PSYCHOLOGY MCQ WITH ANSWERS

UNIT 1:
Fundamentals of Human Behavior
1. Which of the following is an example of a basic human need according to Maslow's hierarchy of
needs?
A) Self-esteem
B) Social belongingness
C) Self-actualization
D) Safety
Answer: D) Safety
2. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the personality structure that operates on the pleasure
principle is the:
A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Libido
Answer: A) Id
3. The cognitive theory proposed by Jean Piaget focuses on the development of:
A) Language skills
B) Moral reasoning
C) Cognitive abilities
D) Emotional intelligence
Answer: C) Cognitive abilities
4. The process by which individuals acquire the beliefs, values, and behaviors of a particular culture
is called:
A) Assimilation
B) Acculturation
C) Socialization
D) Enculturation
Answer: C) Socialization
5. According to B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning, behavior is influenced by:
A) Unconscious desires
B) Genetic factors
C) Reinforcement and punishment
D) Cognitive processes
Answer: C) Reinforcement and punishment
6. The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors and underestimate situational
influences is known as:
A) Self-serving bias
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Confirmation bias
D) Cognitive dissonance
Answer: B) Fundamental attribution error
7. According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, the primary developmental task during
adolescence is:
A) Identity vs. role confusion
B) Intimacy vs. isolation
C) Generativity vs. stagnation
D) Integrity vs. despair
Answer: A) Identity vs. role confusion
8. The theory of multiple intelligences was proposed by:
A) Albert Bandura
B) Howard Gardner
C) Carl Rogers
D) Abraham Maslow
Answer: B) Howard Gardner
9. The process of changing existing schemas or creating new schemas to incorporate new information
is called:
A) Assimilation
B) Accommodation
C) Equilibration
D) Adaptation
Answer: B) Accommodation
10. Which of the following is an example of a defense mechanism identified by Freud?
A) Projection
B) Self-actualization
C) Emotional intelligence
D) Social facilitation
Answer: A) Projection
11. The theory of self-determination emphasizes the importance of:
A) Biological determinants of behavior
B) Intrinsic motivation
C) Social conformity
D) Cognitive dissonance
Answer: B) Intrinsic motivation
12. The process of observing and imitating the behavior of others is known as:
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Social learning
D) Extinction
Answer: C) Social learning
13. Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with feelings of pleasure and reward?
A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) GABA
D) Endorphins
Answer: B) Dopamine
14. The theory of cognitive dissonance was proposed by:
A) Albert Bandura
B) Leon Festinger
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Carl Rogers
Answer: B) Leon Festinger
15. The study of the relationship between the brain, behavior, and mental processes is known as:
A) Sociology
B) Anthropology
C) Neuropsychology
D) Psychopharmacology
Answer: C) Neuropsychology
16. The process of adapting one's behavior to match the norms and expectations of a particular social
group is called:
A) Conformity
B) Compliance
C) Obedience
D) Assimilation
Answer: A) Conformity
17. According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the highest level of need is:
A) Safety
B) Love and belongingness
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-actualization
Answer: D) Self-actualization
18. The concept of "unconditional positive regard" is associated with which psychological approach?
A) Humanistic psychology
B) Behaviorism
C) Psychoanalysis
D) Cognitive psychology
Answer: A) Humanistic psychology
19. The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to others is known as:
A) Developmental psychology
B) Social psychology
C) Personality psychology
D) Abnormal psychology
Answer: B) Social psychology
20. The tendency to rely on cognitive shortcuts and mental models when making decisions is known
as:
A) Confirmation bias
B) Availability heuristic
C) Anchoring bias
D) Self-fulfilling prophecy
Answer: B) Availability heuristic
21. Which of the following is an example of a positive reinforcement?
A) Taking away a privilege
B) Adding an unpleasant stimulus
C) Praising good behavior
D) Ignoring unwanted behavior
Answer: C) Praising good behavior
22. The concept of "self-efficacy" is associated with which psychological approach?
A) Humanistic psychology
B) Behaviorism
C) Cognitive psychology
D) Psychoanalysis
Answer: C) Cognitive psychology
23. The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information is known as:
A) Memory
B) Perception
C) Attention
D) Learning
Answer: A) Memory
24. According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the highest level of moral
reasoning is based on:
A) Fear of punishment
B) Social approval
C) Universal ethical principles
D) Personal gain
Answer: C) Universal ethical principles
25. The concept of "self-concept" refers to:
A) Unconscious desires and impulses
B) Mental processes and decision-making
C) Beliefs and perceptions about oneself
D) Emotional experiences and expression
Answer: C) Beliefs and perceptions about oneself
26. The theory of attachment was proposed by:
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Erik Erikson
C) John Bowlby
D) Carl Rogers
Answer: C) John Bowlby
27. The process of giving up one's own cultural identity and adopting the cultural beliefs and
practices of another group is called:
A) Acculturation
B) Assimilation
C) Enculturation
D) Ethnocentrism
Answer: B) Assimilation
28. The concept of "groupthink" refers to:
A) The tendency to conform to group norms
B) The tendency to make irrational decisions in a group
C) The tendency to favor one's own group over others
D) The tendency to rely on cognitive shortcuts
Answer: B) The tendency to make irrational decisions in a group
29. The theory of mind refers to:
A) The ability to understand one's own emotions
B) The ability to understand and attribute mental states to others
C) The ability to regulate one's behavior in social situations
D) The ability to think critically and solve problems
Answer: B) The ability to understand and attribute mental states to others
30. The process of strengthening a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus is known as:
A) Negative reinforcement
B) Positive reinforcement
C) Punishment
D) Extinction
Answer: A) Negative reinforcement
31. The concept of "self-fulfilling prophecy" refers to:
A) The tendency to remember information that confirms existing beliefs
B) The tendency to conform to group norms
C) The tendency for expectations to influence behavior in a way that confirms those expectations
D) The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors
Answer: C) The tendency for expectations to influence behavior in a way that confirms those
expectations
32. The theory of cognitive development was proposed by:
A) B.F. Skinner
B) Jean Piaget
C) Lev Vygotsky
D) Albert Bandura
Answer: B) Jean Piaget
33. The process of experiencing two conflicting thoughts or beliefs simultaneously is known as:
A) Cognitive dissonance
B) Confirmation bias
C) Self-serving bias
D) Fundamental attribution error
Answer: A) Cognitive dissonance
34. The process of adapting to and coping with stress is known as:
A) Emotional intelligence
B) Resilience
C) Self-actualization
D) Self-regulation
Answer: B) Resilience
35. The theory of classical conditioning was proposed by:
A) B.F. Skinner
B) Albert Bandura
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) Abraham Maslow
Answer: C) Ivan Pavlov
36. The process of identifying and understanding one's own emotions and the emotions of others is
known as:
A) Emotional intelligence
B) Social intelligence
C) Self-awareness
D) Empathy
Answer: A) Emotional intelligence
37. According to the Big Five personality traits, which trait refers to the degree of organization,
responsibility, and dependability?
A) Extraversion
B) Agreeableness
C) Conscientiousness
D) Openness to experience
Answer: C) Conscientiousness
38. The process of modifying one's behavior in response to direct commands from an authority figure
is called:
A) Obedience
B) Conformity
C) Compliance
D) Persuasion
Answer: A) Obedience
39. The concept of "self-actualization" is associated with which psychological approach?
A) Behaviorism
B) Humanistic psychology
C) Cognitive psychology
D) Psychoanalysis
Answer: B) Humanistic psychology
40. The tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors and one's failures to external factors is
known as:
A) Self-serving bias
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Confirmation bias
D) Cognitive dissonance
Answer: A) Self-serving bias
41. The concept of "stereotype" refers to:
A) A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics
B) The tendency to remember information that confirms existing beliefs
C) The tendency to favor one's own group over others
D) The tendency to rely on cognitive shortcuts
Answer: A) A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or
characteristics
42. The theory of psychosocial development was proposed by:
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Erik Erikson
C) Carl Jung
D) Albert Bandura
Answer: B) Erik Erikson
43. The concept of "self-esteem" refers to:
A) The ability to understand and attribute mental states to others
B) Beliefs and perceptions about oneself
C) The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information

