085

For CD3-5 Elbow to Room 4:

Parameters Room 4
D (m) 0.315
R (m) 0.4725
The detailed layout of the plant is as follows:

Figure 5 Detailed Duct Layout

Now calculate the frictional pressure loss for each run:
∆𝑃𝑓
∆𝑃𝑓 = ∗𝐿
𝐿
∆𝑃𝑓
Where = 0.4 𝑃𝑎⁄𝑚
𝐿

Runs Straight Length (m) Frictional Pressure Loss (Pa)

Room 1 2.7925+1.9 = 4.6925 1.877
Room 2 2.7925+1.9 = 4.6925 1.877
Room 3 2.7925+4.5175+1.95 = 9.26 3.704
Room 4 2.7925+4.5175+0.2675+1.7775 = 9.355 3.742

Step 8: Determine the dynamic pressure loss

To determine the dynamic pressure loss in each duct, we need to find the pressure loss
coefficients in each duct.
At the SD5-25 Cross:
We need 𝑄𝑐 , 𝐴𝑐 , 𝑄𝑏1 , 𝐴𝑏1 , 𝑄𝑏2 , 𝐴𝑏2 , 𝑄𝑠 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑠 to calculate for the needed factors.
Parameters Values
𝑄𝑐 - Section A of the Main Duct (m3/s) 0.593
 𝑄𝑏1- Branch Duct to Room 1 (m3/s) 0.171
𝑄𝑏2- Branch Duct to Room 2 (m3/s) 0.195
𝑄𝑠 - Section B of the Main Duct (m3/s) 0.227
𝐴𝑐 (m2) 0.196
𝐴𝑏1 (m2) 0.078
𝐴𝑏2 (m2) 0.078
𝐴𝑠 (m2) 0.126
𝐴𝑠 /𝐴𝑐 0.643
𝐴𝑏1 /𝐴𝑐 0.398
𝐴𝑏2 /𝐴𝑐 0.398
𝑄𝑏1 /𝑄𝑐 0.288
𝑄𝑏2 /𝑄𝑐 0.329
𝑄𝑠 /𝑄𝑐 0.383

Using tables below, we will interpolate to determine the values of 𝐶𝑏1 , 𝐶𝑏2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑠 .
 𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑏1 𝐴𝑏2 𝐶𝑏1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑏2
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐 0.2 0.288 0.3 0.329 0.4
0.55 0.30 1.56 0.65 0.39
0.38 2.696 1.090 0.598
0.40 2.98 1.20 0.65
0.643 0.38 2.696 1.283 1.090 0.947 0.598
0.80 0.30 1.56 0.65 0.39
0.38 2.696 1.090 0.598
0.40 2.98 1.20 0.65

𝐶𝑏1 = 1.283
𝐶𝑏2 = 0.947
𝐴𝑠 𝑄𝑠
𝐴𝑐 𝑄𝑐
0.3 0.383 0.4
0.6 0.20 0.14
0.643 0.2559 0.174 0.157
0.7 0.33 0.18

𝐶𝑠 = 0.174
At the SD5-10 Tee:
Parameters Values
𝑄𝑐 - Section B of the Main Duct (m3/s) 0.227
𝑄𝑏 - Branch Duct to Room 3 (m3/s) 0.097
𝑄𝑠 - Branch Duct to Room 4 (m3/s) 0.130
𝐴𝑐 (m2) 0.126
𝐴𝑏 (m2) 0.049
𝐴𝑠 (m2) 0.078
𝐴𝑠 /𝐴𝑐 0.619
 𝐴𝑏 /𝐴𝑐 0.389
𝑄𝑏 /𝑄𝑐 0.427
𝑄𝑠 /𝑄𝑐 0.573

𝐶𝑏
𝐴𝑏 𝑄𝑏
𝐴𝑐 𝑄𝑐
0.4 0.427 0.5
0.3 0.39 0.29
0.389 0.621 0.565 0.415
0.4 0.65 0.43

𝐶𝑏 = 0.565
𝐶𝑠
𝐴𝑠 𝑄𝑠
𝐴𝑐 𝑄𝑐
0.4 0.427 0.5
0.6 0.14 0.13
0.619 0.144 0.135 0.132
0.7 0.16 0.14
 𝐶𝑠 = 0.135
At the CD3-5 Elbow:
D (m) 0.3 0.315 0.35
𝐶𝑜 0.26 0.257 0.25

𝐶𝑜 = 0.257
Accessory Pressure Loss
I. Diffuser Loss
Next we will select diffusers for each room with diameters close to the duct sizes.
We will be selecting diffusers from catalogue by Price Industry.
The RCDE series round cone diffusers have nominal duct size diameters close to duct diameters.

Figure 6 RCDE Diffuser

 Pipe Section Pipe Diameters Selected Flow Rate Selected Selected
(mm) Nominal Sizes, (CFM) Velocity Velocity
D Pressure, in. Pressure,
w.g. Pa
Room 1 315 14 362.328 0.010 2.488
Room 2 315 14 413.182 0.010 2.488
Room 3 250 10 205.531 0.010 2.488
Room 4 315 14 275.454 0.010 2.488

II. Filter Loss

We selected filter FKO from Direct Vent - Product Catalogue, that has dimensions close to the main
duct size.
Figure 7FKO Filter Schematic Drawing

Figure 8 FKO Filter

We select the FKD 500 from the series, and we will take the pressure loss across the filter at the
main duct velocity of 3.026 m/s from the graph below.

