Table of Contents

GENERAL............................................................................................................................3
Safety information...............................................................................................................5
Safety terms............................................................................................................................................5
Electrical safety........................................................................................................................................5
Covers and panels....................................................................................................................................5
Inspection................................................................................................................................................5
Laser radiation.........................................................................................................................................5
Fiber-handling precautions......................................................................................................................6
FCC rules..................................................................................................................................................6
Installing the RaySense System............................................................................................7
Equipment List and System Overview.....................................................................................................7
APU- Alarm Processing Unit.................................................................................................................7
Passive Optical Start and End Modules................................................................................................8
Passive Optical Isolation Modules........................................................................................................9
Installation of the Fiber Optic RaySense Cable.....................................................................10
Installation of the sensor cable..........................................................................................................10
After completion of the site plan and all hardware is available, the installation can begin...............10
GPS coordinates for critical locations................................................................................................11
Wiring of the sensor cable.................................................................................................................11
Installing the Hardware......................................................................................................16
Installing the Client Software..............................................................................................19
Location Trigger.................................................................................................................................20
Weighting & Binning..........................................................................................................................22
Classifications....................................................................................................................................24
Alarms................................................................................................................................................25
RaySense Unified Algorithms..............................................................................................26
Appendix A. Product Specifications.....................................................................................33

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GENERAL

The Fiber Optic Perimeter Intrusion Detection System is effective sensor designed for the protection of
long perimeter detection lines based on underground protection and oil and gas pipe lines. The system
operates in real-time and should be considered as a preventative monitoring system, since it has the
potential to detect early stages of these events without the cable being directly/physically impacted or
damaged.
The basic system configuration is shown in the following diagram.

Figure 1: System Configuration

The RaySense system uses proprietary passive optical start and end modules to “activate” typical single
mode fiber optic cable into a powerful vibration sensor. The fiber optic cable becomes extremely
sensitive to pressure and motion, capable of detecting minute vibrations transmitted through the soil or
the surface of a pipeline. The RaySense Alarm Processing Unit (APU) monitors the optical signal and,
using sophisticated algorithms, is able to distinguish between intruder crossing the detection line, a leak
and non-threatening nuisances. The APU performs automated optical calibration on power-up and
during operation. This simplifies setup and the system performance will not diminish with time. Only
minimal maintenance of the APU is required.
The use of fiber optic cable as a sensor comes with some important advantages:
1. No need for power along the length of the protected pipeline.
2. Passive optical sensor is completely inert and safe around flammable or explosive chemicals or
environments.
3. Fiber optic sensing cable is immune to EMI/RFI.

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The system consists of four basic components:
1. APU – Alarm Processing Unit and standard patch panel (RB- RaySense -1-Channel 50km)
2. Sensing cable based on single mode fiber optic cable (RB-RaySense -FO Cable/F)
3. Initial and Final Passive Terminations (RB-R- Start Termination, RB- R - End Termination)
4. Zone Isolation Units (optional) (RB- Zone Isolation Unit)
The RaySense APU is shown below in Figure (2).

Figure 2: APU – Alarm Processing Unit

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Safety information

This section contains information to help ensure your personal safety and the proper operation of your
equipment. Please follow these instructions carefully, and keep them accessible, for future reference.
Whenever using the RaySense use only attachments and accessories that have been specified by the
system provider, and refer all servicing to qualified personnel.
Safety terms
The following icons may appear throughout this manual:

CAUTION: Identifies conditions or practices that could result in damage to equipment and/or
loss/contamination of data.

WARNING: Identifies conditions or practices that could result in non-fatal personal injury.

DANGER: Identifies conditions or practices that could result in serious injury or death.

Electrical safety
If the RaySense is damaged or malfunctions, disconnect power to the APU. Do not use the APU if
any of the following conditions exist:
• The APU is damaged.
• The APU does not operate as expected.
• The APU has been subjected to prolonged storage under adverse conditions.
Do not put the APU into service until qualified service personnel have verified its safety.

Covers and panels

There are no user-serviceable parts inside the APU. To avoid personal injury, do not remove any of
the APU’s covers or panels. The product warranty is void if the factory seal is broken. Do not
operate the product unless the covers and panels are installed.
Inspection
The RaySense APU should be inspected for shipping damage. If any damage is found, notify the
system provider and file a claim with the carrier. Save the shipping container for possible
inspection by the carrier.
Laser radiation
The RaySense APU is a Class IIIb laser product, as defined by IEC 60825-1 and CFR 21 subchapter J.
A Class IIIb laser emits sufficient light to cause damage if the beam enters the eye directly. Avoid
direct eye exposure to the output of this product or to the open end of any optical-fiber cable
connected to this product.