D) The ability to regulate one's behavior in social situations

Answer: B) Beliefs and perceptions about oneself
44. The process of gradually reducing or eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting
the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus is known as:
A) Generalization
B) Discrimination
C) Extinction
D) Spontaneous recovery
Answer: C) Extinction
45. The concept of "conformity" refers to:
A) The process of adapting one's behavior to match the norms and expectations of a particular social
group
B) The tendency to make irrational decisions in a group
C) The tendency to rely on cognitive shortcuts
D) The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors
Answer: A) The process of adapting one's behavior to match the norms and expectations of a
particular social group
46. The process of directing and managing one's own thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in order to
achieve personal goals is known as:
A) Emotional intelligence
B) Self-regulation
C) Resilience
D) Empathy
Answer: B) Self-regulation
47. According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, the primary developmental task during early
adulthood is:
A) Identity vs. role confusion
B) Intimacy vs. isolation
C) Generativity vs. stagnation
D) Integrity vs. despair
Answer: B) Intimacy vs. isolation
48. The concept of "reciprocal determinism" is associated with which psychological approach?
A) Behaviorism
B) Humanistic psychology
C) Cognitive psychology
D) Psychoanalysis
Answer: C) Cognitive psychology
49. The theory of operant conditioning was proposed by:
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Albert Bandura
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) B.F. Skinner
Answer: D) B.F. Skinner
50. The concept of "anxiety" refers to:
A) A state of physiological arousal in response to a perceived threat or danger
B) The process of adapting to and coping with stress
C) The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors
D) The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information
Answer: A) A state of physiological arousal in response to a perceived threat or danger

UNIT 2: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

1. Which of the following is defined as the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave
in social situations?
A) Cognitive psychology
B) Developmental psychology
C) Social psychology
D) Personality psychology
Answer: C) Social psychology
2. The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors and underestimate the impact of
situational factors is known as:
A) Self-serving bias
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Confirmation bias
D) Cognitive dissonance
Answer: B) Fundamental attribution error
3. Which theory proposes that individuals seek to maintain consistency between their attitudes and
behaviors?
A) Cognitive dissonance theory
B) Self-perception theory
C) Social exchange theory
D) Social learning theory
Answer: A) Cognitive dissonance theory
4. The tendency for individuals to engage in behavior that aligns with the group's norms or
expectations is called:
A) Obedience
B) Conformity
C) Compliance
D) Social facilitation
Answer: B) Conformity
5. The classic study by Stanley Milgram on obedience to authority demonstrated that participants
were willing to administer what they believed to be dangerous levels of electric shocks to others.
What percentage of participants went all the way to the maximum shock level?
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 65%
Answer: D) 65%
6. The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working collectively compared to when
working individually is known as:
A) Social loafing
B) Deindividuation
C) Group polarization
D) Groupthink
Answer: A) Social loafing
7. The phenomenon where individuals in a group tend to make more extreme decisions than they
would individually is called:
A) Groupthink
B) Social facilitation
C) Group polarization
D) Deindividuation
Answer: C) Group polarization
8. The concept of "bystander effect" refers to:
A) The tendency to conform to group norms
B) The tendency to rely on cognitive shortcuts
C) The diffusion of responsibility in a group setting
D) The tendency for individuals to conform to authority figures
Answer: C) The diffusion of responsibility in a group setting
9. The process of adjusting one's behavior or opinions to match those of others in a group is known
as:
A) Obedience
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Persuasion
Answer: C) Conformity
10. The theory that states individuals are motivated to seek social connections and maintain
interpersonal relationships is called:
A) Self-determination theory
B) Attachment theory
C) Social exchange theory
D) Terror management theory
Answer: B) Attachment theory
11. The phenomenon where individuals perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others
is known as:
A) Social facilitation
B) Social loafing
C) Group polarization
D) Deindividuation
Answer: A) Social facilitation
12. The concept of "ingroup" refers to:
A) A group to which an individual does not belong
B) A group to which an individual belongs and identifies with
C) The tendency to favor one's own group over others
D) The tendency to conform to group norms
Answer: B) A group to which an individual belongs and identifies with
13. The process of changing one's attitudes or behaviors in response to direct requests from an
authority figure is known as:
A) Obedience
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Persuasion
Answer: B) Compliance
14. The theory that states individuals evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing
themselves to others is called:
A) Social comparison theory
B) Self-perception theory
C) Attribution theory
D) Cognitive dissonance theory
Answer: A) Social comparison theory
15. The phenomenon where individuals lose self-awareness and engage in behaviors they would not
normally engage in when in a group is called:
A) Social loafing
B) Deindividuation
C) Group polarization
D) Groupthink
Answer: B) Deindividuation
16. The process of changing one's beliefs or attitudes as a result of being exposed to persuasive
messages is called:
A) Obedience
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Persuasion
Answer: D) Persuasion
17. The tendency to favor members of one's own group over members of other groups is known as:
A) Ingroup bias
B) Outgroup homogeneity
C) Stereotyping
D) Prejudice
Answer: A) Ingroup bias
18. The theory that states individuals are motivated to maintain consistency among their beliefs,
attitudes, and behaviors is called:
A) Cognitive dissonance theory
B) Self-perception theory
C) Self-determination theory
D) Terror management theory
Answer: A) Cognitive dissonance theory
19. The process of adjusting one's behavior or opinions in response to perceived social pressure is
known as:
A) Obedience
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Persuasion
Answer: C) Conformity
20. The process of assigning traits or characteristics to individuals based on their membership in a
particular group is known as:
A) Stereotyping
B) Prejudice
C) Discrimination
D) Ingroup bias
Answer: A) Stereotyping
21. The tendency to explain one's own behavior as being caused by situational factors while
explaining others' behavior as being caused by internal factors is known as:
A) Self-serving bias
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Confirmation bias
D) Stereotype threat
Answer: A) Self-serving bias
22. The theory that states individuals are motivated by a need for competence, autonomy, and
relatedness is called:
A) Self-determination theory
B) Attachment theory
C) Social exchange theory
D) Terror management theory
Answer: A) Self-determination theory
23. The process by which individuals learn attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through observing others
is known as:
A) Obedience
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Social learning
Answer: D) Social learning
24. The tendency for individuals to exert more effort when working collectively compared to when
working individually is known as:
A) Social loafing
B) Deindividuation
C) Group polarization
D) Groupthink
Answer: B) Deindividuation
25. The concept of "stereotype threat" refers to:
A) The tendency for individuals to conform to group norms
B) The tendency to favor one's own group over others
C) The tendency to rely on cognitive shortcuts
D) The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group
Answer: D) The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group
26. The process of changing one's behavior in response to perceived group pressure, even though one
does not necessarily agree with the group's beliefs or values, is known as:
A) Obedience
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Persuasion
Answer: C) Conformity
27. The concept of "ingroup/outgroup bias" refers to:
A) The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors
B) The tendency to favor one's own group over others
C) The tendency to conform to group norms
D) The tendency to rely on cognitive shortcuts
Answer: B) The tendency to favor one's own group over others
28. The process of assigning causes to behavior is known as:
A) Attribution
B) Attitude formation
C) Social facilitation
D) Normative influence
Answer: A) Attribution
29. The theory that states individuals are motivated to seek rewards and avoid punishments in social
interactions is called:
A) Self-determination theory
B) Attachment theory
C) Social exchange theory
D) Terror management theory
Answer: C) Social exchange theory
30. The process of blaming the victim of a harmful event or situation in order to maintain a belief in a
just world is known as:
A) Social loafing
B) Deindividuation
C) The just-world hypothesis
D) The bystander effect
Answer: C) The just-world hypothesis
31. The process of adjusting one's behavior or opinions in response to a direct request from an
authority figure is known as:
A) Obedience
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Persuasion
Answer: A) Obedience
32. The tendency for individuals to conform to a group's norms or decisions in order to maintain
group harmony or avoid conflict is called:
A) Groupthink
B) Social facilitation
C) Group polarization
D) Deindividuation
Answer: A) Groupthink
33. The concept of "outgroup homogeneity" refers to:
A) The tendency for individuals to conform to authority figures
B) The tendency to favor one's own group over others
C) The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors
D) The perception that members of other groups are more similar to each other than members of one's
own group
Answer: D) The perception that members of other groups are more similar to each other than
members of one's own group
34. The process of changing one's attitudes or beliefs to match those of others due to the desire to be
liked or accepted is known as:
A) Obedience
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Persuasion
Answer: C) Conformity
35. The theory that states individuals have an inherent desire to maintain a favorable self-image is
called:
A) Cognitive dissonance theory
B) Self-perception theory
C) Self-determination theory
D) Terror management theory
Answer: A) Cognitive dissonance theory
36. The tendency for individuals to make more extreme decisions as part of a group than they would
individually is known as:
A) Groupthink
B) Social facilitation
C) Group polarization
D) Deindividuation
Answer: C) Group polarization
37. The concept of "discrimination" refers to:
A) A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics
B) The tendency to favor members of one's own group over members of other groups
C) The tendency to explain one's own behavior as being caused by situational factors
D) Unfair treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group
Answer: D) Unfair treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group
38. The process of changing one's attitudes or beliefs in response to subtle or indirect social pressure
is known as:
A) Obedience
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Persuasion
Answer: D) Persuasion
39. The tendency to favor one's own group over others is known as:
A) Ingroup bias
B) Outgroup homogeneity
C) Stereotyping
D) Prejudice
Answer: A) Ingroup bias

