Biology INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT
‘HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES’
Session 2022 - 23

Submitted By: Submitted To:

- ROHIT YADAV - Dr. REKHA KUMARI
- SCHOOL ROLL NO.- 068
- CBSE Roll No.- - SUBJECT TEACHER’S SIGN- ___________
- CLASS- XII
- SECTION – PCB - EXAMINER’S SIGN-___________________
- SUBJECT- BIOLOGY
- SUBJECT CODE- 044 - PRINCIPAL’S SIGN- __________________
1 Vajpayee Ekana Cricket Stadium, Lucknow – 226002
C G City, ChakGanjaria, Near Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari
http://www.thesanskriti.edu.in I contact@thesanskriti.edu.in
+ 91 77030 00081 / 83, 75220 86139

Local Roots, Global Education

 AIM

TO STUDY VARIOUS COMMON

DISEASES IN HUMAN
(bacterial, viral and
protozoan)
 CERTIFICATE BY GUIDE
This is to certify that MASTER ROHIT YADAV, of Class XII
(PCB) of The Sanskriti School Lucknow, has completed his
project file under my guidance and supervision. He has taken
properly all the data and performed the steps properly for
completing his project. I certify that this project is up to my
expectation and as per the guidelines of CBSE as required for
the partial fulfilment of the higher secondary school certificate.

Teacher’s Name: Dr. Rekha Kumari

Signature:
 DECLARATION BY STUDENT
I hereby declare that the project entitled “Common diseases in
Humans” has been prepared by me during the year 2022-23
under the guidance of Dr. Rekha Kumari as per the guidelines
of CBSE required for the partial fulfilment of the higher
secondary school certificate.
I also declare that this project is the outcome of my own
efforts, that it has not been submitted to any other school for
the award of senior secondary school certificate.

ROHIT YADAV
XII (PCB)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to my
teacher Dr. Rekha ma’am as well as our Founder Principal
Dr. Padma Hariharan ma’am who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful investigatory project, which
also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know
about so many new things.

I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped

me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.

ROHIT YADAV
XII (PCB)
 PREFACE
Biology is the youngest of the formalized disciplines of
natural science. Progress in physics and chemistry
proceeded much faster than in Biology. Applications of
physics and chemistry in our daily life also have a higher
visibility than those of biology. However, twentieth century
and certainly twenty-first century has demonstrated the
utility of biological knowledge in furthering human welfare,
be it in health sector or agriculture. The discovery of
antibiotics, and synthetic plant-derived drugs, anesthetics
have changed medical practice on one hand and human
health on the other hand. Life expectancy of human beings
have dramatically changed over the years.
This project revolves around some of the common diseases
prevailing in our population and is hampering the normal
functioning of human kind. The project has been divided
into three portions where the light has been thrown on some
viral, bacterial and protozoan diseases. The preventive
measures have also been shown in each section so as to
make the human folk aware and healthy.
 APPLICATION
This project would help or guide the people towards the causes
and effects of various human diseases, hence spreading
awareness on this topic. It would suggest possible solutions to
the people to avoid the contraction of certain diseases and
prevent themselves from being affected.
 CONTENTS
S.No. Topic Page Signature
no.
(1) Introduction 1

(2) Types of diseases 2

(3) Mode of transmission 4

(4) Viral diseases 5

(5) Bacterial diseases 6

(6) Protozoan diseases 7

(7) Some important diseases 8

and dates
(8) Bibliography 12
 INTRODUCTION

A disease is a condition of the body or a part of it in which functions

are disturbed or arranged. Diseases may also be defined as
morphological, physiological, psychological disturbance in the body
or body parts caused by some external agencies which may be non-
parasitic e.g. deficiency of nutrients or may be parasitic caused by
causes, bacteria, fungi etc. The term disease means DIS-EASE or
discomfort. In short it can be defined as ‘disease is disorder of
body’.

SOURCES OF DISEASES
The reservoirs of human diseases are:

a) Air: It is reservoir of pathogens of many diseases like, measles,

mumps, tuberculosis, diphtheria etc.

b) Food and Water: These are reservoir of pathogens of many

diseases like, cholera, polio, typhoid, roundworm, tapeworm etc.

c) Soil: It is a reservoir of pathogen of tetanus diseases.

d) Animals: These are those living organisms which spread the

pathogens from an infected person of healthy person. These do not
suffer from the diseases so are also called reservoir host.

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 TYPES OF DISEASES
Diseases are broadly classified into two categories:
A. CONGENITAL DISEASES
Diseases present since birth and are caused due to defective development of
inheritance e.g. congenital heart diseases, hemophilia, colour blindness etc.