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 The following Figure (3) illustrates the stamp found on the rear panel of the APU.

Figure 3: Class IIIb laser stamp on rear panel of the APU.

Fiber-handling precautions
Warning: Optical fibers are made of glass, and the ends of broken fibers can be sharp and may
become lodged in the skin. Take appropriate handling precautions.

FCC rules
Note: This equipment has been tested, and complies with the limits for a Class B digital device,
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection
against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can
radiate radio-frequency energy. If the equipment is not installed and used in accordance with the
instructions, it may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no
guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause
harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the
equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of
the following measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is
connected.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

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Installing the RaySense System

Proper installation is necessary for the guaranteed security of the perimeter line. Improper installation
can result in diminished effectiveness of the RaySense Intrusion Detection System. As a result, it is
critically important to follow the following steps carefully, and to seek clarification from the system
provider, should anything seem unclear.
Equipment List and System Overview
The main components of a RaySense Security System includes:
1. RaySense Alarm Processing Unit
2. Sensing cable based on Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable for direct burial
3. Vidalert management system
4. Passive Optical Start and End Modules
5. Passive Optical Isolation Modules (Optional)

APU- Alarm Processing Unit

The Alarm Processing Unit (APU) is a fully automated sensing platform. The APU automatically controls
the temperature and intensity of the laser and receiver, and performs periodic optical calibration of the
system. This makes setup simple and easy, and removes the potential for human error. During
operation, the APU automatically readjusts and recalibrates as needed. This allows the APU to
compensate for the slow changes in the properties of the fiber optic cable from changing weather
conditions or shifting earth, which can alter the performance of the sensor over time. This keeps the
system running at peak performance without the need for routine manual calibration.
The APU is environmentally robust, with low energy consumption, eliminating the need for air
conditioned racks. It is 3U in height, and fits into any standard industrial 19” rack.

Sensing cable based on Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable for direct burial
RaySense utilizes 3 single mode strands of optical fiber from any fiber optic
cable, leaving any remaining strands available for additional applications such
as instrumentation data transmission (SCADA), CCTV or for traditional
communications purposes.
The sensor cable with unique structure offers improved sensitivity,
ruggedness and provides uniform sensitivity despite non-uniform ground and
environmental conditions along the cable path. The cable is specially
designed for direct burial structure with robust design includes protection Figure 4: Sample sensing cable.
against insects, rodents and other small mammals.

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Passive Optical Start and End Modules
Each RaySense System comes with a Passive Optical Start Module and a Passive Optical End Module. It
is important to note that these are supplied as a matched set. These proprietary, passive optical
modules “activate” the fiber optic cable, turning the ordinary singlemode cable into a powerful, locating
vibration sensor.
Three fibers need to be selected from within the sensor cable to act as the sensing fiber. Those fibers
need to be field spliced to the start and end modules, making the fiber optic cable between the modules
sensitive to motion, pressure, and vibration.
Installation is simple; the cables leaving the start module are clearly labeled A, B, and C. Simply connect
the A fiber from the start module to the same fiber in the sensing cable that is connected to the A fiber
on the end module; B to B, and C to C.
The optical fibers/cable between the APU and the Start Module are completely insensitive, allowing the
APU to be installed in a convenient location, far from the beginning of the secured pipeline.

Zoom view of the components

Star module Pigtail End module Pigtail

Figure 5: Wiring diagram through the various modules

Page 8
Passive Optical Isolation Modules
Zone isolation units are utilized in two different circumstances:
1. A specific cable section/region needs to be isolated from the other sections of cable in order to
clearly demarcate this region for higher/lower sensitivity or to effectively shunt a region out
from alarming.
2. A specific section of cable of interest (i.e., at a road crossing, river crossing, section installed or
suspended above ground, area with unstable slopes, gate crossings, etc.) is relatively short in
length (<100m) and requires special demarcation in order to program specific alarm parameters.
Once a certain section of cable is selected for demarcation (i.e. at a river crossing), a pair of Zone
Isolation Unit modules should be installed at the start and end of this section. The Zone Isolation Unit
modules are provided with four fiber pigtails. Two pigtails are for the input fibers and the other two are
the output fibers. The two sensing fibers inside the sensing cable should be fusion spliced to the two
respective fibers in the Zone Isolation Units.
Once completed, the cable should be tested with an OTDR to ensure that the splice losses at these
modules are less than 0.2dB and there are no noticeable reflections. The OTDR test should confirm that
an additional 100m of fiber has been added by the Zone Isolation Unit. Any plan to include Zone
Isolation Units in an installation must consider the impact on the 11dB optical power budget of the
system.