40. The process of forming impressions or judgments about other people based on limited
information is known as:
A) Stereotyping
B) Prejudice
C) Discrimination
D) Attribution
Answer: A) Stereotyping
41. The theory that states individuals are motivated by a need to manage the awareness of their own
mortality is called:
A) Self-determination theory
B) Attachment theory
C) Social exchange theory
D) Terror management theory
Answer: D) Terror management theory
42. The tendency to conform to a group's norms or decisions in order to gain social approval or avoid
social disapproval is called:
A) Obedience
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Persuasion
Answer: B) Compliance
43. The concept of "pluralistic ignorance" refers to:
A) The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors
B) The tendency for individuals to conform to authority figures
C) The tendency to rely on cognitive shortcuts
D) The mistaken belief that one's own thoughts or feelings are different from those of others, even
though they are not
Answer: D) The mistaken belief that one's own thoughts or feelings are different from those of others,
even though they are not
44. The process of assigning causes to behavior based on personal characteristics or dispositions is
known as:
A) Situational attribution
B) Attitude formation
C) Social facilitation
D) Dispositional attribution
Answer: D) Dispositional attribution
45. The theory that states individuals learn attitudes and behaviors through direct reinforcement,
observational learning, and self-regulation is called:
A) Self-determination theory
B) Attachment theory
C) Social exchange theory
D) Social learning theory
Answer: D) Social learning theory
46. The concept of "ingroup favoritism" refers to:
A) The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors
B) The tendency to conform to group norms
C) The tendency to favor members of one's own group over members of other groups
D) The tendency to rely on cognitive shortcuts
Answer: C) The tendency to favor members of one's own group over members of other groups
47. The process of changing one's behavior in response to perceived social norms or expectations is
known as:
A) Obedience
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Persuasion
Answer: C) Conformity
48. The theory that states individuals are motivated by a desire for social acceptance, companionship,
and intimacy is called:
A) Self-determination theory
B) Attachment theory
C) Social exchange theory
D) Terror management theory
Answer: B) Attachment theory
49. The concept of "prejudice" refers to:
A) The tendency to favor one's own group over others
B) The tendency to explain one's own behavior as being caused by situational factors
C) Unfair treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group
D) A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics
Answer: C) Unfair treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group
50. The process of changing one's attitudes or beliefs by providing information that counters existing
beliefs or attitudes is known as:
A) Obedience
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Persuasion
Answer: D) Persuasion
UNIT 3: Family Counseling Skills
1. Which of the following is a key skill in family counseling that involves understanding and
empathizing with the experiences and emotions of family members?
A) Active listening
B) Problem-solving
C) Goal-setting
D) Psychoeducation
Answer: A) Active listening
2. In family counseling, the skill of reframing involves:
A) Identifying and challenging negative thought patterns
B) Shifting the perspective on a situation to create new meaning
C) Teaching coping strategies and skills to manage stress
D) Encouraging open communication and expression of feelings
Answer: B) Shifting the perspective on a situation to create new meaning
3. The skill of summarizing in family counseling involves:
A) Clarifying and restating the main points made by family members
B) Providing feedback and validation of emotions
C) Guiding the family towards a specific goal or action plan
D) Establishing rapport and building a therapeutic alliance
Answer: A) Clarifying and restating the main points made by family members
4. Which of the following is a key skill in family counseling that involves helping family members
identify and express their emotions?
A) Psychoeducation
B) Validation
C) Reflective listening
D) Role-playing
Answer: B) Validation
5. The skill of psychoeducation in family counseling refers to:
A) Assisting the family in developing problem-solving strategies
B) Providing information and knowledge about mental health and family dynamics
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Using art, play, or other expressive techniques to explore family dynamics
Answer: B) Providing information and knowledge about mental health and family dynamics
6. The skill of exploring family roles and dynamics in family counseling involves:
A) Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of family members
B) Uncovering unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms
C) Identifying patterns of interaction and power dynamics within the family
D) Teaching communication skills and active listening techniques
Answer: C) Identifying patterns of interaction and power dynamics within the family
7. Which of the following is a key skill in family counseling that involves helping family members
develop effective problem-solving strategies?
A) Active listening
B) Reframing
C) Reflective questioning
D) Collaborative goal-setting
Answer: D) Collaborative goal-setting
8. The skill of reflective questioning in family counseling involves:
A) Providing feedback and validation of emotions
B) Encouraging the exploration of underlying thoughts and feelings
C) Teaching coping strategies and skills to manage stress
D) Identifying and challenging negative thought patterns
Answer: B) Encouraging the exploration of underlying thoughts and feelings
9. In family counseling, the skill of normalization involves:
A) Assisting the family in developing problem-solving strategies
B) Providing information and reassurance that their experiences and struggles are common
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Using art, play, or other expressive techniques to explore family dynamics
Answer: B) Providing information and reassurance that their experiences and struggles are common
10. The skill of boundary-setting in family counseling involves:
A) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
B) Assisting the family in developing problem-solving strategies
C) Identifying and establishing clear and healthy boundaries within the family system
D) Using art, play, or other expressive techniques to explore family dynamics
Answer: C) Identifying and establishing clear and healthy boundaries within the family system
11. Which of the following is a key skill in family counseling that involves managing conflicts and
facilitating resolution?
A) Validation
B) Reflection
C) Mediation
D) Reframing
Answer: C) Mediation
12. The skill of psychoeducation in family counseling includes providing information about:
A) Communication styles and conflict resolution strategies
B) The effects of trauma and ways to cope with stress
C) Attachment styles and patterns of interaction within the family
D) Mental health conditions and treatment options
Answer: D) Mental health conditions and treatment options
13. In family counseling, the skill of self-disclosure involves:
A) Sharing personal experiences and perspectives to build rapport and trust
B) Challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs
C) Encouraging family members to express their emotions openly
D) Guiding the family towards a specific goal or action plan
Answer: A) Sharing personal experiences and perspectives to build rapport and trust
14. The skill of empathy in family counseling involves:
A) Assisting the family in developing problem-solving strategies
B) Identifying and challenging negative thought patterns
C) Understanding and validating the experiences and emotions of family members
D) Establishing rapport and building a therapeutic alliance
Answer: C) Understanding and validating the experiences and emotions of family members
15. The skill of genogram construction in family counseling involves:
A) Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of family members
B) Uncovering unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms
C) Mapping out the family's structure, relationships, and history
D) Teaching communication skills and active listening techniques
Answer: C) Mapping out the family's structure, relationships, and history
16. Which of the following is a key skill in family counseling that involves promoting open and
respectful communication?
A) Validation
B) Active listening
C) Reflection
D) Psychoeducation
Answer: B) Active listening
17. The skill of scaffolding in family counseling involves:
A) Providing support and guidance as family members work through challenges
B) Shifting the perspective on a situation to create new meaning
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Teaching coping strategies and skills to manage stress
Answer: A) Providing support and guidance as family members work through challenges
18. The skill of confrontation in family counseling involves:
A) Encouraging family members to take responsibility for their actions and behaviors
B) Providing information and reassurance that their experiences and struggles are common
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Using art, play, or other expressive techniques to explore family dynamics
Answer: A) Encouraging family members to take responsibility for their actions and behaviors
19. In family counseling, the skill of externalizing involves:
A) Identifying and challenging negative thought patterns
B) Separating the problem from the individual or family member
C) Teaching coping strategies and skills to manage stress
D) Establishing rapport and building a therapeutic alliance
Answer: B) Separating the problem from the individual or family member
20. The skill of validation in family counseling involves:
A) Challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs
B) Reflecting back the emotions and experiences of family members
C) Assisting the family in developing problem-solving strategies
D) Guiding the family towards a specific goal or action plan
Answer: B) Reflecting back the emotions and experiences of family members
21. The skill of facilitating family rituals in family counseling involves:
A) Teaching communication skills and active listening techniques
B) Providing information and reassurance that their experiences and struggles are common
C) Establishing and promoting meaningful and healthy routines and traditions
D) Identifying and challenging negative thought patterns
Answer: C) Establishing and promoting meaningful and healthy routines and traditions
22. In family counseling, the skill of normalizing involves:
A) Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of family members
B) Providing information and reassurance that their experiences and struggles are common
