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LESSON 9: THE INFORMATION AGE
 Computer Age, Digital Age, New Media
Age, Internet Age
 a historic period in the 21st
century characterized by the rapid shift
from traditional industry that
the Industrial Revolution brought
through industrialization, to an economy
based on information technology.
 Early Developments of Information Age
 1945- Fremont Rider described the
miniaturized microform analog
photographs, which could be
duplicated on-demand for library
patrons and other institutions.
 1965- Moore’s law was formulated. It is
an observation that the number of
transistors in a dense integrated circuit
doubles about every two years.
 Early 1980s- production of the smaller
and less expensive personal computers
allowed for direct access to information.
 1995- Nicholas Negroponte published his
book, Being Digital, the similarities and
differences between products made of
atoms and bits.
 Primary Information Age- newspaper,
radio, television.
 Secondary Information Age- Internet,
satellite television and mobile phones
 Tertiary Information Age- emerged by
media of the Primary Information Age
interconnected with media of the
Secondary Information Age.
 Pre-industrial Age- a time before there
were machines and tools to help them
perform the tasks.
 About 2.5 million years before writing
was developed, technology began with
the earliest hominids who used stone
tools, which they may have used to start
fires, hunt, and bury their dead.
 Communications were limited between
communities. People used traditional
paper and writing materials, signs or
symbols to communicate with each
other. For example, Egyptians used
papyrus scrolls. Sumerians used clay
tablets, Prehistoric men used hand
stencils and simple geometric shapes to
create art on the walls of caves. The
oldest known are more than 44,000
years old, found in both the Franco-
Cantabrian region in western Europe
 Johannes Gutenberg invented the
printing press during the Renaissance
period.
 Industrial Age- is a period of history that
encompasses the changes in economic
and social organization that began
around 1760 in Great Britain and later In
other countries, characterized
chiefly by the replacement of hand
tools with power-driven machines such
as the power loom and the steam
engine, and by the concentration of
industry in large establishments.
Communication during the Industrial
Age
 Telegraph- communications system in
which information is transmitted over a
wire through a series of electrical current
pulses. Became the standard for
international communication
with a modified code. Developed in the
1830s and 1840s by Samuel Morse. On
May 24, 1844, the first message, “What
hath God wrought?” was sent.
 Punchcards /IBM cards was invented by
Herman Hollerith in the late 1800’s
 Alexander Graham Bell patented the
telephone in 1876.
 Thomas Edison invented the
phonograph in 1877, a device for the
mechanical recording and
reproduction of sound.
 Heinrich Hertz identified and studied
radio waves in 1886.
 Guiglielmo Marconi developed the first
practical radio transmitters and
receivers in 1896.
 Philo Farnsworth invented the first fully
electronic television in September 7,
1927. It became an important mass
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medium for advertising, propaganda
and entertainment.
 A power loom is a mechanized loom,
and was one of the key developments
in the industrialization of weaving during
the early Industrial Revolution. The first
power loom was designed in 1786 by
Edmund Cartwright and first built that
same year.
 The 1st typewriter was invented by
Christopher Latham Sholes was an
American inventor who invented the
QWERTY keyboard and, along with
Samuel W. Soule, Carlos Glidden
 The babbage engine was invented by
Charles Babbage.
 Mechanical calculator was invented by
Blaise Pascal in 1642.
 Electronic Age- began when electronic
equipment and large technologies,
including computers came into use. The
invention of the transistor ushered in the
electronic age. People harnessed the
power of transistors that led to the
transistor radio, electronic circuits, and
the early computers. In this age, long
distance communication became more
efficient.
 Enigma machine is a piece of spook
hardware used as a way of deciphering
German signals traffic during World War
Two.
 Transistor radio became the most
popular electronic communication and
device in history.
 The Texas instruments made the first
transistor radio named Regency TR-1.
 EDSAC ( Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator) is considered to
be the first stored program electronic
computer.
 ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer) as the first electronic
general purpose digital computer.
 UNIVAC( Universal Automatic
Computer) is a line of electronic digital
stored-program computers.
 IBM is the first mass produced computer
with floating-point arithmetic hardware.
