MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY

1. MARRIAGE
ART. 1 FAMILY CODE
Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and woman entered into in
accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. It is an inviolable social institution
whose nature, consequences, and incidents are governed by law and not subject to stipulation, except
that marriage settlements may fix the property relations during the marriage within the limits provided
by this code.
ESSENTIAL REQUISITES
• Legal Capacity of contracting parties
• Consent freely given in the presence of the solemnizing officer

FORMAL REQUISITES
• Authority of the solemnizing officer
• Marriage License
• Marriage Ceremony

ABSENCE OF BOTH REQUISITES – VOID

DEFECT IN ESSENTIAL REQUISITES – VOIDABLE
IRREGULARITY IN THE FORMAL REQUISITES – VALID (PARTY RESPONSIBLE FOR
IRREGULARITY WILL BE HELD LIABLE)

MARRIAGE MAY BE SOLEMNIZED BY:

• Incumbent member of the judiciary within the court’s jurisdiction (judge)

• Priest, rabbi, imam or minister of church (authorized)
• Ship captain or Airplane Chief (in flight)
• Military commander
• Consul-general, consul or vice-consul

2. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE

MORAL OBLIGATION DOMICILE SUPPORT

• Husband and wife shall
• Obliged to live
fix the family domicile
together
• In terms of disagreement, • Spouses are jointly
• Observe mutual love,
court shall decide responsible for the
respect and fidelity
• Court may exempt one support of the family
• Render mutual help
spouse from living with
and support
the other

3. PROPERTY RELATIONS
Property relations between husband and wife shall be governed in the following order:
a. Marriage Settlements
Future spouses may in the marriage settlements agree upon the regime of:
o Absolute Community – consists of all property owned by the spouses at the time of the
celebration of marriage or acquired thereafter

o Conjugal Partnership of Gains – Husband and wife place in a common fund the proceeds,
fruits, products, and income of their separate properties.

Upon dissolution of marriage or partnership, net gains or benefits obtained by either or both
spouses shall be divided equally.

Conjugal Partnership Property – CONJUGAL – all properties acquired during the

marriage, whether contracted or registered in the name of one or both spouses.
 o Complete Separation of Property – if there is a decree of separation of property, ACP and
CPG shall be liquidated.

Spouses retain ownership, management, and control of their properties before the marriage
and those acquired during (same as to the earnings & fruits). Spouses contribute
proportionally with their income/value of properties.

o Or other regime (not contrary to law)

b. Provisions of this Code

c. Local Customs

4. THE FAMILY
The Family, being the foundation of the nation, is a basic social institution. Consequently, family
relations are governed by law and no custom, practice or agreement destructive of the family shall be
recognized or given effect.
FAMILY RELATIONS INCLUDE THOSE:
o Between husband and wife
o Between parents and children
o Among other descendants and ascendants
o Among brothers and sisters (whether full or half-blood)

PATERNITY MATERNITY FILIATION

Civil status of father with Civil status of mother with Status of the child in relation
respect to child respect to child to the father or the mother

Filiation of Children: by NATURE or ADOPTION

NATURAL FILIATION – legitimate and illegitimate

• LEGITIMATE – children conceived/born during the marriage of the parents

Legitimate children shall have the right to:
o Bear the surnames of the father and the mother
o Receive support from the parents, ascendants, and in proper cases, their brothers and
sisters
o Be entitled to the legitimate and other successional rights granted to them by the civil code

• ILLEGITIMATE – children conceived/born outside a valid marriage are illegitimate

• LEGITIMATED- illegitimate children who, because of the subsequent marriage of their parents, are
by legal fiction, considered legitimate.

5. TYPES OF MARRIAGE
VOID MARRIAGE – inexistent from the time of performance
void ab initio – void from the beginning:
o Below 18
o Solemnized by a person not legally authorized
o No license
o Bigamous or polygamous marriages
o Contracted through mistake of identity of another
o Subsequent marriages void under Art. 53
o Psychologically incapacitated spouse
Void from the beginning for reasons of public policy:
o Blood relatives
o Step-parent & step-children
o Parents-in-law & children-in-law
o Adopting parent & adopted child
o Surviving spouse of the adopting parent & child
o Surviving spouse of the adopted child and adopter
 o Adopted child and legitimate child of adopter
o Adopted children of same adopter
o When a spouse killed the spouse of someone he/she wanted to marry or own spouse.
VOIDABLE MARRIAGE – valid until annulled by competent court
Marriage may be annulled:
o 18 and below 21 (no parental consent)
o Unsound mind
o Consent was obtained by fraud
o Consent was obtained by force, intimidation or undue influence
o Physically incapable of consummating the marriage
o Afflicted with a sexually transmissible disease
FAMILY DISORGANIZATION
1. FAMILY AND DISORGANIZATION
FAMILY – a group of persons united by the ties of marriage, blood, or adoption, constituting a single
household and interacting with each other in their respective social positions, usually those of spouses,
parents, children, and siblings.
ORGANIZATION – The disturbance of a systematic arrangement causing disorder and confusion; a
breaking up of order or system; disunion or disruption of constituent parts
FAMILY DISORGANIZATION – it is a breakdown of a family system. It may be associated with parental
overburdening or loss of significant others who served as role models for children or support systems
for family members. Family disorganization can contribute to the loss of social controls that families
usually impose on their members.
2. IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY
IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY

• Balance life and Socialization Process

• Emotional, Economic, and Social Support
• Collaboration between Status and Role
• Fulfillment of Need
• Attitude and Value Equality
• Unity of Objectives
• Personal Ambitions and Growth
• Future Planning and Support

3. FORMS OF FAMILY DISORGANIZATION

ANNULMENT – a process which makes the marriage null and void
LEGAL SEPARATION/RELATIVE DIVORCE – embodied in the fam code
DIVORCE – is a result of disagreement between marital partners
The EMPTY SHELL family

• Members no longer feel satisfying emotional relations with each other

• Members do not quarrel with each other; do not discuss problems with each other and
communication is minimum
• Members perform mutual obligation
• Family is kept together, not by love but by outside pressure
The QUERIDA system

• This system is more common in higher-income households

• Major causes of family conflicts

4. CAUSES AND EFFECT OF FAMILY DISORGANIZATION

CAUSES OF FAMILY DISORGANIZATION

• Physical
 • Economic
• Social
• Political
• Psychological
EFFECTS OF FAMILY DISORGANIZATION

• Stress
• Anxiety
• Poor performance at work/school
• Mental disorder/illness
• Sense of insecurity and loneliness
GRAFT AND CORRUPTION
CORRUPTION
- the abuse of entrusted power for private gain
- Corruption erodes trust, weakens democracy, hampers economic development and further exacerbates
inequality, poverty, social division and the environmental crisis.
- Exposing corruption and holding the corrupt to account can only happen if we understand the way
corruption works and the systems that enable it.
Corruption can take many forms, can include behaviors like:

• public servants demanding or taking money or favours in exchange for services,

• politicians misusing public money or granting public jobs or contracts to their sponsors, friends and
families,
• corporations bribing officials to get lucrative deals
Corruption can happen anywhere:

• in business, government, the courts, the media, and in civil society, as well as across all sectors
from health and education to infrastructure and sports.
Corruption can involve anyone:

• politicians, government officials, public servants, business people or members of the public.
Corruption happens in the shadows, often with the help of professional enablers such as bankers, lawyers,
accountants and real estate agents, opaque financial systems and anonymous shell companies that allow
corruption schemes to flourish and the corrupt to launder and hide their illicit wealth.
Corruption adapts to different contexts and changing circumstances. It can evolve in response to
changes in rules, legislation and even technology.
PETTY CORRUPTION – refers to everyday abuse entrusted power by low- and mid-level public officials in
their interactions with ordinary citizens, who often are trying to access basic goods or services in places like
hospitals, schools, police department and other agencies.
POLITICAL CORRUPTION - Political corruption can be two forms. One is which includes both accumulation
and extraction and where government officials and abuse their hold and power to extract from the private
sector, from government revenues, and from the economy at large.
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Corruption always involves more than one person.
• On the whole, it involves secrecy.
• It involves deception
• In any form, it is the betrayal of the public trust.
• It violates the duty and responsibility within the civil order.

What role can the media play in tackling corruption?

The media can serve many important functions, not just exposing corruption but also sustaining an open and
transparent flow of information and fostering a climate of opinion that is increasingly intolerant of corruption.
IMPACT OF CORRUPTION
Organizational
• financial loss
• damage to employee morale
• damage to organizations reputation
• organizational focus and resources diverted away from delivering core business and services to the
community.
Individual
• disciplinary action
• termination of employment
• criminal charges
• may effect relationships (family, friends, and colleagues)
Community
• wasted taxpayer funds
• loss of goods and services
• lower community confidence in public authorities

How to fight and prevent corruption

Speaking up and making a complaint helps to:
• expose corrupt activities and risks that may otherwise remain hidden
• keep the public sector honest, transparent and accountable
• helps stop dishonest practices
GRAFT – the act of taking advantage of your political position or government job by taking money or property
in dishonest or fraudulent ways.
When an official abuses their authority by undermining the procurement process and misdirecting
public funds to benefit specific private interests, their actions may be characterized as political graft.
CORRUPTION – form of dishonesty or criminal offense undertaken by a person or organization entrusted with
a position of authority, to acquire illicit benefit or abuse power for one’s private gain.
Political corruption occurs when an office-holder or other government employee acts in an official
capacity for personal gain.
HISTORY OF GRAFT AND CORRUPTION IN THE PHILIPPINES

