API 580 Exam Strategy (75 Multiple Choice Qs in 4 hours) Please Read Below Carefully & Start Study Several Months Ahead 1.0 3.0 4.0 What you must know: The API S80 RBI exam is a very difficult exam if you do not understand exaetly what you need to know and study and where to focus study efforts. However, if you follow these simple instructions & perform the minimum recommended study hours listed below in “What you must do to pass the exam” (assuming adequate English skills), then you will likely pass the exam on the first attempt. Due to the high degree of difficulty on this exam (38% have passed since 2008 & 2010), which is all about RBI & your ability to memorize the concepts, it may take two attempts to p: What vou must do to pass (49 of 70)? API 580 RBI exam is a very difficult exam. Take the one-week exam preparation course offered by PEDD and use the E-Library Plan your application & study several (4 or mote) months in advance of the 580 exam A final day PEDD Course score will determine how much added study time you need Follow recommendations in this study guide carefully and track your own study time Study time depends on English skills (average English skills = 200+ hrs. of study) Review Chapters (1 - 17) individually & answer practice exam questions afterwards Repeat review of the 17 chapters (at least 4 = 5 times) & note test score improvements Priority of Study is listed on next page along with three priorities chapter by chapter ‘After you have completed the full review chapter by chapter each time, take the exam 10. When you can honestly score 80%* taking E-Library practice exams, you are ready Do I really need to take PEDD Preparation Course (1 week) with Final Day Exam? This is strongly recommended, unless you are already an “RBI expert” ... And even if you are already an RBI expert with significant experience, you still benefit from a PEDD Course before taking the 580 exam. PEDD Instructor Langla failed an API 580 exam in Sept. 2011 after studying for only about 40 hours, including highlighting sections for likely exam questions & reading through 580 twice. Mr. Langla’s failing scare was 64% (45 of 70 questions correct), Passing score = 49 of 70 as number of questions has risent What are the latest (Nov. 2011) API Pass Rate Statisties (averaged since 2010)? http:/ivww-apiorg/certifications/icp/geninfo/upload/Overall Stats Nov 2011.pdf ip 2, 3 4. a 6. 7, 8, 9. > API S10 ~ 54% pass rate > 109/150 (73%) = Passing/Certification > API 570 = 52% pass rate > 108/150 (72%) = Passing/Certification > API 653 = 57% pass rate > 102/150 (68%) = Passing/Certification = easiest of 3 > API 571 = QNBESEINIE > 49 / 70 (70%) = Passing/Certification > API577 ~ 65% pass rate > 49 / 70 (70%) = Passing/Certification ~ next easiest 5% APL936 ~74% pass rate > 51 / 75 (68%) = Passing/Certification = easiest exam > API 580 — SR > 49/70 (70%) — Passing/Cert -_Study Guide & 20 Hour Course Breakdow: 1* (Top) Priority ... 2»! Priority ... 3° (Lowest) Priority ‘Course Hour Chapter for APIS80—_ | API 580 Sections to 20) Exam Questions Chapter Review Introduction to Risk-Based Insp 6 9 |61-68 1 45 Risk Determ, Assessment & Mgmt. 12 MW | 12.1-12.8 1 13-14 Risk Mgmt. with Insp, Activities 13 8 | 13.1 -13.7 1 15-16 Definitions and Acronyms 4 4 |41-42 2 2 Basle Concepts 5 5 [51-56 u 3 Planning the RBI Assessment a 5 | 74-76 i 67 Assessing Probability of Fallure 10 5 | 104-104 2 10 Assesing Consequences of Fatlare | 11 8 | 1141-116 F 11.12 11-14& Introduction, Purpose and Seape | 1 & 2 1 PY aren. I Data & Info Col. for RBI Assess. 8 3 81-85 3 8 Identifying DMs and Failure Modes 9 2 [91-95 3 9 Other Risk Mitigation Activities 14 3 | 1414443 3 7 Reassessment & Updating RBI 15 18 nel 3 [usa—ts3 | 3 Roles, Resp., Training, & Quals 16 3 | 16.1-16.3 s 19 RBI Document. & Record-Keeping 3 |174-179 3 20 ‘Summary of RBEPICCalls (Soon 210 eam) | | Aa) “Note: PEDD Training = 20 hrs. "20 hr Training ++ exam time over 5 days 70. Qs Course (§ days)Instructions: 1. Review each chapter & then answer chapter exam questions “honestly” covering answers. Put your correct score in the chapter section listed below (Use Practice Score # 1 Column)! 2. After you finish 17 chapters, take Round # 1 (75 question) exam & document your score below! 3. Complete this process another two times as a minimum > we recommend up to 5 timest 4, You should see your scores improving steadily as you repeat this process! HiNADMIBEL= 90! rents eremite,| peace | Pie | race | Prats ot b average Chapter for APTS80 | AP! | 28 Practice ee a a Se Sa hops) O% | stay | ot 2 B - ws | 0-5 iroanctiontonseniseatis =| ¢ | 9 | 1 | aes | Warns | (coers | eens | eens | Gaens oxpeterm, asessmentemtemt. | a | 0 | 1 | Gorse | Gorse | Corsa | Gorse | ose | rss rev oigmt withaasp actress | 8 [a | corso | Gorse | corso | orse | Soro | orso Det a Aroap © | + | 2 | ores | lores | Coores | orss | Gores | Gores aeons s | s | 2 | ctor | coeao | iueao | Satan | eran | arao Manning te RBE Ass 2 | s | 2 | itso |arse | Gotse | arse | oreo | arse Asesing Probably of | s | 2 | eras | Garas | aras | eras | ras | [oras AseaingComquencesotranere | at | 8 | 2 | Maead | lloras | Worae | ierae | lloras | [orae twirodution Purpseanascope | 12 | 2 | s_ | srors0 | _atse | arse | _otse | _orso | _ otao Pasammcnormmiascs | & | 3 [3 | corte] corte | corte | _orte | _orie | _ orte aenttying Dvisana Fatwretoaes | 9 | 2 [3 | ras | coras | ras | _aras | _oris | rts omer ist migation Actes | at |g 8 | —oras | oras | _orts | _oras | _oras | Chapter 6 and others b) Planning the RBI assessment > Chapter 7 ©) Data and information collection > Chapter 8 4) Identifying damage mechanisms and failure modes > Chapter 9 ©) Assessing probability of failure (POF) > Chapter 10 4) Assessing consequence of failure (COF) > Chapter 11 g) Risk determination, assessment, and management > Chapter 12 h) Risk management with inspection activities and process control > C! i) Other risk mitigation activities > Chapter 14 j) Reassessment and updating > Chapter 15k) Roles, responsibilities, training, and qualifications > Chapter 16 } Documentation and recordkeeping > Chapter 17 ‘The RBI process is capable of generating (5 items): 1) A ranking by relative risk of all equipment evaluated 2) A detailed description of inspection plan to be employed for each équipment item, incl: — Inspection methods) that should be used (VT, ultrasonic (UT), radiography, WFMT) — Extent of application of inspection method(s) (% of total area examined or specific locations) — Timing of inspections/examinations (inspection intervals/due dates) —Risk management achieved through implementation of the inspection plan 3) A description of any other risk mitigation activities (such as repairs, replacements or safety equipment upgrades, equipment redesign or maintenance, integrity operating windows (IOWs), and controls on operating conditions] 4) The expected risk levels of all equipment after the inspection