 Hewlett Packard 9100A is an early
computer or programmable calculator
 Floppy disk was invented by IBM
engineers led by Alan Shugart. Floppy
disk is a magnetic storage medium.
 Transistor- is a device that regulates
current or voltage flow and acts as a
switch or gate for electronic signals.
 Integrated circuit( IC )- Jack Kilby
began his career at Texas Instruments in
1958.
 Microprocessor-Federico Faggin,
Marcian (Ted) Hoff, Stanley Mazor, and
Masatoshi Shima—for a Japanese
calculator manufacturer Busicom
 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic
Computer I) was the first general-
purpose electronic digital computer
design for business application
produced in the United States. It was
designed principally by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly, the inventors of the
ENIAC.
 The Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first
wide-area packet- switched network
with distributed control and one of the
first networks to implement the TCP/IP
protocol suite. ... The ARPANET was
established by the Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United
States Department of Defense
 Johannes Guternberg
- German blackswithand publich who
was responsible for shaping the
nature of the society, first form of
spreading information.
- Gutenberg Principle: distribution of
information become possible, but
expensive yet institutionalized.
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 Pre- Guternberg Era
- Books created manually by hand;
clay, papyrus wax, and parchment.
- ‘’word-of-mouth’’ channels.
- Printing press; start of mass
communication.
 Gutenberg revolution
- Used to express the democratizing
effects of the invention of the
printing press among society.
- Effects of invention of printing press.
 Post- Gutenberg Era ( Social Information
Principle)
- 1920, radio broadcasting was
introduced.
- 1970, information age accelerated
global communication.
- E-commerce as the new major web-
based phenomena
- 2 major expansion (Stacy, 2008)
first: uploading and downloading
different forms of media (images,
vids, audios)
second: spreading and publishing of
information.
 Information Age
- 1st modern information: telegraph,
radio and telephone
- 2nd modern information: televisions,
early computer, and satellites.
- 3rd modern information: the
knowledge revolutions. Advance
information technologies.
 Social Media- form of virtual reality and
form of escape from tyranny of life.
LESSON 10: THE NANO WORLD
 NANO TECHNOLOGY
- Norio Taniguchi, coined to describe
work on semiconductor process as
thin film deposition and ion beam.
- Study and manipulation of matter at
scale.
- Nano- unit of measurement of
length; analogous entity like meter.
- Nano prefix: factor of billionth 10^9
nanosecond (time),
nano liter (volume), nanoscale (length
of around 0.1 nm to 100 nm.
 NANO TECHNOLOGY OF THE PAST
- Ancient Egyptians: fermentation
process on nanolevel ( for making
breads, wine, beer and other food
stuffs)
 History of Nanotechnology
- 1959- Richard Feynman, an
American Physicist discussed,
“There’s Plenty of Room at the
Bottom”.
- 1960- Mohamed Atalla and Dawon
Kahng fabricated the first MOSFET (
metal –oxide-semiconductor field-
effect transistor) with a gate oxide
thickness of 100nm, along with a
gate length of 20μm.
- 1974- Norio Taniguchi, a Japanese
scientist of Tokyo University of
Science coined the term
"nanotechnology” to describe
semiconductor processes such as
film deposition and ion beam milling
exhibiting characteristic control on
the order of a nanometer.
- 1981s- The invention of Scanning
Tunneling Microscope, an instrument
used for imaging surfaces at the
atomic level. It was invented by
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at
IBM Zurich (Nobel Prize in Physics).
- 1985- The discovery of fullerenes, an
allotrope of carbon whose molecule
consists of carbon atoms connected
by single and double bonds so as to
form a closed or partially closed
mesh, with fused rings of five to
seven atoms.
- 1986 – Publication of the book
Engines of Creation: The Coming Era
of Nanotechnology by Eric Dexler.
- 1991- The discovery of carbon
nanotubes by Sumio Lijima
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- 2006- The discovery of 3nm MOSFET,
the worlds’smallest nanoelectronic
device was created by Korean
Researchers from the Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and
Technology and the National Nano
Fab Center.
 Early uses of Nanomaterials
- In Mesopotamia, nanoparticles were
used for creating a glittering effect
on the surface of pots.