• It is believed that as early as Spanish Colonial Period there has already been existing corruption in
the government.
• Filipinos were only allowed to hold low ranking offices.
• There was an institution called RESIDENCIA, which required the bureaucrats in the colonies to
render, at the end of their terms, an account of their conduct while in office.
• The American Colonial Period was not without corruption. In fact, it was during this time that there
were actual records and cases of corruption.
• William Cameron Forbes, a former Secretary of Commerce and Police, and later on became
Governor-General, was accused for purchasing “the best site” in Baguio City, for which he paid a
ridiculously low price.
TYPES OF CORRUPTION IN THE PHILIPPINES

• TAX EVASION - happens when a public official intentionally avoids paying any tax under the Tax
Code of the Phils. This can be done through various means such as not reporting income, claiming
false deductions, or hiding assets and income.
• GHOST PROJECTS AND PAYROLLS – this is done by high officials of the government whereby
non-existing projects are financed by the government while non-existing personnel or pensioners
are being paid salaries & allowances. This practice is rampant in government agencies involved in
formulation and implementation of programs and projects particularly in infrastructure and in the
granting of salaries, allowances, and pension benefits.

• EVASION OF PUBLIC BIDDINGS IN AWARDING OF CONTRACTS – government offices,

particularly Bids & Awards Committees (BAC) forego the awarding of contracts through public
bidding or award these contracts to favored business enterprises or contractors. Sometimes,
members of bids and awards committees are very subjective of awarding the contract to those who
can provide them with personal benefits.

• PASSING OF CONTRACTS – in the construction of infrastructure projects, contractors have the

practice of passing the work from one contractor to another and in the process, certain percentage
 of the project value is retained by each contractor and sub-contractors resulting to the use of
substandard materials or even unfinished projects.

• NEPOTISM AND FAVORITISM – government officials particularly those occupying high positions
tend to cause the appointment or employment of relatives and close friends to government
positions even if they are not qualified or eligible to discharge the functions of that office. This is one
of the root causes of inefficiency and the overflowing of government employees in the bureaucracy.

• EXTORTION – this is done by government officials against their clients by demanding money,
valuable items, or service from ordinary citizens who transact business with them or their office.
This is rampant in agencies issuing clearances in the recruitment of personnel, or those performing
services that directly favor ordinary citizens.

• PROTECTION MONEY/TONG – this is a form of history which is done by citizens performing illegal
activities and operations. They deliver huge amount of money to government officials, particularly
those in charge of enforcing the law in exchange for unhampered illegal operation. The law
enforcement officer who receives the money will be duty-bound to protect the citizen concerned
together with his illegal activities from other law enforcement authorities. This is practices mostly by
gambling lords and those engaged in business without the necessary permits.

• BRIBERY – the “Lagay” system or the act of citizens to bribe government officials occupying
sensitive positions in government is perpetuated due to bureaucratic red tape. The most frequently
employed method is offering a considerable amount of money to a government official who can
facilitate the issuance of the desired documents in agencies issuing licenses, permits, clearances,
and those agencies deputized to make decisions on particular issues.

CAUSES OF GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

• Personal greed
• Low awareness or lack of courage to denounce corrupt behavior
• Cultural environment that condones corruption
• Lack of transparency
• Slow judicial process
• Lack or moral criteria in promotions
• Downplaying or reacting mildly to corruption charges
EFFECTS OF GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

• Intensifying the gap between the rich and the poor

• Loss of integrity of public officials
• Loss of credibility of public institution
• Economic depletion
• Environmental and social effects
• Insufficiency on Humanitarian Aid
COMBATTING GRAFT AND CORRUPTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
ANTI-GRAFT AND CORRUPTION LAWS

• RA NO. 3019: Anti-graft and corrupt practices act of 1960

This law enumerates all corrupt practices of any public officer, declares them unlawful and provide
the corresponding penalties of imprisonment (between 6-15 years) perpetual disqualification from
public office, and confiscation of forfeiture of unexplained wealth in favor of the government.

• RA. NO. 6713: Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees of 1989
This act promotes a high standard of ethics and requires all government personnel to make an
accurate statement of assets and liabilities, disclosure of net worth and financial connections.

• RA.NO. 7080: Act Defining and Penalizing the Crime of Plunder

This act penalizes any public officer who by himself orin connivance with members of his family,
relatives, by affinity or consanguinity, business associates, accumulates or acquires ill-gotten
wealth, through a combination of series of event criminal acts, an aggregate amount to total value
of atleast fifty million pesos (P50,000,000.00).
 • PD NO. 677
This law requires the Statement of Assets and Liabilities to be submitted every year
ANTI-GRAFT AND CORRUPTION BODIES

• OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN – investigates and acts on complaints files against public officials
and employees, and serves as the people’s watchdog of the government

• CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION (CSC) - The CSC is the central personnel agency of the
government which is mandated to establish a career service and promote morality, efficiency,
integrity, responsiveness, progressiveness, and courtesy in the civil service. It shall also strengthen
the merit and rewards systems, human resource development, and public accountability. It has
jurisdiction over administrative cases including graft and corruption brought before it on appeal.