Page 9
Installation of the Fiber Optic RaySense Cable

The RaySense is configured as a hybrid transmissive interferometer. Two of the single mode fibers are
utilized to form the sensing interferometer. The third fiber forms a loop-back return path, from the far
end, for one of the interferometer paths.
The two active sensor fibers must be separated into individual opposing tubes within the cable, as
illustrated in Figure (5). The position of the third fiber is not important.

Two sensing fibers

located in opposite tubes

Figure 6: Two single mode fibers, located in opposing tubes.

Installation of the sensor cable

The fiber optic cable must to be laid in accordance with industry standards and practices.
When installation is done in ground it is important to prepare the site before starting the installation.
This includes clearing the detection area of any overhanging branches, shrubbery, bushes, etc.
After completion of the site plan and all hardware is available, the installation can begin.
Mark the path of the detection zone from the beginning point to the end of the particular zone. The
suggested trench depth for the RaySense sensor cable is dependent on the substrate to which it will be
applied. In the type of substrate as shown in the photo above, a maximum depth of 40cm should suffice.
In places where the ground is very soft and observe the vibration noises it is recommended to add
gravel around the sensing cable and consider installation in two parallel lines or serpentine
configuration. When the cable is firmly set in place recovering the trench can proceed.

Figure 7: sensor cable in-ground installation.

Page 10
GPS coordinates for critical locations
It is important, during installation, to make note of the GPS coordinates, cable distance, cable markings
entering and exiting, service loop length and pipeline distance for all splice boxes, including where the
start and end modules are located. It is also important to know the GPS coordinates for all reference
points of interest (Refineries, stations, or any high risk, high value location that needs more accurate
location detection for better security).
Additionally, for enhanced location accuracy, it is helpful to have the cable distance for reference points
of interest, and the GPS coordinates and cable distance for any significant directional changes along the
path of the fiber optic sensor cable.
The “location” accuracy of the system is very good. Direct contact with the cable yields 1-3m location
accuracy, with a 1m resolution, across its entire 50km range. If the cable is attached to a rigid structure,
the system responds with <10m location accuracy, with a 1m resolution, across its entire 50km range.
When the cable is embedded within a soft medium, such as buried in the ground, the system responds
with <20m location accuracy, with a 1m resolution, across its entire 50km range.
The location performance is affected by two major factors – 1) the wave-front propagation
characteristics of a travelling stress-wave affecting or impacting a specific section of cable and 2) the
limitations imposed on the processing system for the maximum range of 50km.
The location performance of the RaySense system is only as good as the information available about the
cable installation. Incorrect or missing information can lead to incorrect intrusion locations. In order to
set up an accurate map of the secure pipeline and to determine the exact location of an intrusion, be
sure to have this information on hand during commissioning and software setup (described later in this
document).
Wiring of the sensor cable
In order to convert the passive fiber optic cable into an active sensing cable, it is necessary to install the
proprietary passive terminations: one at the start and another at the end of the fiber optic sensing
cable, as illustrated in the following diagram.
Please note all fibers arrived with connectors welded to the wire ends. After test is done the connectors
should be cut off and replaced with permanent welding.

Figure 8: Start and end module overview.

Page 11
To that end, the three selected fibers from inside the cable must be field spliced with the Initial and Final
Passive Termination modules and placed in standard water-tight splice enclosures, as is done
traditionally in the communications industry. The enclosures are usually buried in sand inside of a field
pit (manhole), permitting access when and if required. The sand helps to reduce sensitivity of the excess
fiber cable coils in the manholes.
Before splicing the Initial and Final Passive Termination modules, the cable installer must take OTDR
readings of the fibers in the cable in order to ensure that no damage has occurred to the fibers prior to
splicing. These readings should be compared to the pre-installation cable readings. Keep a hard and/or
soft copy of these OTDR results.
A non-sensitive feeder cable is also installed between the APU and the Start Module that is terminated
to the sensing cable. It will be connected to the APU through an optical fiber patch panel in the
equipment room.
After the splicing is completed, it is important to verify the splice loss readings for each individual splice
with either the fusion splicer itself or an OTDR. The typical fusion splice loss for singlemode fiber should
be 0.05dB or better, with an acceptable maximum of 0.1dB. The installer must also verify and record
connector insertion losses, splicing losses and Initial and Final Passive Termination module losses with
an OTDR operating at an optical wavelength of 1,550nm.
The total number of splices is not important as long as the optical power losses are within the overall
optical power budget of 11dB. However, splices must be high quality in order to avoid reflections.
The 11dB power budget is for all of the insensitive and sensitive cable between the Initial and Final
Passive Termination modules, in one direction. Assuming a cable attenuation of 0.22dB/km, plus our
recommendation of always leaving a minimum of 1dB margin of safety, we recommend no more than
45km of total cable length for a working system. Even though OTDR traces may show a lower fiber
attenuation, it is possible that with time, changing conditions and aging, the optical attenuation may
reach or even exceed this level. Still, this is below the 0.25dB/km specification used generally by cable
manufacturers.
It is important to verify the proper installation of the fiber cable before commissioning. To verify the
installation, simply take OTDR traces of all three fibers used by the system. When testing the fibers
labeled “Laser” and “Input 1”, the OTDR should show identical traces. The trace for the fiber labeled
“Input 2” will look differently. Examples traces are illustrated and described below.
The diagram below illustrates an OTDR trace taken for either of the fibers labeled “Laser” or “Input 1”
(they should both look identical).