 We take an approximate 49 Pa Pressure loss across the filter.

Fittings Pressure Loss
Next the pressure loss in each run is calculated as follows:
𝜌𝑉 2
∆𝑃𝑑 = 𝐶0
2
In run 1 (to room 1):
𝐾𝑔
1.225 ∗ [3.026]2
∆𝑃𝑑1 = 1.283 ∗ 𝑚3 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟗𝟔 𝑷𝒂
2
In run 2 (to room 2):
𝐾𝑔
1.225 ∗ [3.026]2
∆𝑃𝑑2 = 0.947 ∗ 𝑚3 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝒂
2
In run 3 (to room 3):
𝐾𝑔 𝐾𝑔
1.225 ∗ [3.026]2 1.225 3 ∗ [1.802]2
∆𝑃𝑑3 = [0.174 ∗ 𝑚3 ] + [0.565 ∗ 𝑚 ] = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒂
2 2

In run 4 (to room 4):

𝐾𝑔 𝐾𝑔 𝐾𝑔
1.225 3 ∗[3.026]2 1.225 3 ∗[1.802]2 1.225 3 ∗[1.667]2
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
∆𝑃𝑑3 = [0.174 ∗ ]+ [0.135 ∗ ]+ [0.257 ∗ ]
2 2 2

∆𝑷𝒅𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝟐 𝑷𝒂
Step 9: Determine the total pressure loss in each run.
Sec Len Flow Pressure Duct Velocity Velocity Fittings Pressure Loss Section
𝑚
tion gth Rate Drop per Size (𝑠) Pressure Pressure Total
(m) (m3/ Meter (m) (Pa) Loss Pressure
Fittin Straight
s) (Pa/m) Factor Loss
gs (Pa)
(C) (Pa)
(Pa)
Sec 2.7 0.59 0.4 0.5 3.026 5.609 1.117 1.117
tion 925 3
A
Cro 3.026 5.609 𝐶𝑏1 7.196 7.196
ss = 1.283
𝐶𝑏2 5.312 5.312
= 0.947
𝐶𝑠 0.976 0.976
= 0.174
Sec 4.5 0.22 0.4 0.4 1.802 1.989 1.807 1.807
tion 175 7
B
Roo 1.9 0.17 0.4 0.31 2.192 2.943 2.488 0.76 3.248
m1 1 5
Roo 1.9 0.19 0.4 0.31 2.5 3.828 2.488 0.76 3.248
m2 5 5
Tee 1.802 1.989 𝐶𝑏 1.124 1.124
= 0.565
𝐶𝑠 0.269 0.269
= 0.135
Roo 1.9 0.09 0.4 0.25 1.980 2.401 2.488 0.78 3.268
m3 5 7
Elb 1.667 1.702 𝐶𝑜 0.437 0.437
ow = 0.257
Roo 2.0 0.13 0.4 0.31 1.667 1.702 2.488 0.818 3.306
m4 45 0 5
Total Pressure Drop = Frictional Pressure Drop + Dynamic Pressure Loss
Run Frictional Dynamic Pressure Loss (Pa) Total Pressure Drop
Pressure Drop (Pa)
(Pa)

Room 1 1.877 7.196 + 2.488 + 49 = 58.684 60.591

Room 2 1.877 5.311 + 2.488 + 49 = 56.799 58.676
Room 3 3.704 2.100 + 2.488 + 49 = 53.588 57.292
Room 4 3.742 1.682 + 2.488 + 49 = 53.170 56.921

 Thus, run 1(duct extending to Room 1) is the index run.

Next we need to balance the system by ensuring equal pressure drop in all the remaining runs by
adding dampers.
For Run 2 (Room 2): Damper size = 60.591 Pa – 58.676 Pa = 1.885 Pa
For Run 3 (Room 3): Damper size = 60.591 Pa – 57.292 Pa = 3.269 Pa
For Run 4 (Room 4): Damper size = 60.591 Pa – 56.921 Pa = 3.649 Pa
Step 9: Select the appropriate fan
The power required to overcome the pressure loss in the duct can be determined by calculating
for power required to overcome the loss in the index run.
Power Required = 𝑃𝑡 ∗ 𝑄𝐴
3
𝑃 = 60.561 𝑃𝑎 ∗ 0.593 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
𝑷 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟗𝟏𝟑 𝑾
Next, we need to prepare a system curve for our duct system, using the index run. And in order
to do so, we have to calculate for equivalent length of the cross fitting to room 1 and the filter.
The section of the duct leading to room 1 can be replaced with pipe having the same diameter as
the main duct (Section A), after which we can calculate for the equivalent length, Leq using the
equation below.
8𝑓𝐿
ℎ𝑙 = 𝑄2
𝜋 2 𝑔𝐷5
3 3
The Q before and after the cross into room 1 is 0.593 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 and 0.171 𝑚 ⁄𝑠.
The static pressure loss in straight ducts section A (main duct) and room 1 is 1.117 Pa and 0.76
Pa.
And the friction factors for both sections of the duct network are calculated as follows:
For Section A:
𝜌𝑉𝐷 1.225 ∗ 3.026 ∗ 0.5
𝑅𝑒 = = = 102,399.17
𝜇 1.81 × 10−5
𝐾𝑔⁄
𝜇 = 1.81 × 10−5 𝑚. 𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝑃
As for duct material, we select a galvanized iron steel (ε=0.15mm) as it last for a very long
time. It's also the most common material used in fabricating ductwork that prevent rusting and
avoid cost of painting.
𝜀 0.15
= = 0.0003
𝐷 500
We will use Haaland’s Equation, since the friction factor can be determined directly, with good
accuracy (within 2% of the value obtained from Colebrook’s equation).