- In modern times, pottery from the
middle Ages and Renaissance often
retains a distinct gold- or copper-
colored metallic glitter.
- In Rome, Lycurgus cup is made of a
glass that changes colour when light
gleamed through it.
- In pre-columbian Mayan City of
Chichen Itza, a corrosion resistant
azure pigment known as “ Maya
Blue” contains nanopores to create
an environmentally stable pigment.
- In Middle East, Damascus steel
swords contain oriented nanoscale
wire-and-tube-like structures
 What is Nanotechnology?
 The engineering of functional systems at
the molecular scale.
 It is a Hybrid Science combining
Engineering, Chemistry and to a certain
extent Biology.
 It deals with the creation of functional
materials, devices, systems through
control of matter or nanoscale.
 It placed the footprints in the field of
energy, medicine, electronics,
computing, security and materials.
– Nanoscience is the study of
phenomena and manipulation of
materials at atomic, molecular
and macromolecular scales,
where properties differ
significantly from those at a larger
scale.
– Nanotechnologies are the
design, characterization,
production and application of
structures, devices and systems
by controlling shape and size at
nanometre scale.
 Fundamental Concepts in Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology
- It’s hard to imagine just how small
nanotechnology is. One nanometer
is a billionth of a meter, or 10-9 of a
meter. Here are a few illustrative
examples:
- There are 25,400,000 nanometers in
an inch
- A sheet of newspaper is about
100,000 nanometers thick.
- On a comparative scale, if a marble
were a nanometer, then one meter
would be the size of the Earth.
 Different Approaches Nanotechnology.
Nanotechnologies can be:
• Top-down
– Etching a block of material down
to the desired shape
– Chips and processors
• Bottom-up
– Building materials atom by atom -
like lego
– Nanoparticles such as C60,
carbon nanotubes, quantum
dots
 Applications of Nanotechnology
• Catalysts
– Envirox™ cerium oxide
• Nanoremediation
– SAMMS technology to remove
mercury
• Paper
– photographic paper
• Filters
– nanofibres
• Toothpaste to remineralise teeth
• Food
• packaging
• Paint
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• improved adhesion and anti-fungal
qualities/anti-graffiti
• Clothes
• non-staining and anti-radiation
• Batteries
• (Black & Decker) phosphate nanocrystal
technology
• Cleaning products
 Advanatges of Nanotechnology
- Protect drugs from being degraded
in the body before they reach their
target
- Enhances the absorption of drugs
into tumors and into the cancerous
cells themselves.
- Allows for better control over the
timing and distribution of drugs to the
tissue, making it easier for oncologists
to assess how well they work.
- Prevent drugs from interacting with
normal cells , thus avoiding side
effects
 Disadvantages
- Adverse health effects in humans
from deliberate or accidental
exposure.
- Adverse effects on the environment
from deliberate or accidental
exposure
- Potentially explosive properties of
nanostructures
- Very difficult to detect without
sophisticated equipment
- Difficult to predict how particles will
behave in the environment
(dispersed/clumped)
- Small size may result in particles
passing into the body more easily
(inhalation, ingestion, absorption)
- May be more reactive due to
surface area to volume ratio
- Potential to adsorb toxic chemical
- Persistence - Longevity of particles in
the environment and body are
unknown
LESSON 11 AND 12: BIODOVERSITY AND
HEALTHY SOCIETY
 Bio =Life, Diversity =Variety
 Biological Diversity- comprises the
variety
Biological diversity comprises the variety
of all life on earth. It also pertains to the
relative abundance and richness of the
different traits, species, and ecosystems
in a particular area or region. The
biodiversity we see today is the
outcome of over 3.5 billion years of
evolutionary history, shaped by natural
processes and increasingly, by the
influence of humans.
 Biodiversity forms the web of life of
which we are an integral part and upon
which we fully depend.
 The United Nations Convention on
Biological Diversity (Earth Summit in Rio
de Janeiro, brazil in 1992), of which
Philippines is one of the 154 member
countries who signed the declaration,
defines biodiversity as the variability
among living organisms from all source,
including inter alia, terrestrial, marine
and other aquatic ecosystems, and the
ecological
 Complexes of which they are part: this
includes diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems.