plan and other risk mitigation activities have been implemented 5) Identification of risk drivers 16, Regarding RBI programs, the purpose of API 580 is to provide users with basics for: A) Developing their RBI program only B) Developing and implementing their RBI program ©) Developing and implementing and maintaining their RBI program D) Developing and implementing and maintaining and terminating their RBI program 17. The purpose of API 580 is to provide its users with the basic clements necessary to: A) Develop/implement/maintain RBI program & develop and implement an inspection program B) Developrimplement/maintain RBI Program with risk-prioritized/informed inspection plans ©) Develop/maintain RBI Program with risk-prioritized/informed inspection plans D) Develop/implement/mainiain bot RBI program and Inspection program 18. The purpose of API 580 is to provide guidance to whom regarding the development and implementation of an inspection program? A) Owners & operators of pressure-containing equipment only B) Owners & operators & designers of pressure-containing equipment ©) Allusers of API 580 (RBI Team) who work with pressure-containing equipment D) None of these is correct19. The API 580 (RBI) approach emphasizes safe and reliable operation through: A) Risk analysis, B) Risk assessment © Risk management D) Risk-prioritized inspection 20. A spectrum of complementary risk analysis approaches (qualitative through ful quantitative) can be considered as part of: A) The inspection planning process B) Risk management and mitigation ) RBI program development/implementation/maintenance D) None of these is correct 21. An expected outcome from application of RBI process should be linkage of risks with: A) Process controls or other risk mitigation activities to effectively reduce or eliminate the risks B) Appropriate inspection, process control or other risk mitigation activities to manage the risks C) Appropriate inspection, process control or other risk mitigation activities to control the risks D) Process controls or other risk mitigation activities to effectively reduce or contol the risks 22. The RBI process is capable of generating all of these except: A) Expected risk levels of all equipment before the inspection plan has been implemented B)A ranking by relative risk of all equipment evaluated and the identification of risk drivers ©)A detailed description of the inspection plan to be employed for each equipment item D) A description of other risk mitigation activities (non-inspection items such as repairs) 23. The RBI process is capable of generating a detailed description of the inspection plan to be used for each equipment item that includes all of the following except: A) Extent of application of inspection method(s) (% of total area examined or specific locations) B) Inspection method(s) that should be used (VT, UT, RT, WFMT, etc) C) Timing of inspections/examinations (inspection intervals/due dates) D) Residual risk before the implementation of the inspection plan 24. The RBI process is capable of generating a deseription of other non-inspection risk mitigation aetivities for equipment that includes all of the following except: A) Repair or Replacement or safety equipment upgrade B) Integrity operating windows (IOWs) © Equipment/material design review 1D) Controls on operating conditions25. The RBI process is capable of generating which of the following: A) A ranking by residual risk of all equipment evaluated B) An overview of the inspection plan by unit C) An overview of all risk mitigation plans D) Keentification of tisk drivers ‘The primary work producis of the RBI assessment and management approach are plans that address ways to manage risks on an equipment level. These equipment plans highlight risks from a safety/health/environment perspective and/or from an economic standpoint. Implementation of these (RBI) plans provides one of the following: a) An overall reduction in risk for the facilities and equipment assessed, b) An acceptance/understanding of the current risk. In some cases, in addition to risk reductions and process safety improvements, RBI plans may result in cost reduction: RBI is based on sound, proven risk assessment and management principles. Nonetheless, RBI will not compensate fori a) Inaccurate or missing information, b) Inadequate designs or faulty equipment installation, c) Operating outside the acceptable IOWs, 4) Not effectively executing the plans, e) Lack of qualified personnel or teamwork, ) Lack of sound engineering or operational judgment, 26. The primary work products of the RBI assessment and management approach are lans that address ways to manage risks on what level? A) An equipment level B) A single plant unit level B) An entire operating plant level D) None of these are correct27. RBI equipment plans highlight risks from what perspeetives and standpoints? A) From a safety perspective only B) From both a safety & health perspective only C) From a safety/health/environment perspective only D) From a safety/health/environment perspective and/or from an economic standpoint ‘Exam Tip: Expect at least three questions from Forward/Intro/Purpose/Scope (5 pages)! 28, Regarding RBI benefits & Limitations, RBI plans should include cost-effeetive actions: A) Along with an overall projected risk B) Along with a projected risk mitigation ©) Along with residual risk after inspection D) Along with detailed risk identification 29, Implementation of RBI plans provides what benefits for facilities/equipment assessed: A) An overall risk reduction B) An acceptance/understanding of the current risk ©) Either an overall risk reduction or an aeceptance/understanding of the current risk D) Both an overall risk reduction or an acceptance and understanding of the current risk 30. In some cases, in addition to risk reductions and process safety improvements, RBI plans may result in: A) Cost reductions B) Elimination of all inspections © Elimination of all RBI D) Elimination of all inspections & RBI 31. RBI is based on which of these principles? A) Sound and proven tisk analysis principles B) Sound and proven risk management principles C) Sound and proven risk analysis and risk management principles 1D) Sound and proven risk assessment and risk management principles 32, A limitation of RBI is that it will not compensate for all of the following except: A) Inaccurate or missing information & inadequate designs or faulty equipment installation B) Lack of qualified personnel or teamwork, or sound engineering or operational judgment ©) Operating within the acceptable IOWs D) Not effectively executing the plansUtilization of RBI provides a vehicle for continuously improving the inspection of facilities and RBI offers the added advantage of identifying gaps or shortcomings in the effectiveness of commercially available inspection technologies and applications In eases Whefe technology cannot adequately and/or cost-effectively initigate risks, other risk mitigation approaches can be implemented. RBI shoilld serve to guide the direction of inspection technology developmient, and hopefully promote a faster and broader deployment of emerging inspection technologies as well as proven inspection technologies that may be available but are underutilized. 