Page 12
 Figure 9: OTDR trace for fibers labeled “Laser” or “Input 1”.

Figure 10: OTDR trace for fibers labeled “Laser” or “Input 1”.

This is a typical OTDR trace for a properly installed, including lead-in (insensitive) cable and installed
Start and End Modules. There should be some standard features and events in these traces for a
properly installed system, as follows:
1. In reference to the OTDR trace shown in Figure (9), a 500m ‘dummy’ spool was used to take the
OTDR trace in order to compensate for any ‘dead zone’ of the OTDR instrument. The remainder
of the entire system cable length is approximately 5.5km (11km when the fiber is looped back to
return along the same cable).

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 2. Event 1 at the start of the trace is created by the start of the 500m ‘dummy’ spool.
3. Event 2 is created at the end of the 500m ‘dummy’ spool. The reflection shown by Event 2 is
created by the connector interfacing the ‘dummy’ spool to the start of the insensitive (lead-in)
cable fiber being tested.
4. Event 3 is created by a negligible splice or bend loss in the insensitive lead-in fiber.
5. Event 4 is created by the input to the Start Module and represents the start of the sensing
portion of the cable (the red line illustrated in Figure (10)). This is a normal and expected loss
event that should be seen for either of the Start Module fibers, labeled “Laser” or “Input 1”,
whichever one is being tested. The typical optical loss of this event should be in the range of 2.4-
2.7 dB.
6. The cable length between Events 2 and 4 represents the full insensitive (lead-in) cable length
(the green line illustrated in Figure (10)).
7. Event 5 is created by the input to the End Module and represents the end of the sensing portion
of the cable. This is a normal and expected very large reflection event that should be seen when
testing either of the fibers labeled “Laser” or “Input 1”.
8. The cable length between Events 4 and 5 represents the full sensing cable length (the red line
illustrated in Figure (10)).
9. Owing to the settings of the OTDR in this case, the trace beyond Event 5 is very noisy and it is
difficult to see clearly the entire length of loop-back (lead-out) fiber. With a longer pulse and
averaging time, the trace would show as a continuous smooth line until the end of the fiber run.

The diagram below illustrates an OTDR trace taken for the fiber labeled “Input 2”.

Figure 11: OTDR trace for RaySense system for fiber labeled “Input 2”.

This is a typical OTDR trace for a properly installed RaySense system, including insensitive lead-in cable
and installed Start and End Modules. There should be some standard features and events in these
traces for a properly installed system, as follows:

Page 14
 1. In reference to the OTDR trace shown in Figure (11), a 500m ‘dummy’ spool was used to take
the OTDR trace in order to compensate for any ‘dead zone’ of the OTDR instrument. The
remainder of the entire system cable length is approximately 5.5km (11km when the fiber is
looped back to return along the same cable).
2. Event 1 at the start of the trace is created by the start of the 500m ‘dummy’ spool.
3. Event 2 is created at the end of the 500m ‘dummy’ spool. The reflection shown by Event 2 is
created by the connector interfacing the ‘dummy’ spool to the end of the insensitive (lead-out)
fiber being tested.
4. Events 3 and 4 are created by a negligible splice or bend loss in the insensitive lead-out fiber.
5. Event 5 is created by the End Module and represents the end of the sensing portion of the cable
(the red line illustrated in Figure (10)). This is a normal and expected loss event that should be
seen for fiber labeled “Input 2”. The typical optical loss of this event should be in the range of
5.1-5.5 dB.
6. The cable length between Events 2 and 5 represents the full insensitive (lead-out) fiber length.
7. Owing to the settings of the OTDR in this case, the trace beyond Event 5 is noisy and it is difficult
to see clearly the remaining length of sensing and lead-in fiber. With a longer pulse and
averaging time, the trace would show 1) a continuous smooth line for the sensing fiber length,
2) a 2.4-2.7 dB loss at approximately 8.5km associated with the Start Module and 3) another
continuous smooth line until the end of the fiber run.
A non-sensitive feeder cable is installed between the APU and the Start Module that is terminated to
the sensing cable. It will be connected to the APU through an optical fiber patch panel.
The cable from the field will be connected to the patch panel and to the APU with SC/APC connectors. It
is critical that only 8 degree angled connectors are used. These SC/APC connectors are installed on the
back of the controller, the patch panel, and to the incoming sensor cable. All field connections and
splicing of these connectors must be performed by trained and certified technicians in order to ensure
optimum transmission of signals and reduction of reflections.