• COMMISSION ON AUDIT (COA) - COA is the watchdog of the financial operations of the
government. It is empowered to examine, audit, and settle all accounts pertaining to the revenue
and receipts of, and expenditures or uses of funds and property under the custody of the
government agencies and instrumentalities. It shall promulgate accounting and auditing rules and
regulations for the prevention and disallowance of irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant,
or unconscionable expenditures, or use of government funds and properties.

• SANDIGANBAYAN - the Anti-Graft Court of the Philippines. It has jurisdiction over civil and criminal
cases involving graft and corruption and such other offenses committed by public officers and
employees. Itis in charge of maintaining morality, integrity, and efficiency in the public service.

• OTHER ANTI-CORRUPTION BODIES

o The Department of Justice (DOJ)
o The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
o Philippine National Police (PNP)
o The Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCCG)
o The Presidential Commission against Graft & Corruption
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

• Power of the People

• Cutting off the Red Tape
• Stricter Sanctions
• Freedom of Information Bill/Transparency
• Intensified monitoring of Statement of assets, liabilities and networth (SALN) of all public official and
employee
• Candidate list filtering
• Education
THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH PROBLEM
DEFINITION

• HEALTH CARE
- The specific things that people do: see a patient or prescribe a medication
• HEALTHCARE
- An industry, the system by which people get the health care they need
• EPIDEMIC
- A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
• LEGISLATION
- The preparing and enacting of laws by local, state, or national legislatures
• HUMAN RESOURCES
- The personnel of a business or organization, especially when regarded as a significant asset
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Pre-Colonial Period
Healing practices were first documented in the 16th century at the start of Spanish colonization, so it’s hard to
tell how early they began.
The BABAYLANS OR SHAMANS — who were women but also men who dressed as women or changed
genders — maintained culture, religion, and medicine for their tribes, and communicated with spirits that were
thought to be associated with natural phenomena
Pre-Colonial Period, 1565
Traditional Filipino medicine takes a holistic view of the individual, including environmental factors that affect a
person’s physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being.
According to Apostol, the TRADITIONAL FILIPINO MEDICAL SYSTEM WAS COMPOSED OF VARIOUS
SPECIALTIES: midwifery, pulse diagnosis, bonesetting, herbology, suction cupping, skin scraping, herbal
steam and smoke, energy medicine, and other forms of metaphysical healing.
Each area and group of people had their own set of healers, who passed down their knowledge to children at
an early age.
Along with other cultural traditions, the healing arts began to fade in the 17th century, and continued with the
introduction of hospitals and Western medicine after the Americans arrived.
Colonial Period (Spanish Occupation), 1565-1898
As the Spanish were exposed to the unfamiliar environment of the Philippines, they were stricken with foreign
diseases. To combat this, they created hospitals especially for their health. Some of the first health institutions
in the country were handled by Spanish friars.
Hospital Real
Built in Cebu in 1565, Hospital Real was the first hospital in the Philippines. It was relocated to Manila to
accompany the government. The hospital aimed to nurse the Spanish army and navy, those inflicted with
disease, and military casualties.
Colonial Period (Spanish Occupation), 1565-1898
Hospital de Naturales
Fray Juan Clemente, a 54-year-old botanist, and lay brother were instrumental in the conception of the
Hospital de Naturales. He often made medicine for the many people who begged outside the convent, until
eventually, the number of patients grew too large for accommodations.
Hospital de San Lazaro
Although previously the Hospital de Naturales, the hospital was renamed after Japanese emperor Iemitsu sent
150 lepers. Although viewed as a hostile act to the church for its growing influence in Japan, the lepers were
taken care of by the hospital, the clergy, and the community. As such, the Hospital de Naturales became
known as the Hospital de San Lazaro, after the patron saint of lepers.
Colonial Period (American Occupation), 1898-1918
After the end of Spanish rule, the Filipino Revolutionary Government was established, including a Bureau of
Public Health. Although the Americans had been an ally in the fight against the Spaniards, the Americans soon
seized control of the Philippines, with the mission to “uplift and civilize”.
Under General Wesley Merritt, a Board of Health for supervising public health was established on September
29, 1898. The Board of Health’s biggest challenge was smallpox, which they battled by standardizing vaccine
production and campaigning for vaccination.
Despite American efforts, public sanitation was dismal, and diseases were still spreading. Manila faced