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Using art, play, or other expressive techniques to explore family dynamics
Answer: B) Providing information and reassurance that their experiences and struggles are common
23. The skill of contracting in family counseling involves:
A) Establishing clear goals, expectations, and commitments with family members
B) Identifying and challenging negative thought patterns
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Guiding the family towards a specific goal or action plan
Answer: A) Establishing clear goals, expectations, and commitments with family members
24. The skill of psychoeducation in family counseling includes providing information about:
A) Communication styles and conflict resolution strategies
B) Attachment styles and patterns of interaction within the family
C) The effects of trauma and ways to cope with stress
D) Mental health conditions and treatment options
Answer: D) Mental health conditions and treatment options
25. The skill of role-playing in family counseling involves:
A) Providing support and guidance as family members work through challenges
B) Shifting the perspective on a situation to create new meaning
C) Using art, play, or other expressive techniques to explore family dynamics
D) Encouraging family members to try out new behaviors or communication styles
Answer: D) Encouraging family members to try out new behaviors or communication styles
26. Which of the following is a key skill in family counseling that involves creating a safe and
nonjudgmental space for family members to express themselves?
A) Reflection
B) Empathy
C) Confrontation
D) Problem-solving
Answer: B) Empathy
27. The skill of genogram interpretation in family counseling involves:
A) Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of family members
B) Uncovering unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms
C) Analyzing and understanding the patterns and dynamics within the family
D) Teaching communication skills and active listening techniques
Answer: C) Analyzing and understanding the patterns and dynamics within the family
28. The skill of self-regulation in family counseling involves:
A) Providing information and knowledge about mental health and family dynamics
B) Teaching coping strategies and skills to manage stress
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Assisting the family in developing problem-solving strategies
Answer: B) Teaching coping strategies and skills to manage stress
29. In family counseling, the skill of collaboration involves:
A) Establishing and maintaining a cooperative and working relationship with the family
B) Identifying and challenging negative thought patterns
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Guiding the family towards a specific goal or action plan
Answer: A) Establishing and maintaining a cooperative and working relationship with the family
30. The skill of boundary establishment in family counseling involves:
A) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
B) Assisting the family in developing problem-solving strategies
C) Identifying and setting clear and healthy boundaries within the family system
D) Using art, play, or other expressive techniques to explore family dynamics
Answer: C) Identifying and setting clear and healthy boundaries within the family system
31. Which of the following is a key skill in family counseling that involves helping family members
explore and challenge their cognitive distortions?
A) Validation
B) Reframing
C) Active listening
D) Reflective questioning
Answer: B) Reframing
32. The skill of externalizing conversations in family counseling involves:
A) Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of family members
B) Separating the problem from the individual or family member
C) Identifying patterns of interaction and power dynamics within the family
D) Teaching communication skills and active listening techniques
Answer: B) Separating the problem from the individual or family member
33. The skill of psychoeducation in family counseling includes providing information about:
A) Communication styles and conflict resolution strategies
B) The effects of trauma and ways to cope with stress
C) Attachment styles and patterns of interaction within the family
D) Mental health conditions and treatment options
Answer: D) Mental health conditions and treatment options
34. In family counseling, the skill of unbalancing involves:
A) Shifting the power dynamics within the family to promote change
B) Challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Using art, play, or other expressive techniques to explore family dynamics
Answer: A) Shifting the power dynamics within the family to promote change
35. The skill of solution-focused questioning in family counseling involves:
A) Providing feedback and validation of emotions
B) Encouraging the exploration of underlying thoughts and feelings
C) Guiding the family towards a specific goal or action plan
D) Establishing rapport and building a therapeutic alliance
Answer: C) Guiding the family towards a specific goal or action plan
36. The skill of joining in family counseling involves:
A) Sharing personal experiences and perspectives to build rapport and trust
B) Challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs
C) Encouraging family members to express their emotions openly
D) Guiding the family towards a specific goal or action plan
Answer: A) Sharing personal experiences and perspectives to build rapport and trust
37. The skill of mapping conflicts in family counseling involves:
A) Identifying and analyzing the underlying causes and dynamics of conflicts
B) Uncovering unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms
C) Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of family members
D) Teaching communication skills and active listening techniques
Answer: A) Identifying and analyzing the underlying causes and dynamics of conflicts
38. In family counseling, the skill of validation involves:
A) Reflecting back the emotions and experiences of family members
B) Assisting the family in developing problem-solving strategies
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Providing support and guidance as family members work through challenges
Answer: A) Reflecting back the emotions and experiences of family members
39. The skill of genogram mapping in family counseling involves:
A) Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of family members
B) Uncovering unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms
C) Creating a visual representation of the family's relationships and dynamics
D) Teaching communication skills and active listening techniques
Answer: C) Creating a visual representation of the family's relationships and dynamics
40. The skill of psychoeducation in family counseling includes providing information about:
A) Communication styles and conflict resolution strategies
B) Attachment styles and patterns of interaction within the family
C) The effects of trauma and ways to cope with stress
D) Mental health conditions and treatment options
Answer: D) Mental health conditions and treatment options
41. Which of the following is a key skill in family counseling that involves facilitating open and
respectful communication among family members?
A) Validation
B) Active listening
C) Reflection
D) Mediation
Answer: D) Mediation
42. The skill of empowerment in family counseling involves:
A) Assisting the family in developing problem-solving strategies
B) Encouraging family members to take ownership of their own growth and change
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Using art, play, or other expressive techniques to explore family dynamics
Answer: B) Encouraging family members to take ownership of their own growth and change
43. The skill of normalization in family counseling involves:
A) Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of family members
B) Providing information and reassurance that their experiences and struggles are common
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Using art, play, or other expressive techniques to explore family dynamics
Answer: B) Providing information and reassurance that their experiences and struggles are common
44. In family counseling, the skill of tracking involves:
A) Identifying and challenging negative thought patterns
B) Monitoring and observing changes in family dynamics and interactions
C) Teaching coping strategies and skills to manage stress
D) Establishing rapport and building a therapeutic alliance
Answer: B) Monitoring and observing changes in family dynamics and interactions
45. The skill of exploring family values and beliefs in family counseling involves:
A) Assisting the family in developing problem-solving strategies
B) Uncovering unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms
C) Identifying and understanding the underlying beliefs and values that guide family behaviors
D) Teaching communication skills and active listening techniques
Answer: C) Identifying and understanding the underlying beliefs and values that guide family
behaviors
46. The skill of self-reflection in family counseling involves:
A) Sharing personal experiences and perspectives to build rapport and trust
B) Challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs
C) Encouraging family members to express their emotions openly
D) Engaging in self-assessment and self-awareness as a counselor
Answer: D) Engaging in self-assessment and self-awareness as a counselor
47. The skill of boundary negotiation in family counseling involves:
A) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
B) Assisting the family in developing problem-solving strategies
C) Identifying and setting clear and healthy boundaries within the family system
D) Using art, play, or other expressive techniques to explore family dynamics
Answer: C) Identifying and setting clear and healthy boundaries within the family system
48. The skill of family sculpting in family counseling involves:
A) Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of family members
B) Using physical space and body positions to represent family dynamics
C) Identifying patterns of interaction and power dynamics within the family
D) Teaching communication skills and active listening techniques
Answer: B) Using physical space and body positions to represent family dynamics
49. In family counseling, the skill of psychoeducation involves:
A) Providing information and knowledge about mental health and family dynamics
B) Challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Assisting the family in developing problem-solving strategies
Answer: A) Providing information and knowledge about mental health and family dynamics
50. The skill of promoting empathy in family counseling involves:
A) Encouraging family members to take responsibility for their actions and behaviors
B) Reflecting back the emotions and experiences of family members
C) Facilitating communication and conflict resolution among family members
D) Guiding the family towards a specific goal or action plan
Answer: B) Reflecting back the emotions and experiences of family members