Once the fiber optic cable installation has been verified, the RaySense hardware is ready to be installed.

Page 15
Installing the Hardware

The RaySense APU comes with a rack-mounting kit consisting of two rack-mounting handles, as well as
screws for attaching them to the APU. Attach the handles to the APU, and then mount the APU into the
rack, using the rack-mounting handles. Mount the system Server into the rack near or adjacent to the
APU. Install the monitor, mouse, and keyboard to the KVM switch. Connect the KVM switch to the
server and power on the server. The completed system rack installation should appear similar to that
illustrated below in Figure (9).

NETWORK SWITHCH

12 PORT SC APC PATCH PANEL 1U

RAYSENSE APU 3U

RAYSENSE APU 3U

MONITOR

Titan Commander™
RAYSENSE SERVER COMPUTER
server

Figure 12: Typical installation of RaySense system in a 19in equipment rack.

After the standard OTDR tests are conducted, following completion of the necessary field splicing, the
APU should be connected to the optical fiber patch panel with single mode SC/APC patch cords. All fiber
optic connections are located on the rear panel of the RaySense APU, as shown in Figure (13).

Page 16
 Figure 13: APU - Rear Panel.

Note: It is important that you only insert clean optical connectors into any of the APU’s optical
ports or the optical fiber patch panel through-adaptors. Dirty connectors can degrade the
performance of the APU, or even cause irreversible damage. When laying connectors down,
unconnected, make sure they have protective caps on the ferrules. Caps protect the ferrule from
damage that might be caused by bumping the ferrule against a foreign object, but caps can be dirty,
and don’t protect (effectively) against microscopic contamination. Consequently, be sure to clean
all connectors prior to insertion into any port, whether or not they have been capped.

The “Laser” fiber from the start module connects to the “Laser” port on the APU; Input 1 to Input 1, and
Input 2 to Input 2.
The power plugs for the RaySense are also located on the rear panel. The APU requires 80 W
(maximum), and should be plugged into a 100-240VAC, at 47-63Hz, supply using the provided power
cables.
Connect the Ethernet port on the rear panel of the APU to the Ethernet port labeled Gb1 on the rear of
the Server using the provided shielded Ethernet cable, as shown in Figure (14).

Figure 14: Ethernet ports on the Titan Commander™ Server.

Page 17
Using the second Ethernet port (Gb2) on the rear of the Software Server, connect the server to the
client computer, or the network connected to the client computer.
Once this is completed and the APU is turned on, the RaySense system will conduct its own automatic
optical testing and calibration of the fiber optic system. This function is then automatically routinely
conducted by the system.

Page 18
Installing the Client Software

To monitor, tune, and test the RaySense Security System, a computer running the provided Client
software is required. The RaySense Configuration is used for setting up and tuning of the RaySense
System. The GuardUI software is for rudimentary monitoring of a system and reporting events,
warnings, and alarms after the system is active.
The computer running the client software must be connected either directly, or through a network, to
the server. The IP address of the Server must be known, in order to connect to the Configuration or
GuardUI software. To find out the IP address of the server, simply log in to the server using the
provided username and password. Open up command prompt and type “ipconfig”, then hit enter. Be
sure to store the displayed IP address for later use. This IP address is needed to connect any clients, or
for remote access to the server.
To install the Client software, simply double click the Commander Install application on the provided
Installation CD and follow the simple installation wizard.
Once installed, to launch the Client software, simply double-click the RaySense Configuration icon. To
connect the client to the server, enter the server URL and click connect. The server URL is:

https://255.255.255.255:8443/ Be sure to replace the highlighted section with the IP address of

the Server obtained earlier.
If the client is to run on the server computer, you may simply
enter “localhost”

RaySense Config

Figure 15: RaySense Configuration Software – Connection Screen.