Bubonic plague; smallpox still spread in provinces; lepers roamed the streets.
Laws requiring vaccination and isolation of infected were ignored by the public. On July 1, 1901, The Board of
Health for the Philippine Islands was established. The Board soon became the Insular Board of Health as
provincial and municipal boards were created.
The Insular Board of Health was given the power to draft legislation for sanitary and medical practices in the
Philippines. They were tasked with studying diseases and prevention methods, as well as overseeing public
health.
The Filipinization of Health, 1918-1941
Under the Jones Law and the governance of Governor-General Francis Harrison, the Filipinos were slowly
allowed to practice self-governance. The Department of Public Instruction, one of the four executive
departments of the government, was in charge of the Philippine Health Service.
The Department of Public Instruction was managed by Dr. Victor Heiser, during whose term the Philippine
General Hospital was put up. The Filipinization of Health Services started when Dr. Vicente de Jesus, the first
Filipino Assistant Director of the Department of Public Instruction, became Director in 1919.
Succeeding Harrison was Leonard Wood. Together with ex Governor-General William Forbes, Wood found the
health status of the Philippines to be below par. Cases of typhoid, tuberculosis, and other preventable diseases
were rampant. Facilities and trained medical personnel were insufficient to care for the almost ten million
Filipinos.
Under Wood’s administration, importance was given to health education, especially for mothers and young
children. Prevention rather than treatment was a key strategy, and Act No. 3029 required school children to go
through a health examination at least once a year. There were also initiatives to increase the number of Filipino
health workers, such as the establishment of the School of Public Health and Hygiene.
After Wood, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. became Governor-General in 1932. He abolished several medical
agencies and combined them under the Bureau of Health and Public Welfare. Roosevelt focused on educating
the public on health. Through the Bureau of Health’s pamphlet publication “The Health Messenger” , public
radio, posters, and festivals for lectures on health, Roosevelt was able to increase public health awareness.
On May 31, 1939, the Department of Health and Public Welfare was established through Commonwealth Act
430. By now, the Tydings-McDuffie Act had been ratified, and the Philippines was on its way to independence.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
The Department of Health is the executive department of the government of the Philippines responsible for
ensuring access to basic public health services by all Filipinos through the provision of quality health care, and
the regulation of all health services and products.
3 MAJOR ROLES:
o Leadership in health
o Enabler and capacity builder
o Administrator of specific services
Its mandate is to develop national plans, technical standards, and guidelines on health. Aside from being the
regulator of all health services and products, the DOH is the provider of special tertiary health care services
and technical assistance to health providers and stakeholders.
EPIDEMICS & STATISTICS
HEALTH CARE FINANCING
PUBLIC HEALTHCARE
In general, public hospitals and other public facilities handle preventive and primary care in the Philippines.
Private facilities provide specialized care in areas such as cardiovascular disease or orthopedics.
Barangay (village) health stations and local health centers meet much of the country’s primary care needs.
Public hospitals have sometimes struggled with staffing levels, as care providers can often find better-paying
jobs in the private sector or by moving overseas. Due to the issues with staffing and the fact that more patients
seek care at these facilities, treatment delays are not uncommon at public hospitals. Those who can afford it
often turn to private settings.
PRIVATE SECTORS
In the Philippines, as in most other nations, private treatment provides several additional benefits to patients.
Newer, cleaner and more comfortable facilities are available. Staff are multilingual and wait times are less.
Private care in the Philippines usually means additional comfort for patients. With fewer people seeking care,
it’s often faster to obtain treatment. Plus private facilities have more up-to-date equipment.
EPIDEMICS & STATISTICS
MOSY NOTABLE EPIDEMICS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY:

• SMALL POX – Charles IV of Spain, smallpox vaccine

• BUBONIC PLAGUE – rats and fleas
• CHOLERA – Pasig River, red Cross, Apolinario Mabini (carabao’s milk)
• DENGUE – most well-known and feared tropical disease
• MEASLES – 2017-2019, largest outbreak in Western Pacific Region (WHO)
HEALTHCARE FINANCING – Expenditure of the Filipino People in Healthcare
AVERAGE – P 8,216 for healthcare goods and services in 2020
PhilHealth – program providing affordable universal coverage, covers all kinds of medical care (preventive,
curative, and rehabilitation services) 90% of population are members
6 MAJOR GROUPS:

• FORMAL SECTOR: Workers employed by public and private companies

• INDIGENTS: Impoverished people subsidized by the national government
• SPONSORED MEMBERS: People subsidized by their local governments
• LIFETIME MEMBERS: Retirees and pensioners who previously paid 120 months of premiums
• SENIOR CITIZENS: A category open to those who are 60 years of age or older, and who do not
qualify as Lifetime Members
• THE INFORMAL ECONOMY: Self-employed people, migrant workers, and overseas Filipino
workers; expats who are legally living in the Philippines are eligible to join PhilHealth in this
category
LEGISLATION
Laws regarding health care in the Philippines:
Republic Act 349 – Legalizes the use of human organs for surgical, medical and scientific purposes.
Republic Act 1054 – Requires the owner, lessee or operator of any commercial, industrial or agricultural
establishment to furnish free emergency, medical and dental assistance to his employees and laborers.
Republic Act 1080 – Civil Service Eligibility Republic Act 1082 – Rural Health Unit
Act Republic Act 1136 – Act recognizing the Division of Tuberculosis in the DOH
Republic Act 1612 – Privilege Tax/Professional tax/omnibus tax should be paid January 31 of each year
Republic Act 1891 – Act strengthening Health and Dental services in the rural areas
Republic Act 2382 – Philippine Medical Act which regulates the practice of medicines in the Philippines
Republic Act 2644 – Philippine Midwifery Act
Republic Act 3573 – Law on reporting of Communicable Diseases
Republic Act 4073 – Liberalized treatment of Leprosy
Republic Act 4226 – Hospital Licensure Act requires all hospital to be licensed before it can operative
Republic Act 5181 – Act prescribing permanent residence and reciprocity as qualifications for any examination
or registration for the practice of any profession in the Philippines
Republic Act 5821 – The Pharmacy Act Republic Act 5901 – 40 hours work for hospital workers
Republic Act 6111 – Medicare Act
Republic Act 6365 – Established a National Policy on Population and created the Commission on population
Republic Act 6425 – Dangerous Drug Act of 1992
Republic Act 6675 – Generics Act of 1988
Republic Act 6713 – Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees
Republic Act 6725 – Act strengthening the prohibition on discrimination against women with respect to terms
and condition of employment
Republic Act 6727 – Wage Rationalization Act
Republic Act 6758 – Standardized the salaries
Republic Act 7164 – Philippine Nursing Act of 1991
Republic Act 7170 – Law that govern organ donation
Republic Act 7192 – Women in development nation building
Republic Act 7277 – Magna Carta of Disabled Persons
HUMAN RESOURCES
THE MIGRATION AND RESIGNATION OF THE PHILIPPINE HEALTHCARE WORKERS
Recent news reports in the Philippines highlighted that Filipino nurses are resigning to work abroad. In the first
two to three weeks of October 2021 alone, it was noted that about 5% to 10% of nurses working in private
hospitals have resigned.
In another 2021 news report, a hospital director in a city mentioned that their nursing staff had decreased from
200 to 63 over the past year.
Overall, about 40% of nurses in private hospitals have resigned since the pandemic began. Thus, hospitals in
the Philippines may be understaffed due to the dwindling number of nurses during the pandemic.
Among the commonly cited reasons for the resignation remained to be low wages. An entry-level nurse
working in a public hospital starts with a monthly salary of about PHP33 575 (about US$670), while those
working in private hospitals may start with as little as PHP8000 (about US$160).
These wages may not be enough to cover the cost of living in the Philippines. For example, the estimated cost
of living in Metro Manila, the largest Philippine metropolitan area, is PHP50 798 (about US$1080).
Some of the nurses even go to work without benefits and hazard pay, despite the heightened health risks and
threats during the pandemic.
Despite the need for livable wages and just benefits for Filipino nurses, the Philippine government responded
by banning and limiting them from living and working abroad, so they could serve as a “reserve force” as the
country navigates through the pandemic. This deployment ban was largely questioned due to its possible
unconstitutionality, violation of the right to travel and earn a living wage and negative effect on the Philippine
economy.
Given the chronic understaffing, low wages, unsafe working conditions, and deployment bans, Filipino nurses
have expressed their exhaustion and dismay with statements such as “We don 't feel cared for” and “We feel
exhausted...but we always keep in mind that we have to help our people because...no one else will”.
Eventually, some of them may leave the profession or try to go abroad since “it' s really not worth being a
nurse at home”.
This seemed to be the sentiment of nurses and other health care worker groups who have announced their
mass resignation from the Philippine health care system
Filipino health-care workers have not been immune to the growing violence and impunity in the country since
President Duterte took office in 2016. Since 2017, at least ten doctors have been violently killed in various
regions of the Philippines. Six were killed in 2017 alone.
In 2020, Mary Rose Sancelan, a city health officer in Negros Oriental, and the only doctor serving in the
province ' s COVID-19 pandemic response, was shot dead with her husband. She was previously red-tagged
by a local anti-communist vigilante group. In December, 2021, Raul Andutan, a surgeon and medical director in
Cagayan De Oro, was killed in broad daylight for a reported bounty of US$3000.
MARCOS ADMINISTRATION ON HEALTH CARE
President Marcos shared long-term health plans for his administration, which include priority bills to establish a
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as establishing a Vaccine Institute. Aligned with the new
administration’s calls for more affordable medicine and bringing healthcare closer to families, the Department
continues to further realize the Universal Health Care Act around the country for the benefit of every Juan and
Juana
DRUG ABUSE
HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
PRE-SPANISH PERIOD: BEFORE 1521