1 6.9 𝜀⁄ 1.11 6.9 0.0003 1.11

= −1.8 log [ +( 𝐷 ) ] = − 1.8 log [ +( ) ] = 7.231
√𝑓 𝑅𝑒 3.7 102,399.17 3.7

𝒇𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟐
For Room 1:
𝜌𝑉𝐷 1.225 ∗ 2.192 ∗ 0.315
𝑅𝑒 = = = 46,731.38
𝜇 1.81 × 10−5
𝜀 0.15
= = 0.0005
𝐷 315

1 6.9 𝜀⁄ 1.11 6.9 0.0005 1.11

= −1.8 log [ +( 𝐷 ) ] = − 1.8 log [ +( ) ] = 6.665
√𝑓 𝑅𝑒 3.7 46,731.38 3.7

𝒇𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟕
Now equating the pressures to find the equivalent length of the duct section leading to room 1.
𝑃1 1.117
=
𝑃2 0.76
𝑃1 = 1.470𝑃2

𝑓1 𝐿1 𝑄1 2 𝑓2 𝐿2 𝑄2 2
= 1.47
𝐷1 5 𝐷2 5
0.372 ∗ 2.7925 ∗ 0.5932 0.387 ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑞 ∗ 0.1712
= 1.47
0.55 0.3155
 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 2.1794 𝑚

Now we will calculate the equivalent length for the fitting, as we have adjusted the smaller
diameter pipe leading to room 1 to have the same diameter and flow rate as the base duct
(Section A of the main duct).
8𝑓𝐿
ℎ𝑙 = 𝑄2
𝜋 2 𝑔𝐷5
𝑃 8𝑓𝐿
= 2 5 𝑄2
𝜌𝑔 𝜋 𝑔𝐷
Pressure lost due to the cross fitting leading to room 1 is 7.196 Pa.
7.196 8 ∗ 0.372 ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑞
= 0.5932
1.225 𝜋 2 0.55
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 1.7313𝑚

3
The equivalent length due to filter will also be taken into account. The filter having 0.593𝑚 ⁄𝑠
flow rate and 0.5m diameter, will have 3.026m/s velocity.
𝜌𝑉𝐷 1.225 ∗ 3.026 ∗ 0.5
𝑅𝑒 = = = 102,399.17
𝜇 1.81 × 10−5

1 6.9 𝜀⁄ 1.11 6.9 0.0003 1.11

= −1.8 log [ + ( 𝐷) ] = − 1.8 log [ +( ) ] = 7.231
√𝑓 𝑅𝑒 3.7 102,399.17 3.7

𝒇𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟐
The pressure drop across the filter is 49 Pa, so the equivalent length will be:
𝑃 8𝑓𝐿
= 2 5 𝑄2
𝜌𝑔 𝜋 𝑔𝐷
49 8 ∗ 0.372 ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑞
= 0.5932
1.225 𝜋 2 0.55
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 11.789 𝑚

So the effective length of the index run is as follows:

𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 2.792𝑚 + 1.731𝑚 + 2.179𝑚 + 11.789 = 18.491𝑚

Now, we can determine the equation for the system curve using the equation we previously used,
as follows:
 𝑃 8𝑓𝐿
= 2 5 𝑄2
𝜌 𝜋 𝐷
𝜌8𝑓𝐿 2
𝑃= 𝑄
𝜋 2 𝐷5
1.225 ∗ 8 ∗ 0.372 ∗ 18.491 2
𝑃= 𝑄
𝜋 2 0.55
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟓𝟔𝟒 𝑸𝟐
Now we will select fan series that can operate under the pressure and flow rate of the designed
duct system.
Selecting AXCPV 400-6-2 fan from the AXCPV series provided by Systemair. The motors of
the selected fans are equipped with PTC thermistors for optimum motor protection. The motor is
speed controllable by frequency converter.

Figure 9 AXCPV 400-6-2 Pressure Vs Flow rate Chart

Figure 10 AXCPV 400-6-2 Power Vs Flow rate Chart

Now drawing the system curve on the above charts will give us the point at which it operates.

From the charts above, we can see that the fan will operate at 10 RPM and around 0.55KW.
The dimensions of the selected fan are shown below.