After connecting to the server, the RaySense Configuration software will display the general
information page, as illustrated in Figure (13). On every page there is a navigation pane on the left hand
side, to allow the user to easily navigate between the different pages. The general information page
displays alarm and fault log information in the center, and displays the front panel LCD display of the
APU. Useful diagnostic information such as APU uptime, laser temperature and the number of
outstanding faults can be found on the right side panel.

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 RaySense Configuration

Figure 16: RaySense Configuration Software – General Page.

Location Trigger

Clicking on “Location Trigger” in the navigation panel (left side), opens the Location Trigger page, as
illustrated in Figure (14).

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 FD600 Configuration

Figure 17: RAYSENSE Configuration Software – Trigger Page.

This page displays waveforms for detector 1 and detector 2 for the latest location trigger. This page is
used to help calibrate and verify the location trigger. The right side panel lists the tunable parameters
for the location trigger. The options here are:

Half Fringes – This sets the fringe cycle threshold for a location trigger.

Upper [kHz] – This sets the upper frequency cut off for the location trigger.

Lower [kHz] – This sets the lower frequency cut off for the location trigger.

Threshold Percent – This sets the percentage of the threshold for location trigger.

These values must be set by a trained technician during commissioning.

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Weighting & Binning

Clicking on “Weighting & Binning” in the navigation panel (left side), opens the Weighting and Binning
page, as illustrated in Figure (15).

FD600 Configuration

Figure 18: RAYSENSE Configuration Software – Weighting and Binning Page.

This page displays the last location trigger waveform and the results of the location binning algorithm
performed by the RaySense. The right side panel displays cable and binning settings. These settings
must be set in order to accurately locate an intrusion along the cable. Clicking the link labeled “Open
Detector 1 Parameter Calculator…” opens the Detector 1 Parameter Calculator, as shown below in
Figure (16).

Figure 19: RAYSENSE Configuration Software – Detector 1 Parameter Calculator.

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Enter the sensing cable length, lead-out 1 cable length, and lead-in cable length in meters. The sensing
cable length is the total length of optical fiber between the start and end modules. The lead out 1 cable
length is the total length of the feeder cable between the APU and the start module. The lead-out 2 is
the total length of the feeder cable from the end module to the input 2 port on the APU. Typically, lead-
out 1 plus the sensing cable length are equal to the lead-out 2 length. All this information should have
been gathered during installation of the fiber optic cable and OTDR testing. For detailed information on
this topic, refer to the document titled RaySense Installation Requirements.

Once this information has been entered, click the “Use Calculated Value” button. When any changes
are made to any settings, a prompt will appear in the top right-hand corner of the RAYSENSE
Configuration program, as shown in Figure (17).

FD600 Configuration

Figure 20: RAYSENSE Configuration Software – Save Configuration Prompt.

Be sure to click “save configuration” or none of the changes will be transferred to the APU. The
parameters for the binning algorithm for the location trigger should be adjusted, tuned, and tested by a
qualified technician during commissioning.

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Classifications

Clicking on “Classifications” in the navigation panel (left side), opens the Classifications page, as
illustrated in Figure (18).

FD600 Configuration

Figure 21: RAYSENSE Configuration Software – Classifications Page.

Classifications are customizable event processors. They create triggers when a specific type of intrusion
signal is detected. Properly tuning these classifications is what allows the RaySense to detect TPI and
leaks while ignoring non-threatening nuisances.

Classifications are a subset of the ground breaking RaySense Unified Algorithms architecture, which is
described in the next section, tiled “RaySense Unified Algorithms”.

The RaySense system comes with a set of default, pre-defined classifications. The list of classifications
will be adjusted, tuned, and tested by a qualified technician during commissioning.

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Alarms

Clicking on “Alarms” in the navigation panel (left side), opens the Alarms page, as illustrated in Figure
(19).

FD600 Configuration

Figure 22: RAYSENSE Configuration Software – Alarms Page.

This page enables alarms and warnings to be programmed for the system. Alarms and warnings are
logical concatenations of the classifications. Alarms/warnings are created depending on the types of
threats that are expected. Alarms/warnings will be set, tested and tuned by a qualified technician
during commissioning.

Alarms and warnings are a subset of the ground breaking RaySense Unified Algorithms architecture,
which is described in the next section, tiled “RaySense Unified Algorithms”.

The RaySense system comes with a set of default, pre-defined alarms/warnings. The list of
alarms/warnings will be adjusted, tuned, and tested by a qualified technician during commissioning.