• The native practices which were closest to addiction were betel chewing and the use of alcoholic
intoxicants.
SPANISH RULE AND OCCUPATION: 1565-1898

• Looking into the account ‘written by the chroniclers of the Magellan expedition, no mention of
narcotic drug addiction was found.
• The earliest mention of opium in the Philippines’ southern islands was made in about 1609. The
traffickers were the Dutch and the origin was most probably the east coast of India.
• Drug control laws prohibited the use of opium by the native Filipinos and other people except the
Chinese.
AMERICAN ERA: 1901-1946

• March 1, 1908, total ban of opium was affected. The Harrison Narcotic Act of the United States was
enforced in the Philippines
PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC: JULY 4, 1946 TO EARLY 1959

• Narcotic drug addiction by this era had already taken various types of methods
CASES OF DRUG ABUSE IN THE PHILIPPINES

DRUG USERS IN THE PHILIPPINES

2019 2003
1.67 1.8
2015
1.2

2012
1.3

2004
6.7

IMPACTS OF DRUG ADDICTION ON FAMILY MEMBERS

HOW ADDICTION AFFECTS CHILDREN?

• Children who live with an addicted parent grow up in an unpredictable environment filled with
secrecy and role reversal
• There is a much higher possibility of abuse or violence against these children
HOW ADDICTION AFFECTS PARENTS?

• Parents who have a child with an addiction problem have a unique set of difficulties. They’re
constantly plagued by worry about their safety and well-being. They may feel responsible for their
child’s path and wonder where they went wrong.
HOW ADDICTION AFFECTS SIBLINGS?

• These siblings feel various emotions like confusion, frustration, shame, resentment, and more.
Parents tend to be consumed by the sibling with the addiction problem
• Some siblings take the path of refusing to follow the path their brother or sister took
EFFECTS OF ADDICTION ON A FAMILY

• Financial hardship
• Fear and confusion
• Increased risk of abuse
• Broken families
• More addiction in family
SOCIETAL ROLE IN DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION
1. THE INDIVIDUAL
- Primary role of the individual is to improve his personality and develop and traits and
characteristics that would help him build-up his self-concept, thereby making himself confident

2. THE FAMILY
- Parents are looked upon by their children as models. Parent have a major impact on child’s
decision not to use tobacco, alcohol, and drugs

3. THE SCHOOL
- The school take the responsibility of preventing the feeling of insecurity and rejection of the child
which can contribute directly to maladjustment and to criminality by setting up objectives of
developing the child into a well-integrated and useful, law-abiding citizens

4. THE CHURCH
- The church is also committed to fighting against drug abuse. Religion is a positive force for the
humanitarian task of moral guidance of the youth

5. THE POLICE
- The police are one of the most powerful occupation groups in modern society. The prime mover
of the criminal justice system and the number one institution in the community with the broad
goals of maintaining peace and order, the protection of life and property, and the enforcement of
the laws

6. THE GOVERNMENT AND THE OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE CJS

- The government and the other components of the criminal justice system is the organized
authority that enforced the laws of the land and the most powerful in the control of people

7. THE NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS

- The group of concerned individuals responsible for helping the government in the pursuit of
community development being partners of providing the common good and welfare of the
people through public service

8. THE MASS MEDIA

- The media is the best institution for information dissemination thereby giving the public the
necessary need to know, and do help shape everyday views about drug abuse, its control and
prevention
APPROACHES TO DRUG PROBLEM
MAJOR APPROACHES:
A. THE LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH
On June 7, 2002, the RA 9165, “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002”, was signed into law by
then Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to curb the growing problem on drug abuse in our country.
B. THE TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION APPROACH

1. Treatment - the medical service rendered to a client for the effective management of physical and
mental conditions related to drug abuse.

2. Rehabilitation- the dynamic process directed towards the physical, emotional/psychological,

vocational, social and spiritual change to prepare a person for the fullest life compatible with his
capabilities and potentialities, and render him able to become a law abiding and productive member
of the community without abusing drugs.