UNIT 4: Positive Psychology

1. Positive psychology is the scientific study of:
A) Happiness and positive emotions
B) Mental disorders and pathology
C) Cognitive processes and decision-making
D) Personality traits and psychopathology
Answer: A) Happiness and positive emotions

2. Who is considered the founder of positive psychology?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Abraham Maslow
C) Martin Seligman
D) Carl Rogers
Answer: C) Martin Seligman

3. Positive psychology focuses on promoting:

A) Mental health and well-being
B) Treatment of psychological disorders
C) Behavioral modification techniques
D) Psychoanalysis and unconscious processes
Answer: A) Mental health and well-being

4. The concept of flow, introduced by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, refers to:

A) A state of optimal engagement and satisfaction in an activity
B) A state of deep relaxation and meditation
C) A technique for stress reduction and anxiety management
D) A type of mindfulness practice
Answer: A) A state of optimal engagement and satisfaction in an activity

5. Positive psychology emphasizes the importance of studying:

A) Negative emotions and pathology
B) Normal functioning and optimal experiences
C) Childhood development and attachment
D) Social influence and conformity
Answer: B) Normal functioning and optimal experiences

6. Which of the following is a key element of positive psychology interventions?

A) Reflecting on past traumas and negative experiences
B) Challenging negative thoughts and beliefs
C) Building resilience and enhancing positive emotions
D) Focusing on symptoms and psychopathology
Answer: C) Building resilience and enhancing positive emotions
7. The PERMA model, developed by Martin Seligman, represents five key elements of well-being.
Which of the following is NOT one of those elements?
A) Positive emotions
B) Engagement
C) Relationships
D) Achievement
Answer: D) Achievement

8. The concept of gratitude is often studied in positive psychology because it is associated with:
A) Increased stress levels and negative emotions
B) Higher levels of life satisfaction and well-being
C) Impaired social relationships and conflict
D) Decreased motivation and goal attainment
Answer: B) Higher levels of life satisfaction and well-being

9. The concept of resilience in positive psychology refers to:

A) The ability to bounce back from adversity and challenges
B) The avoidance of negative emotions and experiences
C) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
D) The search for meaning and purpose in life
Answer: A) The ability to bounce back from adversity and challenges

10. Positive psychology interventions aim to:

A) Eliminate all negative emotions and experiences
B) Enhance positive emotions and well-being
C) Diagnose and treat mental disorders
D) Increase conformity and social integration
Answer: B) Enhance positive emotions and well-being

11. The broaden-and-build theory, proposed by Barbara Fredrickson, suggests that positive
emotions:
A) Narrow our focus and limit our thinking
B) Promote negative emotions and rumination
C) Expand our cognitive and behavioral repertoires
D) Decrease our motivation and engagement
Answer: C) Expand our cognitive and behavioral repertoires