Page 25
RaySense Unified Algorithms

A sophisticated new set of detection and classification algorithms (Unified Algorithms) was introduced
for the RaySense system, utilizing efficient signal processing and sophisticated statistical data analysis.
The RaySense Unified Algorithms provide a revolutionary approach to automated, real-time signal
processing, utilizing multi-parameter, time-based, frequency-based and location-based detection
algorithms, built around an intelligent pattern recognition platform. Consequently, the RaySense
system achieves a high detection probability and low nuisance alarm rate.
The Long RaySense is a long-range interferometric sensor that identifies the vibrational signatures of
potential intruders and locates their positions. The system’s performance is intimately related to the
sensitivity and bandwidth of the hardware/firmware elements, as well as the analytical capabilities of
the algorithms that analyze the sensor signal and calculate the locations and natures of intrusions; this
section describes the high-level structure of those algorithms.
The RaySense Unified Algorithms (UA) are a structured, layered approach to event classification and
alarms, consisting of algorithms that look at staged data sequentially, applying user-defined parameters
and algorithms that maximize the probability of detection (PD) while minimizing the nuisance alarm rate
(NAR).
This layered approach has four types of processors:
1. Trigger
2. Event
3. Classification
4. Alarm
Each type of processor takes input data, applies logical rules to that data, and then outputs data. The
trigger processors use raw sensor data as input, and then output data that is used by the event
processors. Event processor output data to the classification processors, which output data to the alarm
processors.
Trigger processors provide a graphical user interface (GUI) that guides users in selecting pertinent tuning
parameters. Users can choose from four different types of trigger processors, two of which use time-
domain data (fringes) and two that use frequency-domain data. These trigger processors generate
output under user-defined conditions. For example, the user may define tuning parameters for a trigger
processor that outputs data when a certain number of fringes occur within a customer-specified
frequency range. Or, they may choose a trigger processor that outputs data when the frequency-
domain spectrum exceeds a certain threshold, within a certain frequency range. See Figure (20) for
examples of two types of triggers.

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 Figure 23: Examples of two trigger processors. Top: fringe-counting processor. Bottom: frequency-
domain processor based on frequency-domain level threshold.

The trigger processor output is analyzed by event processors. There are two types of event processors –
one that looks at patterns of single outputs from trigger processors, and one that looks at patterns of
groups of outputs from trigger processors. Figure (21) illustrates a schematic representation of the
event processor that looks at single outputs from trigger processors. This event processor might be
used, for example, to detect a person who is digging with a shovel or a pick ax. In programming this
event processor, the user might specify a fringe-counting trigger processor, and then set the mask time
to 0.5 sec, the window to 3 seconds, and the count to four or five. With the event processor tuned this
way, a person digging in the vicinity of the sensor would be detected after striking the ground four or
five times.

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 Figure 24: Event processor that looks for patterns of single outputs from a trigger processor.

Classification processors use the output from event processors, in addition to location, to provide
intruder classifications, as illustrated in Figure (22). Classification processors also look at the timing of
outputs to ensure that the signal data used in classification is coincidental in time.
Within the classification processor user’s interface, the operator defines the following:
1. Classification processor name
2. Location range for the classification processor
3. Event processor
a. This is the event processor that is used by the classification processor.
4. Trigger processor
a. This is the trigger processor that is used by the event processor that is used by the
classification processor

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 Figure 25: Classification processors use information from trigger processors, location, and event processors, in
order to provide classification.

The user can define a (virtually) unlimited number of classification processors, each with their own
trigger and event processors, and each covering their own location ranges. The location-specific
capability is important because often the tuning parameters will need to be adjusted to accommodate
local terrain and soil conditions. The different classification processers are fully independent, too. This
means that several classification processors can all use the same basic trigger or event processors, with
or without different user-defined tuning parameters; the user has full flexibility with regard to how they
build each classification processor.
The process of triggering happens very quickly; within a few tens of milliseconds the RaySense APU
“knows” that some sort of activity has occurred. The task of classifying the activity takes longer.
Depending on how the user programs the various classification processors, it may take 15 seconds or
longer to sort through the programmed classifications, and determine (for example) that the intruder is
a person digging with a shovel and not a truck crossing a nearby bridge. This is the pattern recognition
part of the architecture.
The alarm processor adds another level of flexibility and control by allowing users to define the
conditions that result in an alarm or just a warning. Both alarms and warnings are contingent on the
coincidental occurrence of user-defined classification processors, and the Boolean relationships that
exist between those processors. For example, a user could define an alarm processor that generates a
warning if two classification processors detect a threat, but generate an alarm if those same two
classification processors, plus a third, detect a threat. Figure (23) shows the process in schematic form,
and Figure (24) illustrates a mockup of the RAYSENSE RaySense user interface, showing the display
screen during the process of creating/tuning a classification processor.