B. ACQUIRED DISEASES
Diseases developed after birth. They are further classified as-
a) Communicable diseases
b) Non-Communicable diseases

Differences between Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases

S.No. Communicable diseases S.No. Non-communicable diseases

1. The diseases which 1. The diseases which are not
spread from one person to transmitted from one person
another. to another.
2. They are caused by 2. They are caused by deficiency
pathogens, e.g. malaria, of nutrients, allergy, abnormal
smallpox etc. proliferation of cells etc. e.g.
kwashiorkor, cancer etc.

On the basis of prevalence, the diseases can be further categorized as:

1) Pandemic - When a disease’s growth is exponential, affecting
several countries and populations. For example, Covid-19, Spanish
flu, The black death, etc.
2) Epidemic - Unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a
specific geographical area. An epidemic disease doesn't necessarily
have to be contagious. Yellow fever, smallpox, measles, and polio are
prime examples of epidemics.
3) Endemic - A disease outbreak is endemic when it is consistently
present but limited to a particular region. This makes the disease
spread and rates predictable. Malaria, for example, is considered

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endemic in certain countries and regions.
On the basis of duration, diseases can be of two types:
1) Acute disease: A few diseases occur suddenly and last for a few
days. These are known as acute diseases, such as the common cold.
This condition can be treated with medical treatment or on its own.
Many times, acute diseases turn chronic if they continue to persist.
2) Chronic disease: The diseases that occur over a period of time and
last longer, or even for a lifetime are called chronic diseases.
Generally, if a disease lasts for more than three years it is called
chronic disease. Initially, the symptoms are very mild. A chronic
disease progresses slowly and damages the body severely. It might
sometimes be fatal.

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MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES

The diseases are transmitted from the reservoirs of infection to the healthy
persons the following ways:
1) Direct transmission: The pathogens are transmitted from an infected
person or healthy person directly without an intermediate agent. It occurs
in following ways-
a) Contact with infected person e.g., small pox and chicken pox.
b) Contact with soil e.g., tetanus.
2) Indirect transmission: The pathogens of some diseases are carried
through some intermediate agents. It occurs in following ways:
a) Air borne diseases e.g., common cold, SARS-CoV, etc.
b) By unclean hands and fingers e.g., cholera, typhoid, jaundice,
etc.

Source: MicroRNA and Immune Response to Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mode-of-Transmission-of-Infectious-Disease-18_fig2_361860777 [accessed 3 Dec, 2022]

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 Viral diseases
1. INFLUENZA
It is commonly known as “Flu” and is highly infectious. It is commonly
caused by influenza virus (Myxovirus influenzae).

Mode of transmission: Through direct contact, sneezing, coughing etc.

(air–borne diseases).

Symptoms: It affects upper respiratory tract.

It starts with fever, headache, sore throat, coughing and pain all over the
body with restlessness.

Control:
 Antibiotics should be given to prevent secondary complications like
pneumonia and ear infections.
 No vaccine is available which can give protection against all types of
influenza viruses.

Prevention:
 The patient should avoid joining parties or gatherings of people.
 Handkerchief should be used while sneezing and coughing.

Source: https://www.nfid.org/infectious-diseases/influenza-flu/
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2. AIDS
AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. It is caused
by HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus). It was firstly detected in
June 1981 in USA. This virus weakens the human body’s immunity
or self-defense mechanism. Hence, the AIDS virus reduces the natural
immunity of the human body; therefore, the body having AIDS
becomes prone to many other infections.

Modes of transmission:
 It spreads through sexual contact with an infected person carrying
AIDS virus.
 It spread though the transfusion of blood infected with AIDS virus.
 It spread through the use of infected needles for injections, blade
or razors and other equipment of barbers.
 The children of AIDS infected mother get this disease from
mother’s blood.

Symptoms: The important symptoms are-

 Severe brain damage which may lead to loss of memory, ability to
speak and think.
 Swollen lymph nodes.
 Decreased count of blood platelets causing hemorrhage.
 Sweating at night and weight loss.
 AIDS patient also become more susceptible to infections of any
body.
A full blown AIDS patient dies within three years and mortality is
100%.

Control:
 The treatment of HIV/AIDS with medicines is called antiretroviral
therapy (ART). It is recommended for everyone who has HIV. The
medicines do not cure HIV infection, but they do make it a manageable
chronic condition. They also reduce the risk of spreading the virus to
others.
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 There are several different types of HIV/AIDS medicines. Some work
by blocking or changing enzymes that HIV needs to make copies of
itself. This prevents HIV from copying itself, which reduces the amount
of HIV in the body.
Till today there is no specific therapy against HIV infection. Some
medicines have been discovered which can suppress AIDS virus.

Prevention: No absolutely satisfactory vaccine is yet available. So,

we can prevent AIDS only preventive measures like-
 Use of disposable syringes.
 Using condoms and adopt clean sex habits.
 People should be educated about AIDS.
 Blood test must be done in pregnant woman, blood donor’s organ
donors.
 Dentists should use sterilized instrument.
 The common razor at the barber shop should not be used.