Zamora (1997) defined biodiversity as
the ensemble and the interactions of
the genetic, the species, and the
ecological diversity in a given place
and at a given time.
 World Wild Fund for Nature (1989)
defined it as the wealth of life on earth,
the millions of plants, animals an
microorganisms, the genes they
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contain, and the intricate ecosystems
they help build into the living
environment.
 Three Types of Biological Diversity
- Genetic diversity refers to the
variations among the genetic
resources of the organisms.
A gene is a unit of hereditary
information consisting of a specific
nucleotide sequence in DNA.
High genetic diversity indicates
populations that can more easily
adapt to changing situations and
environments, and also greate
assortment of materials than can be
found, increasing the chances of
finding a useful compound
(Bernhardt, 1999).
 Species diversity refers to the variety of
different types of species found in a
particular area.
 Ecosystem/ Ecological diversity refers to
the variety of different types of species
found in a particular area. It includes
terrestrial, marine and freshwater
ecosystems.
 Ecosystem is the unit of interaction
between the biotic community and its
physical environment in a given area. It
is a self-contained community of
microorganisms, animals and plants that
interact with each other and with their
physical environment.”
 Habitat is a place in which a particular
species of organism lives.
 Importance of Biodiversity
- It supports healthy ecosystems.
- It is an essential part of the solution to
climate change.
- It is good for the economy.
- It is an integral part of culture and
identity.
- It provides raw materials like lumber,
food, spices etc.
- It provides opportunities for
recreational activities, such as bird
watching, scuba diving, snorkeling,
and nature photography
- It serves as the source of medicine.
 What do we get from biodiversity?
1. Oxygen
2. Food
3. Clean Water
4. Medicine
5. Aesthetics
6. Lumber
7. Ideas
 Status of Philippine Biodiversity
- The Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR 2009)
claims that in terms of biodiversity,
the Philippine was 5th in the world as
to number of plant species; 8th in the
world list of endemic plants; 4th in
endemic birds; 5th in endemic
mammals; and 8th in endemic
reptiles.
 List of identified endemic species
- Rafflesia manillana, the world’s
largest flower.
- Vanda sanderiana (waling-waling),
one of the world’s largest orchid
species.
- Pithecophaga jefferyi (monkey -
eating eagle), the largest bird
- Rhyncodon typus, the largest fish
- Tridacna gigas (giant clam), the
largest seashell
- Pandaka pygmea (dwarf goby), the
smallest freshwater fish
- Tarsius syrichta(tarsier), the smallest
primate
- Tragalus nigricans, the smallest
hoofed mammal
- Tylonycteris pachpus (bamboo bat),
the smallest bat;
- Pisidum, the tiniest shell in the world
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- Connus gloriamaris, one of the most
expensive shells in the world.
- Cervus alfredi, the most endangered
deer
- Bubalus mindorensis (tamarau or
dwarf water buffalo), one of the top
ten most endangered species in the
world and the largest endangered
animal.
 One indication that a species may be
endangered is a dwindling in numbers.
The list of endangered species is long
and growing.
- In the 2000 Red List of the International
Union for the Conservation of Nature
and Natural resources (IUCN), of the
52,177 species in the Philippines, 418
were listed as threatened.
- The Philippine Biodiversity
Conservation Priority-setting Program
(PBCPP) described the 121 endemic
mammals as critically endangered. -
The Bird Life International listed 116 of
species of birds in the country are
threatened or near threatened.
- According to the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources
report (2010), out of 584 wildlife in the
country, 72% are already threatened
with extinction. Several species of plants,
frogs, reptiles and insects remain to be
documented. Unfortunately, several
species were believed to have vanished
without being identified.
 Threats to Biodiversity
1. Environmental Pollution
Domestic agriculture and industrial
wastes are poorly treated and are often
discharged into the sea, and to other
bodies of water, such as rivers and lakes.
Pollution can lead to diseases and
pollution stresses, such as coral
bleaching on reefs.