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Figure 26: Alarm processors take input data from various classification processors and apply rules of
coincidence and Boolean logic to define when or not to emit an alarm or warning.

Figure 24: Mockup of the user interface for the RaySense . This view shows the screen that’s used to tune
a classification processor.

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The UA increase overall performance by taking advantage of basic principles in statistics, as we can see
in the following example. Suppose we have two independent classification processors, each with a 98%
probability of detection and a 10% probability of generating 1 nuisance alarm per week. For each
classification processor, individually, the nuisance alarm rate is excessive. However, with the UA we can
program an alarm processor that uses the two classification processors in a logical AND configuration.
In this configuration, an alarm will be generated only if both classification processors generate an alarm
simultaneously. The probability of detection for the Alarm processor is the product of the probability of
detection for the two classification processors: 0.98 0.98  0.96 , or 96%, which is still quite good for
PD. The probability that the alarm processor generates a nuisance alarm is 0.1 0.1  0.01 , or 1%. So,
while the PD in the alarm processor is only 2% lower than for either of the classification algorithms
alone, the combined nuisance alarm rate drops by a factor of 10.
Performance can be further increased by adding a location test and additional classification processors.
Suppose, for example, that a particular stretch of a pipeline is prone to rock fall. A third classification
processor could be written that is tuned to detect bursts of random strikes. This third classification
processor could then be integrated into the alarm processor in a NOT configuration, for the location
where the rock fall is prone to occur. Thus, the alarm processor will generate an alarm if the first two
classification processors detect an intrusion, and if the location is not associated with the area of the
rock fall. For the area of the rock fall, however, an alarm would only be generated if the first two
classifications processors detect an intrusion, and the rock-fall classification processor is not triggered.
The frequency-domain trigger algorithms represent an especially useful tool. To understand how this
tool works, consider the following example. Suppose you are trying to detect direction drills, and you
write a classification processor that uses the fringe-counting trigger algorithm. However, you find that
detection is sporadic because the directional drill only infrequently generates fringes that exceed (or
approach) strain in the fiber-optic sensor that’s equal to 2 radians. The frequency-domain trigger
algorithms, however, don’t rely on this 2 threshold, so they are inherently more sensitive.
Additionally, the frequency-domain trigger algorithms have the advantage of being able to selectively
trigger on acoustic energy within a specific frequency range. Since the directional drill is rotational, it
tends to create acoustic signal within a predictable frequency range. Thus, the frequency-domain
triggers can be used to signal intrusion when the system senses acoustic energy within a specified
frequency window typical of directional drills and that exceeds a user-defined threshold. A classification
algorithm based on frequency-domain triggers should have high rejection against signals caused by
typical nuisance sources, since those nuisance sources are largely due to impact strikes, which are
broadband in nature, as illustrated in Figure (25). Thus, the frequency-domain trigger algorithms are
ideal for detecting threats such as directional drills.

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 Figure 25: Frequency-domain trigger algorithm used to detect and classify directional drills.

In summary, the combination of these analytical tools (UA), such as the frequency-domain trigger
algorithms, combined with the utility and customization of the trigger, event, classification, and alarm
processors significantly improves system’s overall nuisance alarm rate, and probability of detection.
Integration into a well-designed user interface, the unified algorithms help RaySense achieve world-
class probability of detection and nuisance alarm rejection.

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Appendix A. Product Specifications

System type Alarm processor for pipeline security

Sensing fiber
Insensitive lead-in fiber
Sensing cable
APU power requirements
Communications
Front-panel display
Dimensions
Operating temperature range
Operating humidity range
Compliance
Three standard single-mode fibers. Custom cable manufactured
to RaySense specifications optional.
Standard single-mode fibers
 Sensing fiber ≤ 50 km (within 11dB optical power budget)
 Sensing fiber + insensitive lead-in cable ≤ 50 km
 100-240 VAC @ 47 – 63 Hz input
 80 watts power consumption (maximum)
TCP/IP port for alarm and fault reporting, as well as programming
and calibration
 LED indicators for laser, alarm and cable status
 LCD Screen displaying Alarm and Fault log
Height = 13.3 cm (5.25 inch)
Width = 42 cm (16.5 inch)
Depth = 56 cm (22 inch)
5˚C to 50˚C (40˚F to 122˚F)
0 to 90% non-condensing
 FCC Part 15
 RoHS

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