Source: https://www.who.int/health-topics/hiv-aids#tab=tab_1

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 Data Report on AIDS
Global situation and trends:
Since the beginning of the epidemic, 84.2 million [64.0–113.0 million]
people have been infected with the HIV virus and about 40.1 million
[33.6–48.6 million] people have died of HIV.
Globally, 38.4 million [33.9–43.8 million] people were living with HIV
at the end of 2021. An estimated 0.7% [0.6-0.8%] of adults aged 15–49
years worldwide are living with HIV, although the burden of the
epidemic continues to vary considerably between countries and regions.
The WHO African Region remains most severely affected, with nearly 1
in every 25 adults (3.4%) living with HIV and accounting for more than
two-thirds of the people living with HIV worldwide.

Source: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/hiv-aids

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 BACTERIAL diseases
1. TYPHOID
Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria, commonly found in
intestine of man. It is most common communicable disease. This is
common is age group of 1-15 years. Every year about 2.5 million
people suffer from typhoid.

Modes of transmission:
Contaminated food and water and house flies.

Symptoms: It is characterized by-

 Headache and rise in body temperature.
 Lesions of intestinal mucosa.
 Diarrhea which becomes hemorrhagic.
 Rose colored rash on the upper abdomen.

Control:
Antibiotics can treat the diseases.

Prevention:
 Underground disposal of human faces.
 Disinfection of water and proper cooking of food.
 Typhoral oral vaccines also prevent typhoid.
 TAB- Vaccine provides immunity for 3 years.
 Typhoid is diagnosed by WIDAL test.

Source: https://twitter.com/recombigenlabs/status/1371992189081899013

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2. TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis was first discovered by Robert Koch (1882). Tuberculosis
(TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The
bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the
body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. Not everyone infected with TB
bacteria becomes sick. As a result, two TB-related conditions exist: latent
TB infection (LTBI) and TB disease. If not treated properly, TB disease
can be fatal.

Mode of transmission:
TB bacteria spread through the air from one person to another. When a
person with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, speaks, or sings, TB
bacteria can get into the air. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria
and become infected.

Symptoms: Symptoms of TB disease depend on where in the body the TB

bacteria are growing. TB bacteria usually grow in the lungs (pulmonary
TB). TB disease in the lungs may cause symptoms such as
 a bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer
 pain in the chest
 coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm from deep inside the lungs)
Other symptoms of TB disease are
 weakness or fatigue
 weight loss
 no appetite
 chills
 fever
 sweating at night
Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body depend on the area
affected.

Control:
 Anti-tubercular therapy- Antibiotics can treat the diseases.
 Proper rest, diet, rehabilitation and surgery help in controlling diseases.

Prevention:
 Isolation of TB patients.
 Health education e.g. avoiding indiscriminate spitting, use of
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 handkerchief while coughing and sneezing.
 BCG vaccine provides immunity.
 Vigorous public health measures are the best method of prevention.

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Source: https://www.facebook.com/ipacfoundation/photos/24-march-world-tuberculosis-dayhow-do-we-prevent-from-
tuberculosisprimary-preven/198398861614874/

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 Data Report on TUBERCULOSIS
Data on People falling ill with TB (including drug-resistant TB):

Why did people fall ill with TB in 2021?

Source: World Health Organization Datasheet TB

https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/TBrief/?_inputs_&sidebarCollapsed=true&entity_type=%22country%22&iso2=%22
AF%22&sidebarItemExpanded=null

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 PROTOZOAN diseases

1. AMOEBIASIS
Amebiasis is a parasitic infection of the intestines caused by the amoeba
Entamoeba histolytica, or E. histolytica. Amebiasis is common in tropical
countries with underdeveloped sanitation. It’s most common in the Indian
subcontinent, parts of Central and South America, Mexico, and parts of
Africa. It’s relatively rare in the United States.

Mode of transmission:
E. histolytica is a single-celled protozoan that usually enters the human
body when a person ingests cysts through food or water. It can also enter
the body through direct contact with fecal matter.

Symptoms: While most people have no symptoms, amoebiasis can cause

bloody diarrhoea, colitis, and tissue destruction. The person can then
spread the disease by releasing new cysts into the environment through
infected feces.
When symptoms do occur, they tend to appear 1 to 4 weeks after
ingestion of the cysts. Symptoms at this stage tend to be mild and include
loose stools and stomach cramping.
If trophozoites invade an internal organ, they can potentially cause:
 abscesses
 infections
 severe illness
 death

Control:
The treatment generally consists of the following:
 If you have symptoms, you’ll follow a 10-day course of the
antiamoebic drug metronidazole (Flagyl) that you’ll take as a capsule,
followed by an antibiotic such as diloxanide furoate or paromomycin.
 Your doctor may also prescribe medication to control nausea if you
need it.
 If you do not have symptoms, you may be treated with antibiotics.
 If the parasite is present in your intestinal tissues, the treatment must
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 address the organism as well as any damage to your infected organs.
 Surgery may be necessary if the colon or peritoneal tissues have
perforations.