33. Using RBI provides a vehicle for continuously improving inspection of facilities and: A) Systematically reducing the risk associated with plant operations and hazards B) Systematically managing the risk associated with plant operations and hazards © Systematically reducing the risk associated with pressure boundary failures D) Systematically managing risk assoeiated with pressure boundary failures 34, As new data (such as inspection results and industry experiences with similar processes) becomes available or when changes oceur (e.g. operating conditions), what should be done that will provide a refreshed view of the risks? A) Adjustment of the inspection levels in the RBI program B) Adjustment of the inspection intervals in the RBI program C) Adjustment of the inspeetion levels and the intervals in the RBI program D) Reassessment of the RBI program 35. When RBI is used as a continuous improvement tool, it offers an added advantage of: A) Identifying gaps in effectiveness of commercially available Insp. technologies & applications B) Identifying cases where technology can cost-effectively mitigate risks ©) Identifying cases where technology can adequately mitigate risks D) Identifying cases where inspection technology is adequatePriority 3 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 1/2 — Forward/Introduction/Purpose/Scope) cn RBL is atisk assessment and management tool that addresses an atea of risk management not the actions that should be taken to provide reliable and safe operation. RBI needs to be integrated with a management system for defining and maintaining [OWs as ‘well as a robust management of change (MOC) process as a basis for managing & controlling damage mechanisms in fixed equipment 36. RBI is a risk assessment & management tool that addresses an area of risk management not completely addressed in other organizational risk management efforts that may include all of the following except: A) Process hazards analyses (PHA) B) Integrity Operating Windows (IOWs) ©) Reliability centered maintenance (REM) D) Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 37. Integration of other risk management efforts (PHA, IOWs, RCM) with RBI is the key to the success of: A) Risk Analysis B) Risk Management Programs ©) Risk Mitigations D) Risk-based Inspection Programs 38. RBI produces inspection and maintenance plans for equipment that identify the actions that should be taken to provide: A) Reliable and safe operation B) Cost-effective mitigation ronmental protection D) Process Safety Management 39. Asa basis for managing & controlling damage mechanisms in fixed equipment, RBI needs to be integrated with a management system for what purpose? A) Defining and maintaining PHAs as well as a robust Process Safety Management Program B) Controlling and managing IOWs as well as a robust Process Safety Management Program C) Defining and maintaining IOWs as well as a robust management of change (MOC) process 1D) Defining and maintaining RCMs as well as a robust management of change (MOC) processAlthough the risk management principles and concepts that RBI is built on ate universally applicable, this RP is specifically targeted at the application of RBI in the hydrocarbon and chemical process industry. Exam Tip: Expect at least three questions from Forward/Intro/Purpose/Seope (8 pages)! 40. API 580 specifically targets the application of RBI in what industry (or industries)? A) Oil & Gas Industry B) Hydrocarbon Industry C) Hydrocarbon & Chemical Process Industry D) Any indusiry using toxie substances that chooses to follow API 580 guidelines Because of the broad diversity in organizations’ size, eulture, federal and/or local regulatory requirements, this RP offers users the flexibility to apply the RBI methodology within the context of existing corporate risk management practices and to accommodate unique local circumstances. The document is designed to provide a framework that elarifies the expected attributes of a quality risk assessment without imposing undue constraints on users. This RP is intended to promote consistency & quality in the identification, assessment, & management of risks pertaining to material deterioration, which could lead to loss of containment. Many types of RBI methods exist and are currently being applied throughout industry. This document is not intended to single out ane specific approach as the recommended method for conducting an RBI effort. 41. Regarding Material deterioration that could lead to loss of containment, the Scope of API 580 is intended to promote: A) Consistency & quality in the identification, assessment, & management of risks B) Cost-effective solutions to reduce risk using inspection ©) Understanding of RBI and management of risk D) None of these are correct 42. API 580 is intended to i jentify and clarify the essential elements of: A) An RBI analysis B) Both an RBI analysis and program C) An RBI Program ‘D) None of these are correct‘of pressure equipment items Typically, PHA risk assessments focus on the process unit design and operating practices and their adequacy given the unit's current or anticipated operating conditions. RBI complements the PHA by focusing on the mechanical integrity related damage mechanisms & risk management through inspection. 43. The RBI process is focused on maintaining the mechanical integrity of pressure equipment items and: A) Minimizing the risk of equipment damage and personnel injury B) Minimizing the risk of loss of containment due to deterioration ©) Minimizing the risk of damage to the environment D) None of these are correct 44. API 580 focuses on Mechanical Integrity, and RBI is not a substitute for which of these: A) PHA or hazard and operability assessment (HAZOP) B) Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) Program. © Process Safety Management Program D) None of these are correct 45. RBI complements the PHA by focusing on the: A) Risk management through inspection B) Mechanical integrity related damage mechanisms C) Mechanical integrity related damage mechanisms & risk management through analysis. D) Mechanical integrity related damage mechanisins & risk management through inspection 46. RBI also is complementary to RCM programs (because) both programs are focused on all of the following except: A) Understanding failure modes B) Addressing the failure modes ©) Focusing on the process unit design & operating conditions D) Improving the reliability of equipment and process facilities‘These types of equipment & associated components/internals tre covered by this document. a) Pressure Vessels—Alll pressure containing components b) Process Piping—Pipe and piping components ¢) Storage Tanks—Atmospheric and pressurized d) Rotating Equipment—Pressure containing components ¢) Boilers and Heaters—Pressurized components ‘) Heat exchangers (shells, floating heads, channels, and bundles) g) Pressure-relief devices. 