12. Positive psychology interventions often utilize gratitude journals, which involve:
A) Writing down negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Expressing appreciation for positive aspects of life
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Expressing appreciation for positive aspects of life

13. The concept of self-efficacy, introduced by Albert Bandura, refers to:

A) The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations
B) The presence of positive emotions and experiences
C) The development of healthy relationships and social support
D) The experience of flow and optimal engagement
Answer: A) The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations

14. Positive psychology emphasizes the importance of focusing on individuals' strengths and virtues
rather than:
A) Diagnosing and treating mental disorders
B) Analyzing unconscious processes and defense mechanisms
C) Identifying and eliminating negative thoughts and beliefs
D) Fixing weaknesses and deficits
Answer: D) Fixing weaknesses and deficits

15. The concept of post-traumatic growth suggests that individuals can experience positive
psychological changes following:
A) Major life stressors and traumatic events
B) The onset of mental disorders and psychopathology
C) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
D) The experience of flow and optimal engagement
Answer: A) Major life stressors and traumatic events

16. The concept of self-determination, often studied in positive psychology, refers to:
A) The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations
B) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
C) The experience of autonomy, competence, and relatedness
D) The development of healthy relationships and social support
Answer: C) The experience of autonomy, competence, and relatedness

17. Positive psychology interventions aim to promote:

A) The elimination of negative emotions and experiences
B) The pursuit of hedonic pleasure and immediate gratification
C) The development of mindfulness and self-awareness
D) The enhancement of individual strengths and virtues
Answer: D) The enhancement of individual strengths and virtues

18. The concept of mindfulness, often incorporated in positive psychology interventions, refers to:
A) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
B) The experience of optimal engagement and flow
C) The nonjudgmental awareness of the present moment
D) The development of healthy relationships and social support
Answer: C) The nonjudgmental awareness of the present moment

19. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of savoring, which refers to:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Cultivating and prolonging positive experiences
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Cultivating and prolonging positive experiences

20. The concept of hope, often studied in positive psychology, refers to:
A) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
B) The presence of positive emotions and experiences
C) The belief in one's ability to overcome obstacles and achieve goals
D) The experience of flow and optimal engagement
Answer: C) The belief in one's ability to overcome obstacles and achieve goals

21. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of kindness, which refers to:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Engaging in acts of compassion and altruism
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Engaging in acts of compassion and altruism

22. The concept of character strengths, studied in positive psychology, refers to:
A) Inborn and enduring qualities that contribute to one's well-being
B) Negative traits and behaviors that need to be eliminated
C) Unconscious motives and desires that drive behavior
D) Deficits and weaknesses that require fixing
Answer: A) Inborn and enduring qualities that contribute to one's well-being

23. Positive psychology emphasizes the importance of nurturing positive relationships because they
are associated with:
A) Increased stress levels and negative emotions
B) Higher levels of life satisfaction and well-being
C) Impaired social skills and loneliness
D) Decreased motivation and goal attainment
Answer: B) Higher levels of life satisfaction and well-being

24. The concept of self-compassion, studied in positive psychology, refers to:

A) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
B) The experience of flow and optimal engagement
C) The practice of self-care, understanding, and acceptance
D) The development of healthy relationships and social support
Answer: C) The practice of self-care, understanding, and acceptance

25. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of forgiveness, which refers to:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Letting go of anger and resentment towards others
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Letting go of anger and resentment towards others

26. The concept of meaning and purpose in positive psychology refers to:
A) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
B) The presence of positive emotions and experiences
C) The belief that one's life has significance and serves a larger purpose
D) The experience of flow and optimal engagement
Answer: C) The belief that one's life has significance and serves a larger purpose

27. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of resilience, which refers to:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Bouncing back from adversity and adapting to stress
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Bouncing back from adversity and adapting to stress

28. The concept of self-esteem, often studied in positive psychology, refers to:
A) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
B) The presence of positive emotions and experiences
C) The evaluation and perception of one's self-worth
D) The experience of flow and optimal engagement
Answer: C) The evaluation and perception of one's self-worth

29. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of mindfulness meditation, which
involves:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Cultivating present-moment awareness without judgment
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Cultivating present-moment awareness without judgment

30. The concept of positive relationships, studied in positive psychology, emphasizes the importance
of:
A) Conflict and competition in social interactions
B) Isolation and individuality for personal growth
C) Authentic connection, empathy, and support
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: C) Authentic connection, empathy, and support

31. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of self-reflection, which involves:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Examining one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Examining one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

32. The concept of self-compassion, studied in positive psychology, emphasizes the importance of:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Practicing self-care, understanding, and acceptance
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Practicing self-care, understanding, and acceptance
33. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of self-acceptance, which refers to:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Embracing oneself with kindness and nonjudgment
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Embracing oneself with kindness and nonjudgment

34. The concept of positive affect, studied in positive psychology, refers to:
A) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
B) The presence of positive emotions and experiences
C) The absence of negative emotions and experiences
D) The experience of flow and optimal engagement
Answer: B) The presence of positive emotions and experiences

35. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of goal setting, which involves:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Establishing specific, meaningful, and achievable objectives
D) Seeking immediate gratification and pleasure
Answer: C) Establishing specific, meaningful, and achievable objectives

36. The concept of positive education, studied in positive psychology, refers to:
A) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being in schools
B) Focusing solely on academic achievement and performance
C) The integration of well-being and character development in education
D) The development of intelligence and cognitive abilities
Answer: C) The integration of well-being and character development in education

37. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of resilience, which refers to:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Bouncing back from adversity and adapting to stress
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Bouncing back from adversity and adapting to stress

38. The concept of positive parenting, studied in positive psychology, emphasizes the importance
of:
A) Authoritarian and strict discipline strategies
B) Focusing on children's weaknesses and deficits
C) Warmth, support, and positive reinforcement
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: C) Warmth, support, and positive reinforcement

39. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of self-awareness, which involves:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Developing an understanding of one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Developing an understanding of one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

40. The concept of positive leadership, studied in positive psychology, emphasizes the importance
of:
A) Focusing on negative aspects of team performance
B) Exerting control and power over subordinates
C) Inspiring and empowering others to achieve their best
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: C) Inspiring and empowering others to achieve their best

41. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of self-care, which refers to:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Taking care of one's physical, emotional, and mental well-being
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Taking care of one's physical, emotional, and mental well-being

42. The concept of positive organizations, studied in positive psychology, emphasizes the
importance of:
A) Focusing on negative aspects of workplace dynamics
B) Promoting individual competition and achievement
C) Creating supportive, engaging, and fulfilling work environments
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: C) Creating supportive, engaging, and fulfilling work environments

43. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of resilience, which refers to:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Bouncing back from adversity and adapting to stress
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Bouncing back from adversity and adapting to stress

44. The concept of positive communication, studied in positive psychology, emphasizes the
importance of:
A) Focusing on negative aspects of communication
B) Assertiveness and expressing negative emotions
C) Empathy, active listening, and constructive dialogue
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: C) Empathy, active listening, and constructive dialogue

45. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of self-reflection, which involves:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Examining one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Examining one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

46. The concept of positive youth development, studied in positive psychology, emphasizes the
importance of:
A) Focusing on negative aspects of adolescent behavior
B) Restricting independence and decision-making
C) Nurturing strengths, skills, and positive relationships in youth
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: C) Nurturing strengths, skills, and positive relationships in youth

47. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of mindfulness, which refers to:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Cultivating present-moment awareness without judgment
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Cultivating present-moment awareness without judgment

48. The concept of positive aging, studied in positive psychology, emphasizes the importance of:
A) Focusing on the physical decline and limitations of older adults
B) Isolation and disengagement from social activities
C) Maintaining well-being, purpose, and active engagement in later life
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: C) Maintaining well-being, purpose, and active engagement in later life

49. Positive psychology interventions often involve the practice of mindfulness-based stress
reduction, which involves:
A) Focusing on negative thoughts and experiences
B) Reflecting on past traumas and challenges
C) Cultivating present-moment awareness and reducing stress
D) Setting and achieving specific goals
Answer: C) Cultivating present-moment awareness and reducing stress

50. The concept of positive culture, studied in positive psychology, emphasizes the importance of:
A) Focusing on negative aspects of cultural diversity
B) Promoting conformity and homogeneity in society
C) Nurturing well-being, collaboration, and positive values in communities
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: C) Nurturing well-being, collaboration, and positive values in communities

UNIT 5: Child Psychology

1. Child psychology is the study of:
A) Adolescent behavior and development
B) Psychological disorders in children
C) Parenting styles and techniques
D) The cognitive, emotional, and social development of children
Answer: D) The cognitive, emotional, and social development of children

2. The developmental period that spans from birth to around 2 years of age is known as:
A) Infancy
B) Early childhood
C) Middle childhood
D) Adolescence
Answer: A) Infancy

3. Which of the following is NOT a key domain of child development?

A) Cognitive development
B) Emotional development
C) Social development
D) Physical development
Answer: D) Physical development

4. The nature versus nurture debate in child psychology refers to the discussion about the relative
influence of:
A) Genetics and environment on child development
B) Cognitive and emotional factors on child behavior
C) Parenting styles and disciplinary techniques
D) Peer interactions and socialization processes
Answer: A) Genetics and environment on child development

5. Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that children:

A) Develop through a series of psychosexual stages
B) Progress through four distinct stages of cognitive development
C) Learn through observation and imitation of others
D) Develop attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
Answer: B) Progress through four distinct stages of cognitive development

6. According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the primary task of infancy is to
develop a sense of:
A) Trust versus mistrust
B) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) Initiative versus guilt
D) Industry versus inferiority
Answer: A) Trust versus mistrust

7. The attachment theory proposed by John Bowlby suggests that:

A) Children develop through a series of psychosocial stages
B) Cognitive development is influenced by social interactions
C) Secure attachments to caregivers are crucial for healthy development
D) Parenting styles influence personality development
Answer: C) Secure attachments to caregivers are crucial for healthy development

8. The term "sensorimotor" refers to the stage of cognitive development described by Piaget where
infants:
A) Develop language and symbolic representation
B) Engage in abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
C) Acquire object permanence and begin to explore the environment
D) Develop a sense of morality and understand rules
Answer: C) Acquire object permanence and begin to explore the environment

9. The process of assimilation in Piaget's theory of cognitive development involves:

A) Adapting existing mental structures to incorporate new information
B) Adjusting existing mental structures to fit new information
C) Organizing information into schemas and mental categories
D) Balancing conflicting demands and desires
Answer: A) Adapting existing mental structures to incorporate new information

10. The preoperational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is characterized by:
A) Abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
B) The ability to think logically and solve problems systematically
C) Egocentrism and difficulty understanding others' perspectives
D) The development of object permanence and cause-effect relationships
Answer: C) Egocentrism and difficulty understanding others' perspectives

11. According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, cognitive development is influenced by:

A) Biological maturation and genetic factors
B) The interaction between an individual and their environment
C) The resolution of conflicts during different stages of development
D) The reinforcement of desired behaviors and elimination of undesired behaviors
Answer: B) The interaction between an individual and their environment

12. The term "theory of mind" refers to the ability to:

A) Understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others
B) Understand moral reasoning and ethical decision-making
C) Think logically and solve problems systematically
D) Develop attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
Answer: A) Understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others

13. The term "egocentrism" refers to:

A) The belief that inanimate objects have thoughts and feelings
B) The ability to understand others' perspectives and emotions
C) The focus on oneself and difficulty understanding others' perspectives
D) The ability to think abstractly and engage in hypothetical reasoning
Answer: C) The focus on oneself and difficulty understanding others' perspectives

14. The term "object permanence" refers to the understanding that:

A) Objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
B) Different objects can share similar properties and characteristics
C) One's actions can have consequences for others
D) People have different thoughts and beliefs
Answer: A) Objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

15. According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the highest level of moral
reasoning is characterized by:
A) A focus on personal gain and avoiding punishment
B) Adherence to societal norms and rules
C) A consideration of individual rights and principles of justice
D) A concern for maintaining social relationships and harmony
Answer: C) A consideration of individual rights and principles of justice

16. The term "identity crisis" refers to the period in adolescence where individuals:
A) Experience rapid physical growth and sexual maturation
B) Develop a sense of personal identity and values
C) Struggle with conflicts between parental and peer influences
D) Experiment with different social roles and behaviors
Answer: B) Develop a sense of personal identity and values

17. The term "socialization" refers to the process through which children:
A) Acquire language and communication skills
B) Develop attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
C) Learn social norms, values, and behaviors
D) Develop cognitive and problem-solving abilities
Answer: C) Learn social norms, values, and behaviors

18. The term "authoritative parenting" refers to a parenting style that is characterized by:
A) High levels of warmth and support, along with strict discipline
B) Low levels of warmth and support, along with permissive discipline
C) High levels of warmth and support, with minimal discipline
D) Low levels of warmth and support, with harsh and punitive discipline
Answer: A) High levels of warmth and support, along with strict discipline

19. The term "self-concept" refers to:

A) The understanding and evaluation of one's own abilities and characteristics
B) The ability to understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others
C) The ability to think abstractly and engage in hypothetical reasoning
D) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
Answer: A) The understanding and evaluation of one's own abilities and characteristics

20. The term "social referencing" refers to the tendency of infants to:
A) Look to their parents or caregivers for cues about how to react in uncertain situations
B) Engage in play and cooperative activities with their peers
C) Use language and communication skills to express their needs and desires
D) Explore the environment and manipulate objects to learn about their properties
Answer: A) Look to their parents or caregivers for cues about how to react in uncertain situations

21. The term "temperament" refers to:

A) Inborn and enduring traits that influence an individual's behavior and emotional responses
B) The process through which children acquire language and communication skills
C) The ability to engage in abstract reasoning and logical thinking
D) The development of self-regulation and impulse control
Answer: A) Inborn and enduring traits that influence an individual's behavior and emotional responses

22. The term "social learning theory" suggests that children learn behaviors through:
A) Genetic predispositions and inborn traits
B) The reinforcement of desired behaviors and elimination of undesired behaviors
C) The resolution of conflicts during different stages of development
D) Observing and imitating others, as well as through direct instruction and reinforcement
Answer: D) Observing and imitating others, as well as through direct instruction and reinforcement

23. The term "emotional intelligence" refers to:

A) The ability to understand and regulate one's own emotions and the emotions of others
B) The ability to think logically and solve problems systematically
C) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: A) The ability to understand and regulate one's own emotions and the emotions of others
24. The term "theory of attachment" refers to:
A) The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
B) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
C) The ability to engage in abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: B) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers

25. The term "autism spectrum disorder" (ASD) refers to:

A) A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction and
communication
B) A mood disorder characterized by episodes of depression and manic behavior
C) A disorder characterized by persistent and excessive worry and fear
D) A disorder characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Answer: A) A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction and
communication

26. The term "zone of proximal development" (ZPD) refers to:

A) The gap between a child's actual developmental level and their potential developmental level
B) The range of behaviors and skills that are considered typical for a specific age group
C) The period in adolescence where individuals experience identity exploration and confusion
D) The ability to understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others
Answer: A) The gap between a child's actual developmental level and their potential developmental
level

27. The term "language acquisition device" (LAD) refers to:

A) The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
B) The ability to engage in abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
C) An inborn, biological mechanism that enables children to acquire language
D) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
Answer: C) An inborn, biological mechanism that enables children to acquire language

28. The term "theory of mind" refers to the ability to:

A) Understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others
B) Understand moral reasoning and ethical decision-making
C) Think logically and solve problems systematically
D) Develop attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
Answer: A) Understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others
29. The term "gender identity" refers to:
A) The understanding and evaluation of one's own abilities and characteristics
B) The ability to understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others
C) The belief and sense of being male or female
D) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
Answer: C) The belief and sense of being male or female

30. The term "theory of planned behavior" suggests that behavior is influenced by:
A) Genetic factors and inborn traits
B) Social norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control
C) Cognitive development and abstract reasoning
D) Reinforcement of desired behaviors and elimination of undesired behaviors
Answer: B) Social norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control

31. The term "externalizing behaviors" refers to:

A) Inward-focused behaviors such as anxiety and depression
B) Outward-focused behaviors such as aggression and rule-breaking
C) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: B) Outward-focused behaviors such as aggression and rule-breaking

32. The term "self-regulation" refers to the ability to:

A) Understand and regulate one's own emotions and behaviors
B) Think logically and solve problems systematically
C) Develop attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
D) Engage in abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
Answer: A) Understand and regulate one's own emotions and behaviors

33. The term "secure attachment" refers to a pattern of attachment characterized by:
A) A strong emotional bond, trust, and exploration in the presence of a caregiver
B) An ambivalent and inconsistent emotional bond with a caregiver
C) Avoidance and detachment from a caregiver
D) Disorganized and inconsistent behaviors towards a caregiver
Answer: A) A strong emotional bond, trust, and exploration in the presence of a caregiver

34. The term "emotion regulation" refers to:

A) The ability to understand and regulate one's own emotions and the emotions of others
B) The ability to engage in abstract reasoning and logical thinking
C) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: A) The ability to understand and regulate one's own emotions and the emotions of others

35. The term "internalizing behaviors" refers to:

A) Inward-focused behaviors such as anxiety and depression
B) Outward-focused behaviors such as aggression and rule-breaking
C) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: A) Inward-focused behaviors such as anxiety and depression

36. The term "play therapy" refers to a therapeutic approach that:

A) Focuses on cognitive restructuring and challenging negative thoughts
B) Utilizes art, play, and imagination to promote emotional expression and healing
C) Emphasizes the importance of parent-child interactions and attachment
D) Aims to develop social skills and problem-solving abilities
Answer: B) Utilizes art, play, and imagination to promote emotional expression and healing

37. The term "identity formation" refers to the process through which individuals:
A) Acquire language and communication skills
B) Develop a sense of personal identity, values, and beliefs
C) Learn social norms, values, and behaviors
D) Develop cognitive and problem-solving abilities
Answer: B) Develop a sense of personal identity, values, and beliefs

38. The term "attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" (ADHD) refers to:

A) A disorder characterized by persistent and excessive worry and fear
B) A mood disorder characterized by episodes of depression and manic behavior
C) A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
D) A disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication
Answer: C) A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and
impulsivity

39. The term "cognitive-behavioral therapy" (CBT) is an evidence-based therapeutic approach that
focuses on:
A) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
B) The understanding and regulation of one's own emotions and behaviors
C) The reinforcement of desired behaviors and elimination of undesired behaviors
D) The restructuring of cognitive processes and challenging negative thoughts
Answer: D) The restructuring of cognitive processes and challenging negative thoughts

40. The term "preference for novelty" refers to infants' tendency to:
A) Seek new and unfamiliar experiences and stimuli
B) Prefer familiar and known experiences and stimuli
C) Develop attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
D) Engage in abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
Answer: A) Seek new and unfamiliar experiences and stimuli

41. The term "cognitive development" refers to:

A) The understanding and evaluation of one's own abilities and characteristics
B) The ability to understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others
C) The development of thinking, problem-solving, and reasoning abilities
D) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
Answer: C) The development of thinking, problem-solving, and reasoning abilities

42. The term "zone of proximal development" (ZPD) refers to:

A) The gap between a child's actual developmental level and their potential developmental level
B) The range of behaviors and skills that are considered typical for a specific age group
C) The ability to understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others
D) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
Answer: A) The gap between a child's actual developmental level and their potential developmental
level

43. The term "stranger anxiety" refers to infants' tendency to:

A) Show fear and discomfort in the presence of unfamiliar individuals
B) Seek comfort and support from familiar individuals
C) Engage in play and cooperative activities with their peers

D) Use language and communication skills to express their needs and desires
Answer: A) Show fear and discomfort in the presence of unfamiliar individuals

44. The term "emerging adulthood" refers to the period between adolescence and adulthood,
characterized by:
A) Identity exploration, instability, and self-focus
B) Achievement of specific life goals and milestones
C) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
D) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with partners
Answer: A) Identity exploration, instability, and self-focus

45. The term "strange situation" is a laboratory procedure used to assess:

A) Temperament and inborn traits of infants
B) The attachment quality between infants and caregivers
C) Cognitive development and problem-solving abilities
D) The presence of emotional and behavioral disorders
Answer: B) The attachment quality between infants and caregivers

46. The term "empathy" refers to the ability to:

A) Understand and share the feelings of others
B) Think logically and solve problems systematically
C) Develop attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
D) Engage in abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
Answer: A) Understand and share the feelings of others

47. The term "peer acceptance" refers to:

A) The ability to understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others
B) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with peers
C) The experience of being liked and accepted by one's peers
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: C) The experience of being liked and accepted by one's peers

48. The term "emotional regulation" refers to:

A) The ability to understand and regulate one's own emotions and behaviors
B) The ability to engage in abstract reasoning and logical thinking
C) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
D) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
Answer: A) The ability to understand and regulate one's own emotions and behaviors

49. The term "authoritarian parenting" refers to a parenting style that is characterized by:
A) High levels of warmth and support, along with strict discipline
B) Low levels of warmth and support, along with permissive discipline
C) High levels of warmth and support, with minimal discipline
D) Low levels of warmth and support, with harsh and punitive discipline
Answer: D) Low levels of warmth and support, with harsh and punitive discipline
50. The term "theory of multiple intelligences" suggests that intelligence is not a single, unitary
construct but rather:
A) The pursuit of pleasure and hedonic well-being
B) The development of attachments and emotional bonds with caregivers
C) The understanding and regulation of one's own emotions and behaviors
D) The presence of multiple, distinct forms of intelligence
Answer: D) The presence of multiple, distinct forms of intelligence