2. Over-exploitation/ Over-hunting/
Over-harvesting/ Over-fishing
Commercial logging, community
logging, timber poaching, and kaingin
(slash and burn agriculture). In
mangrove ecosystem, the extraction of
fuel and construction ma
3. Habitat Loss/ Habitat destruction/
Habitat alteration.
In coral reefs, coastal development,
aquaculture, agriculture, and land-
cover change increasing sediments and
nutrients outflow onto reefs, and the
muro-ami fishing technique. The
development of fishponds
(aquaculture) in mangrove forest.
4. Climate Change
Drastic changes in the atmosphere can
have catastrophic effects such as
increase concentration of greenhouse
gases and destruction of forest.
5. Invasive species or Non-native
species
Invasive species are greater threat to
native biodiversity than pollution,
harvest, and disease combined
(Simberloff, 2000). It can cause
alterations either within species groups
or within the environment.
 Underlying Causes of the Loss of
Philippine Biodiversity
The underlying causes of Philippine
biodiversity loss are:
a. Population growth and increasing
resource consumption
b. Ignorance about species and
ecosystems
c. Poorly conceived policies and poor
law enforcement
d. Effects of global trading systems
e. Inequity of resource distribution
f. Apathy or failure to account for the
value of biodiversity, and
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 Genetically Modified Organisms
Worldwide, over 191 million hectares
have been planted with genetically
modified crops as of 2018, particularly
herbicide and pest-resistant canola,
cotton, corn and soybeans. The United
States had the largest area worldwide
of GM crops, followed by Brazil,
Argentina, Canada and India
(Shahbandeh, 2019).
 Fun facts: The first commercially
available GM food was called the Flavr
Savr tomato that had an antisense gene
that increased its shelf life and delayed
ripening ( Bruening and Lyons, 2000).
Designed by researchers at Calgene
(now a division of Monsanto, Inc.).
- Monsanto is the leading company in
genetically modified crop based on
revenue.
 GMOs or Genetically Modified
Organisms are organisms whose genetic
material has been altered using genetic
engineering techniques, which is a
direct manipulation of an organisms
genome. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO,2004) GMOs are
organisms, either plant or animal or
microorganism in which the genetic
material ( DNA) has been altered in a
way that does not occur naturally by
mating or natural recombination. The
development of GMOs was perceived
to help in the advancement of
technology for the benefit of humans in
different industries like agriculture and
medicine.
 Example of Genetically Modified Foods
(GMFs)
Bt corn is a variant that has been
genetically altered to express more
proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis which
produces a bacterial toxin including
Delta-toxins.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium
found in soil that are toxic to some
insects when eaten, but not others.
The bacterium has been used as an
insecticide since 1938. Susceptible
insects must ingest Bt toxin in order to be
affected. In contrast to poisonous
insecticides that target the nervous
system. Bt acts by producing a protein
that blocks the digestive system of the
insect, effectively starving it. Bt is a fast-
acting insecticide: an infected insect
will stop feeding within hours of ingestion
and will die, generally from starvation or
a rupture of the digestive system, within
days.
The toxin is produced by the Cry gene
found on plasmids in the bacterium. The
gene is added to the genomes of crop
plants using a bacterium that forms root
nodules in plants (Agrobacterium
tumificiens). One interesting feature of
cry genes is their high degree of
plasticity. This particular characteristic
may contribute to the versatility of cry
toxins as it relates to their insect host
range. In addition, Bt crops produced
from 1996 onwards are maize, potato,
cotton and soybean.”
 Genetically Modified Organisms are
part of a growing industry that is
clouded by controversy, fear and
suspicion.
- Cultivating GM crops has provided
significant benefits to farmers
globally to combat this problem.
Several of the main reasons for
generating transgenic crops include
increased nutritional value of crops
like maize with improved protein and
golden rice fortified with Vitamin A
and Iron.
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- Importantly, GMOs also improved
the growth characteristics and yield
of agriculturally valuable crops
which often enhanced color and
taste, enhanced production or
reduction of enzymes, and
prolonged shelf life.
- With the use of GMO crops, there will
be less use for herbicides/ pesticides,
and lower cost for cultivation and
labor.
- it provides crop resistance against
insect and viral pests, drought and
herbicides. This could help farmers to
reduce the use of fertilizer and
pesticides, controlling the purity of
the hybrid seeds that ensures higher
yields and increase potential growth
and harvest.