47. The types of equipment & associated components/internals covered by API 580 include all of these except: A) Pressure vessels, atmospheric/pressurized storage tanks, process pipe, pressure-relief devices B) Heat exchangers (shells, floating heads, channels, and bundles) ) Rotating Equipment (pressure-containing components) D) Boilers and Heaters (all components) ‘The following equipment is not covered by this document: 4) Instrument and control systems b) Electrical systems ©) Structural systems .. d) Machinery components (except pump and compressor casings). 48. The types of equipment not covered by API 580 include all of these except: ‘A) Machinery components (except pump and compressor casings) B) Flectrical systems, Instruments and control systems C) Structural systems (includes foundations) D) Pressure-relief Devices‘The primary audience for this RP is inspection and engineering personnel who are responsible for the mechanical integrity and operability of equipment covered by this RP. RBI requires the involvement of various segments of the organization such as engineering, maintenance and operations. Implementation of the resulting RBI produet (e.g. inspection plans, replacement/upgrading recommendations, other mitigation activities, etc.) may rest with more than one segment of the organization. In this context, while the primary audience may be inspection and materials engineering personnel, other stakeholders who are likely to be involved should be familiar with the concepts and principles embodied in the RBI methodology to the extent necessary for them to understand the risk assessment process and to be able to accept the results. 49. The primary audience for API 580 is: ‘A) Inspection/engineering personnel responsible for equipment mech. integrity & operability B) Inspection/engineering/materials personnel responsible for equipment mech. integrity C) Inspection/engineering personnel responsible for equipment mech. integrity D) None of these, because the audience is the total operating, organization 50. RBI requires involvement of various segments of the organization su maintenance and operations, and requires the commitment and coopera as engineering, n of A) The entire RBI team B) The entire Operating organization ©) The entire Engineering organization D) The entire Engineering & Inspection organizations,The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. API Publication 510, Pressure Vessel Insp. Code: Inspection, Rating, Repair, & Alteration API Publication 570, Piping Inspection Code: Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Rerating of In-service Piping Systems API Recommended Practice S71, Damage Mechanisms Ajfecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry API Standard 579-1/ASME FES-1, Fitness-For-Service API Recommended Practice 581, Risk-Based Inspection Technology API Standard 653, Tanke Inspection, Repair, Alteration, aitd Reconstruction API Recommended Practice 752, Management of Hazards Associated With Location of Process Plant Buildings API Recommended Practice 941, Steels for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants AICHE, Dow's Fire and Explosion Index Hazard Class.fication Guide, 1994 ASME PVRC Project 99-IP-01, 4 Comparison cf Criteria For Acceptance cf Risk, Feb 16, 2000 EPA 58 FR 54190 (40 CFR Part 68), Risk Management Plan (RMF) Regulations ISO Guide 73, Risk Management Vocabulary OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119, Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Exam Tip/Notice: It is not expected that you will have questions on Section 3 as there were none listed in exam results for September 2010 > However, I believe you will see above highlighted items in test questions coming from other sections, especially the following: » API510, 570, 571 & 653 (where referenced in this document) > API Standard $79-1/ASME FES-1, Fitness-For-Service > API Recommended Practice 581, Risk-Based Inspection Technology > OSHA 29 CER 1910.19, Process Safety Management cf Highly Hazardous Chemicals_ eee A) API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 B) OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 ©) API RP 752 1D) None of these are correct Priority 2 Exam Questions (API 580 Ch. 4 — Definitions & Acronyms) 4 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations 4.1 Terms and Definitions: ror purposes of this RP, these terms, definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations shall apply. 4.1.6 Corrosion specialist: A person who is knowledgeable and experienced in the speeific process chemistries, corrosion degradation mechanisms, materials selection, corrosion mitigation methods, corrosion monitoring techniques, and their impact on pressure equipment. 4.1.7 Cost-effeetive: An activity that is both effective in resolving an issue (e.g, some form of mitigation) and is a financially sound use of resources. 4.1.8 Damrage (or deterioration) mechanism: A process that induees mito and/or macro material changes over time that is harmful to the material condition or mechanical properties. Damage mechanisms are usually incremental, cumulative, and, in some inst 3 : & 4.1.10 Damage tolerance: The amount of deterioration that a component can withstand without failing.4.1.11 Design premise: Assumptions made during the design (e.g. design life and corrosion allowance needed). 4.1.12 Deterioration: Reduction in the ability of a component to provide its intended purpose of containment of fluids. This can be caused by various damage mechanisms (thinning, cracking, mechanical). Damage or degradation may be used in place of deterioration. Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4— Definitions & Acronyms) 4 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations 4.1 Terms and Definitions 4444 ent: Occurrence of a particular set of circumstances. The event may be certain or uncertain. The event can be singular or multiple. The probability of an event occurring within a given period of time can be estimated. 4.1.15 Event tree: An analytical tool that organizes and characterizes potential occurrences in a logical and graphical manner. The event tree begins with the identification of potential initiating events. Subsequent possible events (including activation of safety functions) resulting from the initiating events are then displayed as the second level of the event tree. This process is continued to develop pathways or scenarios from the initiating events to potential outcomes. 