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Ibrahim Hayatu Project Proposal
Ibrahim Hayatu Project Proposal
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
TITLE :
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
ON
BY
AGR/16/AGR/00971
SUPERVISED BY
1.0 Introduction
1.3 objectives
Chapter three
3.0 methodology
3.1 Descriptive of the study area (yankaba market, Nassarawa LGA Kano state)
3.4 References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Agriculture in Nigeria is a major branch of the economy, providing employment for 70% of the
population. The sector is being transformed by commercialization at the small, medium and large-scale
enterprise levels. Major vegetables like cucumber, carrot, pepper, tomato, and onion play a vital role in
provision of source of livelihood to the people involved in the marketing activities of these agricultural
produce.
Agricultural marketing involves in its simplest from the buying and selling of agricultural produce. In the
olden days when the villages economy was more or less self sufficient, the marketing of agricultural
produce presented no difficulty as the farmer sold his produce to the consumers on a cash or banker
basis. However, in the modern marketing the agricultural produce has to undergo a series of transfer of
exchanges from one hand to another before it finally reaches the ultimate consumer.
Most vegetable including pepper, tomato, and onions are usually produced in the rural areas of
northern Nigeria particularly in kano, jigawa, plateau, katsina, bauchi and kaduna state.
The transpotation of these vegetables from rural area to the urban cities to obtain better prices is facing
a lot of challenges ranging from poor road network, high transportation cost, and sudden changes in
price as indicated by Adugna (2009) most of these cost are sometimes as high as 30% losses of vegetable
are recorded during transportation from point of production to the point of consumption.
In Nigeria, the consumption of vegetable had been on the increase and estimated at about 27 to 49.55kg
per person in a year, but the transport and handling cost has made the price to increase more than it is
supposed to and made some consumer to relent on consumption ( Adekanye 1998). In addition,
inadequate marketing facilities, storage facilities, and poor pricing also remainsas serious challenge in
the country (FAO 1997). This therefore lead to low investment in the enterprise and hence low return
per naira invest. Its include perishability, standardization requirement and seasonality, its marketing is
complex and challenging. With regard to this, the study intends to look at the Profitability Analysis of the
selected vegetables (pepper, tomato and onions) in Yankaba market, Nassarawa Local Government Area
of Kano state, bearing in mind the importance of this vegetables to human.
Nigeria as a country is unable to meet its domestic requirement of for vegetables, fruits, floriculture,
herbs and spices. Between 2009 and 2010, Nigeria imported a total of 105,000 metrics tonnes of tomato
paste valued at over 16 billion naira to bridge the deficit gap between demand and supply in the country
(FAO 2010). Kali in 2019 attributed this situation to the socio-economic constraints surrounding they key
actors in the tomato value chain, institutional weakness and decline ng agricultural research. Vegetables
are also highly perishable as they start to lose their quality right after harvest and continued throughout
the process until it is consumed ( Kohl and Uhl, 1995). Hence vegetable marketing are risking investment
activities. The riskiness of vegetable marketing may be attributed to several factors which include lack of
market infrastructure which is a limiting factor causing low returns. Profitability is only determined by by
the use of input resources which is also dependent on the availability of proper logistic for transporting
the farm produce from the farm gate to the market. Another problem that I perceive that face the
vegetable marketers in the study are is the lack of standard measure for vegetable pricing. The
questions of interest in the study area are:-
1. What are the socio-economic characteristics of vegetable marketers (tomato, pepper, and
onions) in the study area ?
2. What are the marketing system and strategy adopted by vegetable marketers in the study area?
3. What is the level of profit generated from vegetable (tomato, pepper, and onions marketing in
the study?
4. What are the constraints militating against vegetable marketing?
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology
The study was conducted in Yankaba Market which is one of the most populous and largest vegetables
market in kano state. Yankaba market is located in Kawaji ward Nassarawa Local Government Area of
kano state, it covers an area of 34km square and population of 829,600 (NPC 2016.) Nassarawa local
goverrnment is located at latitude 11.56’37’’N, longitude 8.33’ 45’’E (NPC2016). It has 11 wards which
are; Dakata, Gama, Gawuna, Giginyu, Gwagwarwa, Hotoro north, Hotoro south, Kaura goje, Kawaji,
Tudun murtala, and Tudun wada. Hausa and Fulani remain the dominant tribe or ethinic group in
Nassarawa local government with limited number of othe tribes.
Yankaba market is located along Hadejia road in Nassarawa local government area of kano state. The
market was established in year 1989. The people in in yankaba market are largely engaged I various
forms of vegetables marketing like tomato, pepper, onins, spinach, cucmber, lettuce and cabbage etc, its
not only containing people selling vegetables, it also contains so many prople engage in different
enterprises and business activities which include arable crops selling, tailors, boutique, automobile,
bicycle, tricycle, motorcycles and many more enterprises in the large marketing environment. It has two
main entrance and two exit which are under security control. This and many more features makes it a
conducive marketing environment
A simple census of the vegetable marketers in the market was taken and marketers were randomly
selected with a total of…….respondents for the study
Primary Data was used for the study. Data were collected with the use of well structured questionnaires
which was administered to the respondent by the researcher. the data that was collected include the
information on socio-economic characteristics of the marketers, such as gender, qualification,
educational level, marital status, years of experience etc. other type of data that was collected include
Sources of vegetables (tomato, pepper, onions) supply to the traders
Quantities supplied
Marketing channel
Buying and selling price
Sales method
Place of sales
Pricing method
Major problems of the traders
The analytical tools that was used for the research work is the basic statistical method (descriptive
statistics), Farm Budgeting model and the Net worth statement or balance sheet.
1. Basic statistical method was used in presenting and analyzing the data with the aid of
descriptive statistics such as percentage and frequency distribution. This was used to analyze
objective 1,2 and 4
2. Farm Budgeting model:- farm budget is among the most utilized tools of analysis in marketing, it
is used to compare the profitability different kinds of enterprises. It chrysalises ultimately into
the statement of cost and returns, based upon input and output data relevant to the problem in
question.
There are two types of budgeting, the partial and total budgeting. The partial budgeting was used to
achieve the objective (3) of the study. The partial budgeting consist of Gross Margin (GM) and Net
Income (NI) Analysis.
Gross Margin is very useful planning tool in a situation where fixed capital forms a negligible portion
of the farming enterprise as in the case of subsistence agriculture (Olukosi and Erhabor, 1988) the
GM is mathematically expressed as follows:
GM = GI – TVC
GI = Gross Income
TVC = Total Variable Cost
The GM of an enterprise is the difference between Total Revenue (TR) and Total Variable cost of
marketing, OR the difference between TR and total cost of production.
3. Net Worth Statement or Balance Sheet: Net Worth Statement is often called a balance sheet or
financial statement which applies to appoint in time and represents a stock concept. It is like
taking a snap short of business at a particular point on time. It was also used to analyze
objective (3) of the study.
By definition, Net Worth statement is equal to total assets minus total liabilities, that is;
The Net Worth statement sometimes gives information on the solvency of the business and its used
as a basis for credit because bit shows the ability of the business and to meet short-run financials
demands. If the Total Asset exceed the Total liabilities the business is solved. The greater the Net
worth, the better the solvency position of the business.
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