C. THE EDUCATION APPROACH

Drug abuse prevention education is concerned with bringing about changes in the people’s knowledge,
attitudes and practices towards drug abuse. It utilizes a variety of approaches and methods whereby
people go through teaching-learning process, and which may be planned, implemented and evaluated
through the barangay organized groups and other organizations and agencies in the community
 SIX STRATEGIES

• Drug Education
• Drug Information
• Alternatives
• Interventions
• Small Group Approach
• Community Approach

D. THE INTERNATIONAL EEFFORTS AGAINST DRUG ABUSE

The United Nation International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) was established in 1991 pursuant to
General assembly Resolution 45/179 of 21 December 1990. The UNDCP is mandated by the General
Assembly with the exclusive responsibility leadership for all United Nation Drug Control activities in
order to ensure coherence of actions, coordination, and non-duplication of such activities in the United
Nation System.
ECOLOGY
- is a term derived from Greek meaning learning about (“logos”) the ecosystems, where “eco” comes
from the Greek word “oikos” meaning “household.
- branch of biology that studies how organisms interact with their environment and other organisms.
Every organism experiences complex relationships with other organisms of its species, and organisms
of different species. These complex interactions lead to different selective pressures on organisms.
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Problems of environment are also problems of ecology because environment is really a center of all ecological
research. Climate change, all sorts of pollution, deforestation, endangered animals, these are all ecological
problems since ecology uses scientific approach to find potential solutions to these problems. Though ecology
has evolved tremendously since its beginnings and became one of the most comprehensive scientific
disciplines it doesn't have all the right solutions to these problems.
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES
As one of the fastest-growing countries in Asia, the Philippines faces many environmental challenges.
Ineffective management seriously degrades the country’s significant biodiversity resources; water and air
pollution levels exceed generally accepted healthy standards; greenhouse gas emissions are increasing from
the transport and power sectors; and the country is ranked as one of the world’s most vulnerable to the
impacts of environmental disasters.
For the Philippines to become a more stable, prosperous and well-governed nation, the country must become
more environmentally resilient to recover quickly.
FOUR BIGGEST ENVIRONEMTAL ISSUES IN THE PHILLIPPINES IN 2022
o AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution in the Philippines stems from the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil. Considering that
53% of the population is without access to clean fuels and technology for cooking, this is bound to
further exacerbate air quality in the long run.
o PLASTIC POLLUTION
Much like any rapidly developing country, the Philippines faces unsustainable plastic consumption due
to an inefficient recycling system. Estimates show that the country loses around 890 million dollars to
unrecycled plastic products.
o MARINE POLLUTION
Marine Pollution accounts for one of the most pressing environmental issues in the Philippines.
Depicting the state of marine pollution in the Philippines, Theresa Lazaro, the country’s Foreign Affairs
Undersecretary, cited reports that “there would be more plastics than fish by 2050, while oceans would
be overheated and acidified if people fail to act now”.
o SEA LEVEL RISE
Floods have been recurrent in the Philippines in 2022. This comes at the back of the country topping
this year’s World Rise Index, which assesses sea level rise (a cause of coastal flooding) as one of its
indicators.
IS ECOLOGY IMPORTANT IN OUR COMMUNITY?
Ecology allows us to understand the effects our actions have on our environment. It helps guide conservation
efforts by first showing the primary means by which the problems we experience within our environment begin.
WHAT CAN WE DO TO HELP RESOLVE THESE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS?

• ON A PERSONAL LEVEL
- Joining a community can be one of the best ways to increase your impact.
• ON A PROFESSIONAL LEVEL
- Maintain your career path but consider donating a portion of your income to organizations that
are focused on achieving meaningful & impactful goals.
• ON A POLITICAL LEVEL
- Join organizations that are organizing climate actions and protests locally, whether in your city
or even at school.
- Vote (if you can) for politicians who will champion effective climate action by governments.
POVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES
WHAT IS POVERTY?
WORLD BANK ORGANIZATION - Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not
being able to see a doctor. Poverty is not having access to school and not knowing how to read. Poverty is not
having a job, is fear for the future, living one day at a time.
JAMES CHEN - Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources
and essentials for a minimum standard of living. Poverty means that the income level from employment is so
low that basic human needs can't be met.
ECONOMIC TIMES - Poverty is a state or situation in which a person or a group of people don't have enough
money or the basic things they need to live.
PHILIPPINES’ LATEST POVERTY STATISTICS
19.99 million individuals are living below poverty line = 18.1% of the population
From 16.7% to 18.1% (Poverty Incidence)
CAUSES OF POVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Low to moderate economic growth;

• Unemployment;
• Failure to fully develop the agriculture sector;
• High inflation during crisis periods;
• Overpopulation; Income inequality;
• Recurrent shocks and exposure to risks such as economic crises, conflicts, natural disasters, and "
environmental poverty."
EXTREME EFFECTS OF POVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Inability to afford housing

• Malnutrition in the Philippines
• Child labor
• Crime and thievery
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO ALLEVIATE POVERTY

• Greater access to education

• More job opportunities
• Greater access to healthcare
• More poverty alleviation programs
“Overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is an act of justice. It is the protection of a fundamental
human right, the right to dignity and a decent life.” – NELSON MANDELA