4.1.16 External event: Events resulting from forces of nature, acts of God, sabotage, or events such as neighboring fires or explosions, terrorism, neighboring hazardous material releases, electrical power failures, forces of nature, & intrusions of external transportation vehicles, such as aircraft, ships, trains, trucks, or automobiles. External events are usually beyond the direct or indireet control of persons employed at or by the facility. ——————EEEEeee 4.1.18 Failure: Termination of the ability ofa system, structure, equipment or component to perform its required function of containment of fluid (ie. loss of containment). Failures may be unannounced and undetected at the instant of oceurrence (unannounced failure). For example, a slow leak under insulation may not be detected until a pool of fluid forms on the ground or someone notices a drip or wisp of vapor. A small leak may not be noticed until the next inspection (unannounced failure), e.g. slow leakage from buried piping or small leak ina heat exchanger tube; or they may be announced and detected by any number of methods at the instance of occurrence (announced failure), e.g. rupture of a pipe in a process plant or sudden decrease in pressure in the system. 44.19 ilure mode: The manner of failure. For RBI, the failure of concern is loss of containment of pressurized equipment items. Examples of failure modes are small hole, crack, and rupture,4.1.20 Fitness-For-Service assessment: Methodology whereby damage or flaws/imperfections contained within a component or equipment item are assessed in order to determine acceptability for continued service. 4.1.21 Hazard: A physical condition or a release of a hazardous material that could result from component failure and result in lnuman injury or death, loss or damage, or environmental degradation. Hazard is the source of harm. Components that are used to transport, store, or process a hazardous material can be a source of hazard. Human error and external events may also create a hazard. Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4— Definitions & Acronyms) 4 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations 4.1 Terms and Definitions 4.1.22 Hazard and operability study (HAZOP study): A HAZOP study is a form of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). HAZOP studies, which were originally developed for the process industry, use systematic techniques to identify hazards and operability issues throughout an entire facility. Itis particularly useful in identifying unforeseen hazards designed into facilities due to lack of information, or introduced into existing facilities due to changes in process conditions or operating procedures. The basic objectives of the techniques are: To produce a full description of the facility or process, including the intended design conditions. — to systematically review every part of the facility or process to discover how deviations from the intention of the design ean occur; — To decide whether these deviations can lead to hazards or operability issues; — To assess effectiveness of safeguards. 4.1.23 Inspection: Activities performed to verify that materials, fabrication, erection, examinations, testing, repairs, ete., conform to applicable code, engineering, and/or owner's written procedure requirements. It ineludes the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the results of inspection activities. The extemal, internal, or on-stream assessment (or any combination of the three) of the condition of pressure equipment, 4.1.24 Integrity operating window (OW): Established limits for process variables that ean affect the integrity of the equipment if the process operation deviates from the established limits for a predetermined amount of time. 4.1.25 Likelihood: Probability. 4.1.26 Management of change (MOC): A documented management system for review and approval of changes in process, equipment or piping systems prior to implementation of the change. 4.1.27 Mitigation: Limitation of any negative consequence or reduction in probability of a particular event.4.1.28 Probability: Extent to which an event is likely to occur within the time frame under consideration. The mathematical definition of probability is “a real number in the scale 0 to 1 attached to a random event.” Probability can be related to a long-run relative frequency of occurrence or to a degree of belief that an event will occur. For a high degree of belief, the probability is near one (1). Frequency rather than probability may be used in describing risk. Degrees of belief about probability can be chosen as classes or rinks like “rare/unlikely/moderatellikely/almost certain” or “incredible / improbable / remote/occasional/probable/frequent.” Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4— Definitions & Acronyms) 4 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations 4.1 Terms and Definitions 4.1.30 Qualitative risk analysis: An analysis that uses broad categorizations for probabilities & consequences of failure. Methods that use primarily engineering judgment & experience as the basis for the determination of probabilities and consequences of failure. The results of qualitative risk analyses are dependent on the background and expertise of the analysts and the objectives of the analysis. FMEA and HAZOPs are examples of qualitative risk analysis techniques that become QRA methods when consequence and failure probability values are estimated along with the respective deseriptive input. 4.1.31 Quantitative risk analysis (QRA): An analysis that quantifies the probabilities and consequences of the probable damage mechanisms and that: — identifies and delineates the combinations of events that, if they occur, may lead to a severe event or any other undesired consequence; — estimates the probability of occurrence for each combination; —cstimates the consequences. QRA generally: — integrates information about facility design, operating practices, operating history, component reliability, human actions, the physical progression of incidents, and potential environmental and health effects; —uses logié & probabilistic models depicting combinations of events & the progression of incidents to provide both qualitative and quantitative insights into the level of risks: — Analysis logie models consisting of event trees and fault trees to estimate the fiequency of each incident sequence 4.1.32, Reassessment: Process of integrating inspection data or other changes into a risk analysis 4.1.33 Relative risk: The comparative risk ofa facility, process unit, system, equipment item or component to other facilities, process units, systems, equipment items, or components, respectively.4.1.34 Residual risk: The risk remaining after risk mitigation. 4.1.35 Risk: Combination of the probability of an event and its consequence. In some situations, risk is a deviation from the expected. When probability and consequence are expressed numerically, risk is the product. 4.1.36 Risk acceptance: A decision to accept a risk. Risk acceptance depends on risk eriteria. 