Prevention:
Proper sanitation is the key to avoiding amoebiasis. As a general rule,
thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water after using the
bathroom and before handling food.
If you’re traveling to places where the infection is common, follow this
regimen when preparing and eating food:
 Thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables before eating.
 Avoid eating fruits or vegetables unless you wash and peel them
yourself.
 Use bottled water and soft drinks from sealed containers.
 If you must drink tap water, boil it for at least 1 minute, or use a store-
bought “absolute 1 micron” filter and add disinfecting chlorine,
chlorine dioxide, or iodine tablets to the filtered water.
 Avoid ice cubes or fountain drinks.
 Avoid peeled fresh fruit or vegetables.
 Avoid milk, cheese, or other unpasteurized dairy products.
 Avoid food sold by street vendors.

Source: https://2021.igem.org/Team:Vilnius-Lithuania/Implementation
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 2. MALARIA
Malaria is more common in tropical and subtropical countries, especially
in Africa and Asia. It is estimated that about 300 million people are
infected with malaria every year and more than 2 million people die
annually due to this disease.
Malaria is caused by the toxins produced in the human body by the
malarial parasite Plasmodium. Presence of malarial parasite can be
checked by blood test.

Mode of transmission:
Plasmodium is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito. When this
mosquito bites man to suck blood, it introduces its saliva containing the
malarial parasite into the blood stream of the man.

Symptoms:
Malaria attack is preceded by headache, nausea and muscular pain. Total
period of malarial attack is of 6-10 hour and can be divided into 3 stages:
 Cold stage- Characterized by chilling and shivering.
 Hot stage- Characterized by high fever, faster rate of breathing and
heartbeat, etc.
 Sweating stage- It is characterized by lowering down of temperature to
normal.
After the malaria attack, the patient feels weak, exhausted and anaemic.
The malaria may secondarily cause engagement of liver and spleen.

Control:
A number of anti-malarial drugs are available. The commonest anti-
malarial drug is quinine. Efforts are being made for the development of
an anti-malarial vaccine.

Prevention:
 Use of insect repellents to prevent mosquito bite.
 Wire- gauzing of doors, windows, etc. to check the entry of
mosquitoes.
 Killing of adult mosquitoes by spraying insecticides like D.D.T and
B.H.C.
 All the mosquito breeding places should be destroyed or covered.
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 Kerosene oil should be sprayed on ponds and ditches to kill the larva.
 Sleeping under mosquito nets.
 Destroying breeding places of mosquitoes.

Source: Merfrey Foundation #malaria#prevention

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 Data Report on Malaria
According to the latest World malaria report, there were 241 million cases
of malaria in 2020 compared to 227 million cases in 2019. The estimated
number of malaria deaths stood at 627 000 in 2020 – an increase of 69 000
deaths over the previous year. While about two thirds of these deaths (47
000) were due to disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic, the
remaining one third of deaths (22,000) reflect a recent change in WHO’s
methodology for calculating malaria mortality (irrespective of COVID-19
disruptions).
The new cause-of-death methodology was applied to 32 countries in sub-
Saharan Africa that shoulder about 93% of all malaria deaths globally.
Applying the methodology revealed that malaria has taken a considerably
higher toll on African children every year since 2000 than previously
thought.

Source: WHO Malaria Report 2021 (https://www.who.int/news/item/15-12-2021-letter-to-malaria-partners-december-2021)

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 SOME IMPORTANT DAYS RELATED TO
DISEASES

 World TB Day- 24 March.

 National TB control program was started in 1962.
 The incidence of tetanus in India is about 30-50 persons per one
lakh.
 Bubonic Plague is commonest type of plague.
 Incidence of Diarrheal diseases is highest in Andhra and Orissa
states.
 Hepatitis is more dangerous than AIDS.
 MacCulloch (1827) proposed the name malaria.
 Laveran (1880) discovered malarial parasites in the blood of a
malarial patient.
 Ronald Ross (1897) proved that malarial parasite is spread by
female Anopheles mosquito.
 August 20 is called Malaria Day.

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 Bibliography
Parts of this project have been referred from foreign sources and have
been included in this investigatory project after editing. The references
of the sources are as follows:

Books:

Together with Lab Manual Biology-XII Comprehensive Biology -12

NCERT Textbook Class 12th Biology

Internet sources:
https://www.wikipedia.org
https://www.who.int/data
https://nuttyscientists.com
https://ourworldindata.org

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