- A major concern in the use and
consumption of GMOs include
promote the development of
pesticide resistant pests. Introduction
of It may alter the balance of
existing microorganisms in the body
and production of toxins may be
detrimental to human health.
Furthermore, GM crop can be both
expensive and time consuming since
it is performed in the laboratory.
Although the debate about GM
food is active. Scientists and
researchers continue to pave the
way for GMO- a path that leads to
an unimaginable array of benefits,
but also raises extremely important
questions.
LESSON 13: CLIMATE CHANGE
 How Might the Earth’s Climate Change
in the Future?
Concept: Considerable scientific
evidence indicates that emissions of
greenhouse gases into the earth’s
atmosphere from human activities will
lead to significant climate change
during this century.
 Past Climate Changes
- Glacial and interglacial periods
- Global cooling and global warmin
- Measurement of past temperature
changes – Rocks and fossils
– Ice cores from glaciers
– Tree rings
– Historical measurements since
1861
 The Greenhouse Effect
- Earth’s natural greenhouse effect
- Natural greenhouse gases
- Water vapor (H2O)
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Methane (CH4)
- Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
 Evidence to Support Global Warming
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change
- 2007 IPCC report
- Rise in average global surface
temperature
- 10 warmest years on record since
1970
- Annual greenhouse gas emissions up
70% - 1970 and 2008
- Changes in glaciers, rainfall patterns,
hurricanes
- Sea level rise in this century 4–8
inches
 CO2 IS THE MAJOR CULPRINT
- 1850: 285 ppm
- 2009: 388 ppm
- Over 450 ppm is tipping point
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- 350 ppm as intermediate goal
 Science Focus: Scientific Consensus
about Future Global Temperature
Changes?
- Temperature as a function of
greenhouse gases
- Mathematical models
- Model data and assumptions
- Predictions and model reliability
- Recent warming due to human
activities
 What Role for Oceans in Climate
Change?
- Absorb CO2
- CO2 solubility decreases with
increasing temperature
- Upper ocean getting warmer
 What Are Some Possible Effects of a
Projected Climate Change?
Concept: The projected change in the
earth’s climate during this century could
have severe and long-lasting
consequences, including increased
drought and flooding, rising sea levels,
and shifts in locations of agriculture and
wildlife habitats.
 Potential Severe Consequence
- Rapid projected temperature
increase
- 2 Cº inevitable
- 4 Cº possible
- Effects will last for at least 1,000
years
 In situ Conservation
It is the process of protecting species in
its natural habitat, either by
establishment and management of
protected areas where the species
abound, or by defending the species
from predators.
 Harmful Effects of Global Warming
- Excessive heat
- Drought
- Ice and snow melt
- Rising sea levels
- Extreme weather
- Threat to biodiversity
- Food production may decline
- Change location of agricultural
crops
- Threats to human health
 What Can We Do to Slow Projected
Climate Change?
Concept: To slow the rate of projected
climate change, we can increase
energy efficiency, sharply reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, rely more on
renewable energy resources, and slow
population growth.
 Options to Deal with Climate Change
Two approaches: 1. Drastically reduce
greenhouse gas emissions 2. Develop
strategies to reduce its harmful effect
- Mix both approaches
- Governments beginning to act
 Reducing the Threat of Climate Change
- Improve energy efficiency to reduce
fossil fuel use
- Shift from coal to natural gas
- Improve energy efficiency
- Shift to renewable energy sources
- Transfer appropriate technology to
developing countries
- Reduce deforestation
- Sustainable agriculture and forestry
- Reduce poverty
- Slow population growth
- Decrease CO2 emissions
- Sequester CO2
–Plant trees
–Agriculture
– Underground
– Deep ocean
- Repair leaking natural gas lines
- Reduce methane emissions from
animals
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 Science Focus: Is Capturing and Storing
CO2 the Answer?