4.1.37 Risk analysis: Systematic use of information to identify sources and to estimate the risk. Risk analysis provides a basis for risk evaluation, risk mitigation and risk acceptance. Information can inelude historical data, theoretical analysis, informed opinions, and concems of stakeholders, 4.1.38 Risk assessment: Overall process of risk analysis and risk evaluation. Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4 — Definitions & Acronyms) 4 | Terms, Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations 4.1 Terms and Definitions 4.1.39 Risk avoidance: Decision not to become involved in, or action to withdraw from a risk situation. The decision may be taken based on the result of risk evaluation. 4.1.40 Risk-based inspection (RBI): A risk assessment and management process that is focused on loss of containment of pressurized equipment in processing facilities, due to material deterioration, These risks are managed primarily through equipment inspection, 4.1.41 Risk communication: Exchange or sharing of information about risk between the decision maker and other stakeholders. The information may relate to the existence, nature, form, probability, severity, acceptability, mitigation, ot other aspects of risk. 4.1.42 Risk criteria: Terms of reference by which the significance of risk is assessed. Risk criteria may include associated cost and benefits, legal and statutory requirements, socio economic and environmental aspects, concems of stakeholders, priorities and other inputs to the assessment. 4.1.43 Risk driver: An ites affecting either the probability, consequence, or both such that it constitutes a significant portion of the risk. 4.1.44 Risk estimation: Process used to assign values to the probability and consequence of a risk. Risk estimation may consider cost, benefits, stakeholder concerns, and other variables, as appropriate for risk evaluation. 4.1.45 Risk evaluation: Process used to compare the estimated risk against given risk criteria to determine the significance of the risk. Risk evaluation may be used to assist in the acceptance or mitigation decision 4.1.46 Risk identification: Process to find, list, and characterize elements of risk. Elements may include: source, event, consequence, probability. Risk identification may also idemtify stakeholder concerns. 4.1.47 Risk management: Coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to risk. Risk management typically includes risk assessment, risk mitigation, risk acceptance, and risk communication,! Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4 — Definitions & Acronyms) Terms, Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations Terms and Definitions a ee ACen EES BY ae 4.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACC ‘American Chemistry Council AIChE American Institute of Chemical Engineers ANSI American National Standards Institute ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASNT American Society of Nondesiruetive Testing ASTM American Society of Testing and Materialsccrs: Center for Chemical Process Safety EPA Environmental Protection Agency x w 5 a s 9 2 = 1 9 & S & > é Z z = 2 2 g 3 a g = : 5 4 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations 4.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations Iso International Organization for Standardization LOPA —_ Layers of protection analysis MOC — Management of change MSD —_ Material selection diagrams NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers NDE Nondestructive examination NFPA National Fire Protection Association PVRC Pressure Vessel Research Council 2 iS 2 Quality assurance/quality control iUT Ultrasonic testing Priority 2 Exam Qs (API580 Ch. 4— Definitions & Acronyms) Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4— Definitions & Acronyms) 1, The combination of the probal of an event and its consequence is called: A) Absolute risk B) Estimated risk ©) Relative risk D) Risk 2. In some situations, a deviation from the expected is called: A) Absolute risk B) Unacceptable risk © Risk D) Acceptable Risk 3. When probability & consequence are expressed numerically, the product of this is A) Estimated risk B) Risk C) Relative risk D) Residual Risk 4. The combination of the probability of an event and its consequence which can be expressed numerically is called: A) Risk B) Estimated Risk © Relative risk D) Residual Risk: 5. An ideal and accurate description and quantification of risk is called: A) Absolute risk B) Acceptable risk ©) Relative risk D) Residual Risk 6. A level of risk that is acceptable to the owner-user is called: A) Absolute risk B) Acceptable risk© Relative risk D) Residual Risk Priority 2 Exam Qs (API. 580 Ch. 4— Definitions & Acronyms) Best Tip: Know everything there is to know about the djferent pes of “risk” (40 Q&A) 7. The comparative risk of a facility, process unit, system, equipment item or component to other facilities, process units, systems, equipment items, or components, respectively is: A) Absolute risk B) Acceptable risk ©) Relative risk D) Residual Risk 8. The risk remaining after risk mitigation is called: A) Absolute risk B) Acceptable risk ©) Relative risk D) Residual Risk 9. A decision to accept a risk that depends on risk criteria is called: A) Calculated Risk B) Estimated Risk ©) Risk Acceptance D) Risk Assessment 10. Systematic use of information to identify sources and to estimate the risk is called: A) Risk Mitigation B) Risk Estimation D) Risk Analysis 11. Which of these provides a basis for risk evaluation, risk mitigation & risk acceptance? A) Risk Communication B) Risk Analysis ©) Risk Assessment D) Risk Estimation 12, Which of these may provide information that can include historical data, theoretical analysis, informed opinions, and concerns of stakeholders? A) Risk Analysis B) Risk Assessment © Risk Estimation 1D) None of these Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4— Definitions & Acronyms) Best Tip: Know everything there is to know about the different types of “risk” (40 Q&A) + MORE RISK RELATED QUESTIONS BELQW—————————~ 13. The overall process of risk analysis and risk evaluation is called: ‘A) Risk-based Inspection B) Risk Estimation© Risk Assessment D) Risk Management 14. A decision not to become involved in, or an action to withdraw from a risk situation is: A) Risk analysis B) Risk Estimation © Risk Assessment D) Risk Avoidance 15. A risk assessment and management process that is focused on loss of containment of pressurized equipment in processing facilities, due to material deterioration is called:. A) Risk-based Management B) Risk-based Inspection © Risk Analysis D) Risk Estimation 16. In RBI, the risks are managed primarily through: A) Equipment Inspection B) Process Safety Management © Risk Analysis D) Risk Mitigation 17, Exchange or sharing of information about risk between the decision maker & other stakeholders that may relate to the existence, nature, probability, severity, acceptability, mitigation, or other aspects of risk is called: A) Risk Analysis, B) Risk Tentification © Risk Communication D) Risk assessment 18. Terms of reference by which the significance of risk is assessed is calle A) Risk Driver B) Risk Identification © Risk Communication D) Risk Criteria Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4 — Definitions & Acronyms) 19. An item affecting either the probability, consequence, or both such that it constitutes a significant portion of the risk is: A) Relative Risk B) Risk Driver © Absolute Risk D) Risk Criteria 20. Process used to assign values to probability & consequence of a risk (that may consider cost, benefits, stakeholder concerns, & other variables, as appropriate for risk evaluation): A) Risk Estimation B) Risk Evaluation ©) Risk Analysis, D) Risk Criteria21. Process used to compare the estimated risk against given risk criteria to determine the significance of the risk (that may be used to assist in the acceptance or mitigation decision): A) Risk Mitigation B) Risk Analysis ©) Risk Evaluation D) Risk Criteria 22, Process to find, list, and characterize elements of risk (that may include a souree, event, consequence, or probability): A) Risk Estimation B) Risk Evaluation C) Risk Analysis D) Risk identification 23. Coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to risk. A) Risk Estimation B) Risk Management ©) Risk-Based Inspection D) Risk identification Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4 — Definitions & Acronyms) 24. Risk management typically includes all of the following except: A) Risk assessment B) Risk mitigation ©) Risk acceptance D) Risk reduction 25. Process of selection and implementation of measures to modify risk is called: A) Risk mitigation B) Risk reduction ©) Risk avoidance D) Risk management 26. Actions taken to lesven the probal particular risk is called: ry, negative consequences, or both associated with a A) Risk mitigation B) Risk reduction ©) Risk avoidanee D) Risk management 27. The risk prior to mitigation activities is called: A) Risk mitigation B) Unacceptable risk ©) Unmitigated risk D) Unidentified risk 28, A concept of minimization that postulates that attributes (such as risk) can only be reduced to a certain minimum under current technology and with reasonable cost. A) ALARP. B) ALARA.© Risk Reduction D) Risk Mitigation 29. The acronym QRA is short for: Sas} Start of Risk analysis type questions! A) Qualitative risk analysis B) Quantitative risk analysis C) Semi-Quantitative risk analysis D) Qualitative risk assessment Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4— Definitions & Acronyms) Best Tip: Know everything there is to know about the different types of “risk” (40 items) a MORE RISK RELATED QUESTIONS BELOW~—~—~~——~~~-—~—~ 30. Systematic use of information to identify sources and to estimate the risk is called: A) Risk analysis B) Qualitative risk analysis ©) Quantitative risk analysis D) Semi- Quantitative risk analysis 31. An analysis that uses broad categorizations for probabilities & consequences of failure: A) Risk analysis, B) Qualitative risk analysis ©) Quantitative risk analysis D) Semi-Quantitative risk analysis 32, An analysis that quantifies the probabilities and consequences of the probable damage mechanisms is called: A) Risk analysis B) Qualitative risk analysis ©) Quantitative risk analysis D) Semi-Quantitative risk analysis 33. An analysis that includes aspects of hoth qualitative and quantitative analyses is called: A) Qualitative Risk analysis B) Semi-qualitative risk analysis C) Quantitative risk analysis D) Semi-Quantitative risk analysis 34. Which of these statements are not true regarding a Quantitative Risk Analysis? A) It identifies the combinations of events (IF they were to oceur) that ean lead to a severe event B) It quantifies the probabilities and consequences of the probable damage mechanisms ©) It estimates the probability of occurrence for each combination of events D) It precisely quantifies the consequences of each event 35. QRA generally “integrates” information regarding all of the following except:A) Past history of incidents at the facility B) Component reliability & human actions ) Potential environmental & health effects D) Facility design, operating practices and history Answer: A ... Definitions > PARAS ORAS tie pivsiedl progression OF INGaEHS 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4 — Definitions & Acronyms) Priori 36. QRA generally uses “which of these” to depict combinations of events and progression of incidents that provide both qualitative and quantitative insights into the level of risks? A) Logie & probabilistic trees B) Event and Fault Trees ©) Logie & probabilistic models D) Event & Fault Models 37. QRA generally uses analysis logic models to estimate the frequency of each incident sequence using what is known as: A) Probability trees & decision trees B) Probability trees & fault trees ©) Logic trees & decision trees D) Event trees & fault trees 38. Which of these statements are not true regarding a Qualitative Risk Analysis??2222?22 ‘A) FMEA and HAZOPS are very good examples of QRA B) It is an analysis that uses broad categorizations for POF & COF ) Analyses results are dependent on the background/expertise of analysts & analysis objectives 39. FMEA and HAZOPs are examples of qualitative risk analysis techniques that become QRA methods when consequence and failure probability values are: A) Established using the respective descriptive input (fiom FMEA & HAZOPs) B) Estimated along with the respective descriptive input (from FMEA & HAZOPs) ©) Precisely determined using the respective descriptive input (from FMEA & HAZOPs) D) None of the above are correct 40. The Process of integrating inspection data or other changes into a risk analysis is called: A) Reassessment B) Risk Management © Reintegration D) Risk Mitigation Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4 — Definitions & Acronyms)41. Which of the following statements are not true regarding the definition of consequence? A) Consequences may range from positive to negative and are always negative for safety aspects B) A consequence is defined by API 580 as “an outcome from an event” C) Consequences may only be expressed qualitatively or quantitatively D) There can be only one consequence fiom a single event 42. As defined by API 580, a Corrosion Specialist is a person who is knowledgeable and experienced in all of the following areas except: A) Specific process chemistries & materials selection B) Mitigation & risk analysis methods C) Corrosion degradation mechanisms D) Corrosion monitoring techniques 43. Which of the statements are not true regarding the API 580 definition of cost-effective? A) Itis an activity with a level of risk acceptable to the owner-user B) Itis an activity that is a financially sound use of resources ©) It is an activity that is effective in resolving an issue D) Itis an activity that is a form of mitigation 44. Which of the following statements are not true regarding the API 580 definition of a damage (or deterioration) mechanism? A) Process that induces micro material changes oyer time (harmful to a material condition) B) Process that induces micro material changes over time (harmful to material mech. properties) C) They include corrosion, SCC, creep, erosion, fatigue, fracture, and thermal aging D) Damage mechanisms are always incremental, cumulative, and unrecoverable. 