- Preserve natural forests
- Seed oceans with iron to promote
growth of phytoplankton
- Sequester carbon dioxide
underground and under the ocean
floor
 Government Roles in Reducing the
Threat of Climate Change
- Regulate carbon dioxide and
methane as pollutants
- Carbon taxes
- Cap total CO2 emissions: Capping
total CO2 emissions means putting a
limit on the amount of carbon
dioxide we are allowed to release
into the air.
- Subsidize energy-efficient
technologies
- Technology transfers: the transfer of
new technology from
the originator to a secondary user,
especially from developed to less
developed countries in an attempt
to boost their economies.
- International climate negotiations
- Kyoto Protocol: special agreement
that says countries need to work
together to reduce the amount of
pollution that's causing climate
change
- Act locally: they are considering the
health of the entire planet and to
take action in their own communities
and cities.
 Human Impact on the Ozone Layer
- Location and purpose of the ozone
layer
– Blocks UV-A and UV-B
- Seasonal and long-term depletion of
ozone: Seasonal depletion primarily
occurs in polar regions, such as the
Arctic and Antarctic, during specific
times of the year. Long-term
depletion refers to the overall
reduction in ozone concentration
over extended periods.
- Threat to humans, animals, plants
- Causes – chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
 Former Uses of CFCs
- Coolants in air conditioners and
refrigerators
- Propellants in aerosol cans
- Cleaning solutions for electronic
parts
- Fumigants
- Bubbles in plastic packing foam
 Reversing Ozone Depletion
- Stop producing ozone-depleting
chemicals
- Slow recovery
- Montreal Protocol: an agreement
between countries to stop using the
chemicals that are hurting the ozone
layer.
- Copenhagen Protocol: another
agreement between countries that
helps reduce pollution and protect
the environment.
- International cooperation:
International cooperation means
that countries all around the world
are working together to solve a big
problem like ozone depletion and
climate change.
 ENERGY CRISIS
 PRIMARY ENERGY RESOURCES
> NON- RENEABLE RESOURCES
- petroleum, natural gas, coal,
renewable energy, and nuclear energy;
they don’t form or replenish in short
period of time.
 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
- Solar, Geothermal, Hydropower, Wind,
BIomass, and Bio-fuel; replenish naturally
in a short period of time.
STAS 111 FINALS
BS EN 1 YA 1
 CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISIS  TYPES OF OTEC SYSTEMS
1. OVERCONSUMPTION: too much use of CLOSED- CYCLE OR ANDERSON OTEC
fossil fuels CYCLE: a fluid with low boiling point like
2. OVERPOPULATION the ammonia is used to power up a
3. POOR INFRASTRACTURE turbine in order to generate electricity.
4. UNEXPLORE RENEWABLE ENERGY OPEN- CYCLE OR CLAUDE OTEC CYCLE:
OPTIONS. the warm seawater is placed in a low
5. DELAY IN COMMISSIONING OF POWER pressure container to boil. The steam
PLANTS produced powers the turbine attached
6. WASTE OF ENERGY: energy wasting at to an electric generator.
home such as leaving lights on adds HYBRID SYSTEM: this OTEC system
more problem with the energy shortage. combines the feature of Open and
7. POOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: poor Close cycle.
distribution from plants can cause two different kinds: land- based and
trippings and breakdown more frequent. sea- based.
8. MAJOR ACCIDENTS AND NAURAL  ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
CALAMITIES: earthquales, volcanic 1. AIR POLLUTION
eruptions can cause greater increase in 2. WATER POLLUTION
energy price in the global market. 3. SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION
9. WAR AND ATTACKS 4. CLIMATE CHANGE
10. MISCELLANEOUS FACORS: strikes, tax 5. GLOBAL WARMING
hikes, political events: if the problem will 6. DEFORESTATION
arise from oil production. 7. INCREASED CARBON FOOTPRINTS
 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSON: 8. PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES
OTEC 9. OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
 Generates electricity by using the heat 10. OVERPOPULATION
energy stored in the earth’s oceans. 11. MINING
 By George Claude in the 1920s, in Cuba. 12. ACID RAIN
13. HABITAT LOSS
14. MEDICAL WASTE
15. URBAN SPRAWL

“FINALS NA!!! GOODLUCK MGA LOVEYS KO!!!”

- j0yr3n m4ganduh xD