45. Physical manifestation of damage (wall thinning, pitting, cracking, rupture) is called: A) A damage (or deterioration) mechanism B) A damage (or deterioration) mode ©) Deterioration D) Degradation Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4 — Definitions & Acronyms) ~~~ DETERIORATION, DAMAGE & FAILURE QUESTIONS ~~~ 46. The amount of deterioration that a component can withstand without failing is called: A) Damage tolerance B) Damage mode ©) Failure mode D) Degradation 47. Which of these statements is not true regarding the API 580 definition of deterioration?A) Deterioration can be caused by various damage mechanisms (thinning, cracking, mechanical) B) Reduction in the ability ofa component to provide its intended purpose of fluid containment, ) Per API 580, either “damage” or “degradation” may be used in place of deterioration D) Deterioration may be unannounced and undetected at the instant of oceurrence 48, Termination of the ability of a system, structure, equipment or component to perform its required function of containment of fluid (i. loss of containment) is called: A) Deterioration B) Degradation © Failure D) Damage 49. Unannounced failure is one tha! ‘A) Undetected at the instant of occurrence B) Detected at the instant of occurrence by any number of methods ©) Either undetected or detected at the instance oF occurrence by any number of methods D) Noute of the above are correct 50. Announced failure is one that is: A) Undetected at the instant of occurrence B) Detected at the instant of occurrence by any number of methods ©) Bither undetected or detected at the instance of occurrence by any number of methods D) None of the above are correct Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4 — Definitions & Acronyms) + DETERIORATION, DAMAGE & FAILURE QUESTIONS 51. Examples of an unannounced failure include all of these except: A) Slow leak under insulation not detected (until someone notices a drip or wisp of vapor) B) Slow leak under insulation not detected (until a pool of fluid forms on the ground) C) Small leak in 2 heat exchanger tube ora small leak in a buried piping system D) Slow leak under insulation in an H12S line detected by a plant alarm 52. Examples of an announced failure include all of these except: A) Rupture of a pipe in a process plant B) Sudden decrease in the pressure of a system ©) Rupture of.a process unit pressure vessel _D) Sudden inerease in the pressure of a system 53. Which of these statements are not true regarding the API 580 term “failure mode” A) For RBI, the failure of concem is loss of containment of pressurized equipment items. B) Examples of failure modes are thinning, pitting, cracking and rupture C) Examples of failure modes are small hole, crack, and rupture A) Failure mode is defined as the manner of failure54, By API 580 definition, an “event” is the occurrence of a particular set of A) Cireumstances B) Initiated actions ©) Consequences D) Scenarios 55. Which of the following statements is false regarding the API 580 definition of an event? A) An event is the occurrence of a particular set of cizcumstances B) The event may be certain or uncertain, and can be singular or multiple ©) The probability of an event occurring within a given period of time ean be estimated D) Events can result from forces of nature, acts of God, sabotage, electrical power failures Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4 — Definitions & Acronyms) EVENT RELATED QUESTIONS nn 56. An analytical tool that organizes and characterizes potential occurrences in a logical and graphical manner is called: A) Event Risk Analysis B) Event tree © External Event 1D) Event Analysis 57. Which of these statements is NOT true regarding API 580°s definition of an event tree? ‘A) An event tree begins with the identification of potential initiating events B) The process is to develop pathways or scenarios from initiating events to potential outeomes C) Analytical too! that organizes & characterizes past oceurrences in a logical and graphical way D) Subsequent possible eyents resulting from initiating events are shown in a 2" level of the tree 58. Which statement is NOT true regarding API 580’s definition of an external event? A) An event resulting from forees of nature, aets of God, sabotage, terrorism, & power failures B) An event resulting from intrusions of external transportation vehicles (ships, trains, trucks) C) An event resulting from neighboring fires, explosions, or even hazardous material releases D) An event that can usually be controlled by persons employed at the facility Assumptions made during design (¢.g., design life, corrosion allowance) are called a:A) Risk estimation B) Design estimation © Risk premise D) Design premise 60. Methodology whereby damage or flaws/imperfections contained within a component or equipment item are assessed in order to determine acceptability for continued service is a: A) Process Safety Management B) Process Hazards Analysis C) Failure Modes and Effects Analysis D) Fitness-for-Service Assessment Priority 2 Exam Qs (API 580 Ch. 4 — Definitions & Acronyms) G1. Which of these statement not true regarding the API 580 definition of a Hazard? ‘A) Physical condition or release of a hazardous material that could result from component failure B) A hazard could result in human injury or death, loss or damage, or environmental degradation ©) Components used to transport/store/process a hazardous material eannot be a source of hazard D) A hazard is a source of harm, and human error and external events may also create a hazard 62. A thing or activity with a potential for consequence is called a: A) Source B) Hazard © Risk D) None of these 63. Which of the statements is false regarding the API 580 definition of 1 HAZOP Study? A) AHAZOP study is a form a Failure Modes & Effects Analysis (FMEA) B) HAZOP studies use systematic techniques to identify risks & operability issues in a facility CO It is useful to identify unforeseen hazards designed into facilities (due to lack of information) D) It is useful to identify unforeseen hazards introduced into existing facilities (process changes) 64, A Hazard and operability study (HAZOP study) is a form of: A) Failure Modes & Effects Analysis (FMEA) B) Process Safety Management (PSM) ©) Process Hazards Analysis (PHA) D) Risk Analysis 65. Basic objectives of the techniques used in HAZOP studies include all of these except: