2 .

⑤⑤⑥ 00000688⑥v0 Ooo

Boo ② ③ ⑧ Dod
Doggett ☒ Boo

By

AYE 8%08680
80h9
I.÷:* Instagram :
@Prashant_t9
 2.
Reproduction in lower and
Higher animal
F-enualtyts
sexually Reproducing
Reproducing animal animal
e.
g→ Hydra eog Human , mammals .

Reproduction
"
formation of life from similar life ?
new
pre-existing
-

Helps
-

life
in
continuing new .

Ttypesw
^
Asexual sexual
without
gametes emolument of
•

gametes
•

→
variations
↳ Reproductive
•

NO •
variation ✓ cell

Haploid
sexual Reproduction in animals : -

}
to fem⑧
a
germ cell An) germ cell can] pre fertilization
-

meiosis { to
sperm cm
to
•
phase
gametogenesis and

→←
⑧ zygote ovwmlntfpgygi.zaa.cn gamete transfers
Bhutan of male/female
mitosis
€ b. → Post
gametes
fertilization
-

embryef-B.a.by ( formation of
zygote ,

animal show Two phases embryogenesis

Breeders
puerile Reproductive µ
phase maturity phase continuous
seasonal
after physical growth
physical growth occurs
• •

goat Humans
-
-

growth of
•

starting from Biggin

sesh
organ occurs
sheep
•

apes
-
-

produce sexually
•

cannot do Reproduction can

Donkey
-
•
thunm-mboducti.cn:0
Theirs
process involves sequentiealsteps
formation of gametes
Gametogenesis
•
→

sperm is inside -
going insemination
fusion of male /female
•

vagina
Internal fertilization
•
→
gametes
formation of ✓
•

zygote formation
uggote formation of
embryogenesis embryo can]
•
-

Development of E-
•

gestation through mitosis

embryo to Bothy parturition →

•

pregnancy
→

Primatology
characters
secondary sexual :-
•
Testis
C. sexual organ
Dimorphic characters ]
^
male female

presence of beard development of Breast

-

moustache Broader pelvis

-
-

Hair in chest
-

High pitched voice

-

muscular body
-

adams apple
-

AH Repro# systems -

organ ②gonad$
consists of male called testes
-

primary
forms external and
-

internal genitalia .

portly Testes
µp⑧-• -
Deferense

I!:÷÷•:÷}
• vas

single
↳ epididymis

cowpens gland aroma

⑨
testes : -

mesodermal in
origin
•

testes
.

formed in lower abdominal

•

cavity 14
located in
•

pouch called
sootum_↳E⑥n@
Developed in abdominal
cavity
•

and later
they descend into scrotum through
canal
Dimension -

4cm to 5cm
Inguinal .

long
2cm to
-

3cm wide
3cm thick
-

Isley oftest-i.io
-

Fibers from this Divided

tornal
-

layer
pen collogenous to form doo -
zoo lobule
connective tissue
each lobule
albuginea Having Highly
-

tunic → 1¥
coiled semi#ks
tubules
g. Tunica vaginalis

µfao
↳
layer
-
of → internally lined by

\
""" Kanter cuboidal germinal
to
albugienea and
it
incomplete
is epithet'aloells__Gn)
- -

peritoneal
cowering*
Tunica uosculosa doge pyramidal cue

⑧ inner called sertoleell .

layer$
-

provide nutrition
↳
vascular
-

layer to
sperm
.

that
germinal epithelial cell

gametogenesis
Connection of gametes)
& various
stages of of

spermatogenesis
spermatogoniaabout can]
-

primary spermatocyte GM
-

secondary spermatocyte em
-

spermatids 1M
-

sperms Cn)
-
⑧
Accessory duets
•
includes
iaoretet-si.si -

seminiferous tubules forms network at posterior of testis that network ,

is collect as Rete testis .

⑧
uasa-efferentia-i-e.mstubules
-
ao fine
arising from rete testis

they any sperm and it to

epididymis
•

pass

covostdeferense
•
Now
sperm Reaches to Vos Deferense
•
travel
through dsodominab cavity
loops ureter and opens into
•
over .
urethra
② orydeut_
through
prostate gland and consists of seminal vesicle and opens
•

passes
into urethra .

→ common provide passages for sperm/ urine .

* •

opening of ponies is called Kurinogenital duets$

wrethraborit
→hole

*
glands
⑥isides :
BOprostategbnd-o-loeateal.at
-

large posterior side and

single gland made
•

of
urinary Bladder
up of aorzo lobes and
secretes
seminabfhiid
-

is located
underneath
↳
the
contains urinary Bladder .

provides Milky white and

•
•
fructose → provides energy to
sperm
fibrinogen power to sperm to be
coagulates
•

→
semen
•
Protected from acidic environ
Prostaglandins faster movement of
.

sperm
-

contributes about Go % of total semen .

•
30% of semen .
semen

viscous , alkaline and milky fluid

pH 7.2-7.7
•

single ejaculation million

•

→ Koo
sperm
•

contains fructose
tip called glass pen
is
.

external swollen
genitalia cylindrical and muscular with
•

Includes
ponies
µ male copulatory •BMdk↳-corpora
- -
organ
-
scrotum ↳ median
cauemosa

↳ loose pouch
✗ lying spcngiousm
tunica party corpus
Behind penis

ÉP
Divided

:
-
by
scrotal sac
Right and left
⑧y R L

failure of besties to descend into scrotum .

Female Reproductive system :

-

* includes
uterus external genitalia fuulua)
pair of ovaries
- -

- vestibular glands
pair of oviducts vagina pair of \
-

-
-

mammary glands
ouoy
female
primary son
organ
•
.

•
fruition :-. produce
egg/ovum .

Reproductive hormones
-

solid, oval almond shaped organ

•

or .

Dimension : -

zum →
length
is cm → breath
to cm → thick
located at pelvis Region
near the
kidney
•
.

varian
ligament attach
away and uterus
•
.

ouoyprodd.ie Rdonon inhibits

estrogen
-
-
- -

actin in
-
•

progesterone
s-tnukreandcpm-m-o-theouo-y.ae Blood vessels
•
stroma /loose connective tissue 1- lymph
vessels
-

Ken trab period \ nerve

fibres .

Medulla

compact
/
structure
Hauter porky externally covered by germinal epithelium
-

cortex•

outer cortex
compact and grander
-

more
shows
large no
-

_ÉH%o%F÷ follicles
.

These called
collectively Oogonia
•
are
f-

oogonia continuous to
-

grow in size and

they are
sounrounded
by goanutosaceus .

oogenesis starts much before Birth Kind of 12 WB

-
-
.

Has

2-midlionpriemordiabcells.at
-

for meiosis ••→→ f- million Remain at Birth

*
as
Uoiooo Remain at time of puberty .
Atresia :
-

"
scale destruction of primordial
A
large
follicles
during growth
"

INE
Heide into mature /graafian

[ &""÷ it starts with onset

ieneachmenstouabcgele
of puberty

Long one primordial cell

stents
growing to form the
groa¥icfe .

Note: -

-
1st men trial cycle i. e memory

Begins at about b-
yr .

stoppage/menopause at 4£
-

Ss
age age
-
.

•
Reproductive age
C.period Between menarche/menopause) i.e 32
yo
female produces moxiemum egg ( 32×13=416 egg
* 416
)

ovarian Histology of mature female ie -

Development of oocyte be in different stages

•

can seen

maturation of
p÷abceuin→
•

primary
-

grows into

secondary 2.
-

H*%toµ÷%-Begins
-

to mane toword surface of event

egg is released
During ovulation .

Remaining port of follicles changes

f.cqgopyusheteum
into

empooesy

corpvscdlgic⑨ endocrine
gland .
structure of grace tian follicle : -

It is mature ovarian follicle

-

also called as
secondary oocyte .

ana pellucida secreted

by vitelline membrane

f.
→

Theca externa → outermost protective and fibrous covering .

✓
Theca internee → inner cellular
layer , profiles Hormone estrogen
layersC7 pekinese
-
→ follicular cell

Emmi ( ↳ discus proligenes

}
-

cues
fluid between Coron Radeoafee

oocyte and membranes

granulosa .

oviduct/ fallopian tube : -

pair of muscular duets .

lies at
peritoneal cavity .

proximal port close

-

to
very .
and
distally close to uterus .

tube 10 -12cm in
length
-

lined
by ciliated
epithelium
-

DiuidedintoB-Regitn_
⑨ infundibulum funnel like opening surrounded
fingers
many
-

called fimbrae

⑥
ampulla -
middle ,
long and straight port
-

fertilization occurs
⑨
Ismmusl.com#-pigyafnonow port of the dolt

uterus
-
also called womb
Hollow muscular , peer shaped organ
-

located above and behind the

urinary Bladder
-
.

Dimension ←
Is cm -

long
5cm -

Broad
2.8cm -
thick
Cervin
Funds : Body
- -
- -

about 2.8cm in tenth

•
upper
dome shaped .

Broad port
•
narrow neo
•
extended to uogeona
Implantation
•
occurs
•
Has two opening : -
 ⑨ tntornab 0s

bEYYrimeb.am
Toward
→
Body
⑥ entomrabos towards
→ outer
layer
→
vagina .

myomebium → middle thick muscular causes labour

,

during parturition
endometrium innermost mucosal membrane and
Richly supplied with Bood
-
→
,

vessels and uterine

gland .

vagina
Tubular , female
copulatory organ
-
.

F-→ cm in
length
-

lies between cervix and vestibule .

layer Imm:D
3-
mucosal tanning
die

\ muscular layer
outer adventitia
layer
vagina opens into vestibule called
•

as

uogienaf.eu?si!IgicecaueredbYHym@
→
layer
↳ membrane
.

•
menstrual flow as well as parturition C.Baby
Birth
External genitalia a-

9 Valves whole port of PRS

→
collectively
(
* vestibule covering /wrapping)

÷÷÷÷÷r*÷÷÷÷÷i÷
-
small conical and
sensitive
pair / fleshy Rabia Majora \ 1
µ, """-
projection
-

folded skin ←

⑥a¥Y
Bounty of values .

urine Ponooge
labia minora - urethra,
homes to majorad
-

contains Hood like clitoris of

-
-

soapy opening
Vaginal orifices vagina
orifice
vaginal
.
8- * suitwiÑ-

#
↳
opening off &•
Bartholin gland
 any gland
Access

pair Homologous to Balbo urethral/ cowpen glands

-
.

manmorygtomd
Helps in Release of milk after
-

parturition .

Development occurs at puberty under influence

-

of
estrogen
-

progesterone
-

Hormone ( lacto tropic Hormone)

/prolactin
-

LTH e

Helps in development of lactiferous tubules .

pair of rounded structures presents in subcutaneous tissue .

of anterior thorax e
pectoral ,
Region) ( 2nd -
6th Rib)
-

these are modified sweat

gland .

each
mammary gland
-

contains
fatty connective tissue .

Amputee :
-

many mammary
dents combined .

la
converge toward nipple located near the tip of the Breasts
-

areolate -

↳ Dork Brown coloured /circular Orea of skin .

P-esenualma-turityh.la
fem⑨
mated
-

Reproductive system become

age where Reproductive
-

factional
system becomes
.

characterised by onset of
-

fuuktnal
cycle fmenorehe
.

menstrual
organs begins
-

sere to
produce this continue
-

gametes only upto

1*-15 m÷e (us ]
so
.

age
- -

controlled
by gonadotropic
-

under influence of
Hormones
Testosterone .

Menstrual cycle : -

•
characteristics features of Humans .

involves of cyclic and the female Reproductive

•

series
changes in the
ovary
tract,

mainly in the uterus .

and
changes takes place gonadotropins
Ygyieantomokft-psoges. com
•

↳
PSH estrogen
aomenshuabphese-i-lsst.sn)
1st of floss of Blood]
•

Beginning
of each cycle is taken as
day menses

Iast for Days 8333-7 Days)

•

5-

endometrium of uterus breaks down due due to

•

of
to effects
prostaglandins Released
Decreased bevel of
progesterone estrogen .

Discharged material
Blood Blood does not clot due to
fibrinolysin
-
-

tissue fluid
-

mums
endometrial lining
-

bÉÉphe/Folliculorphcse
-

Duration Between →
end of menstruation and Release of ovum louulatetn)
Duration
-

variable them other phase

is

extended from 5th izth of menstrual

-

day cycle .

of th develops into
☒
secondary follicles proceed to developed
but
usually one
-

graatian follicles lmature follicle

secondary follicles secrete the Hormone estrogen
-

follicles formed due to GnRH_ and FSI

-

New .

endometrium begins to
Regenerate
-

eoouulatoryphcse :
-

shortest phase of cycle .

follicle and Release of ovum

of mature
graafioan
-

Involves
Rupturing
.

Day 1am Day

-

→ .

feedback mechanism mature follicle to

Rapid secretion of 1¥ by positive causes
-

Rupture .

in lower abdomen
pain
-

severe .

dO-seusellutealphcs.ae
-

Duration :-
between ovulation and beginning of next menses .

largest phase
-

lasts for 14
Days
-

M
28th
Days of the cycle
-

as -

After Release of secondary oocyte Remaining tissue of gratian follicle → Corpus luteum .
 corpus luteum begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen
-

↳ can survive for two

↳ weeks
if 00am is not fertilized it converted Onto Corpus albicans
is
.

* if
ouelated
egg fertilized and embryo is implanted ,

there is secretion of
HumÉmÉChlI
-

↳ extend life of corpus luteum

Indicator of
pregnancy .

Gametogenesis
animal
-

process of formation gametes in sexual

Reproducing .

male
gamete spooning
}§ ⑨metes from primordial germ gonads
of
-

→
cues
-
.

gamete owing
female
-

spermatogenesis
sperm f.male gamete)
-

formation of
at
Beginning →
-

•
After , puberty cryo age)
Hypothalamus Begins to secrete
gona-in-Hng-tlormm-GG-RH.to
-

initiates
significant increase in
of follicle
the secretion

• seminiferous tubule stimulating Hormone C.Fsu)

triggered
as
epithelial tissue Begins to produce sperm .

• Germinal epithelium undergo spermatogenesis .

3-phoses-iamuttiplicatio-nphs.es -

primordialgerm cell Gn) of seminiferous

tubules mitotic
undergoes Repeated
Division if
•
Produces
spermatogonia fan)
boarowthphose : -

and
spermatogonia stop dividing grow
-

some

in size develop into

to primary

spesmatoagbec.hn#0maturation-phoseoo-
-

involves meiotic (meiosis) or Reduction at Division

•
non - motile
fuuktnal
Qt
•
non -

- contains Hydrolytic enzymes

and proteolytic
Hyaluronidase
-

09 enzymes .

oval, contains o_O

Haploid numbers

f- provides energy
cop like structure
-

called aerosome
☐
✓
-

Axial filament
surrounded by to -
in spiral☐
turns .

long slender, tapering

-

produces energy
-

port
in movement
-

Helps
.
 primary germinal cells 12ns undergoes Repeated mitotic division to form
-

g. gamete cell or oogoniaat cellcam .

of
_- some oogonia stops further development
form the primary oocytes (2n)
-

structure of
secondary oocyte
-

unfertilized egg when ovulated i. e Released from the

ovary is
actually the secondary
oocyte
( 100 microns)
•

size : -

01mm

Rounded nonmotile and Haploid female gamete

-

nucleus of
egg appears large and is called germinate ¥1
-
.

cytoplasm of egg is called 00plasm protein

c%t%
-

peggmembrane-o.se
innermost

→
¥oÉgd↳%1¥÷
called
granulose from

cell
.

cell
Fertilization /syngamy
take place in females ampulla of females fallopian/uterine tube
•
.

*
Semen Released from penis during copulation
,

④sperm )
ntains
undergoes liquidation
and sperms become active .

of
* Fusion
- egg and sperm
IT
⑧
zygote
r-mbw.io#mentaOdeavage- Hollow

\ zygote É
↳
Blastula

formed
cell
cleavage called as Emre .

in
deaveagenogoowth
•

size is Reduced
→ bolio Rate increased

It
↳ Replication of DNA

High consumption of 02

ofdeao-ogei.de#sholoblastfY-who1e
↳

zygote gets divided

↳
.

It be
may
-

longitudinal /meridional
equatorial /Horizon 1
-

is longitudinal and occurs 30hr after Fertilization .

 ↳ Blastomere
give a-

ÑdewY÷ it is also longitudinal But at Right angle to 1st one .

30hr of gst
•

occurs
cleavage
zoddeaooge_ :
-

•
it is horizontal

embryo is 8-cell stage

•

gradually pushing towards uterus

u¥-orHliaati→ :
-

embryo is solid Ball of 16-32 cells and externally looks like Mulberry
•
.

This
stage is called
Morad .

^
smaller, clearer omnes cell mass

towards
cells of
lager cells .

the outer side

Blastrelation •

o
-

-
"

process of formation
of the hollow and multicellular Blastocyst .

C. embryo)
That
embryo floats uterus Remains
-

end of 7th
in
floating for 2- y
pays
day of fertilization
i. e till
.

outer
layer of cells of morula called
trophoblast
-

↳ cello
from trophoblast begins to absorb
uterine milk
-

Blastocyst Doubled m o,
the
gtyuogen-ri.ch .

at the end of 7M
Day
-

⑧
Blastocyst is formed
Note : -

zcnzagpeiiud get degenerated

•

abnormal place
funk prevent implantation of embryo in
.

'm • → to

Implantation
after its formation ,gets implanted embedded into the endometrium of
Blastocyst or
•

uterus .

process begins day 7th after fertilization

•
on .

By end of 10th
day →

embryo is buried inside the endometrium .

implantation at fundus of uterus

-

occurs .

Twodistin③
layer
^

sync
Tio trophoblast Cy totrophoblast
cells with defined membrane
ofprotoplasm
-

layer
-

cells Retain their Boundaries

Invade the endometrium
- .

Gastrulation
"
process of formation of gastrula
' '
from the blastocyst ?
* Two important events
⑨ Differentiation of blastomeres
-

process of formation of 3-zÉyer_

↳ ecoloderm
,
 I
f
↳
mesoderm from the cells of
en ements_ ↳ endoderm
embryo Blast .

these are different types of

maven to Reach their
definite place in the embryo .

8th of
•
Gastrulation begins in the
day
Fertilization
•
inner mass cell stars1- dividing and
Becomes flat and move towards the
Blastocoel
Yodksae_
.

↳ that cello within the Blastocoel and form

grows
.

•
Anterior end of primitive grooves communicate with yolk Soe and forms
Blastopore (future ones)
gastrulation lost for Is Days of fertilization
• -

Tatter this
organogenesosbegiorgans
.no
formation of .
 pregnancy
condition of embryos in the uterus
earring one or more
-

also called
gestation .

period Between periodization portia rite on

•
-

average period 266 days from fertilization

→

g-monthfb.D-ided-tri-mestergst rimestes.RS
2nd
3rd
trimester
Trimester

otirsttoemestere
of
Fertilization - 12th week)

directly from endometrium

•

2-4week_ nutrition
embryo gets .

main period organogenesis

•
.

end 8th structures formed

•

week all measure are

embryo
•

Becqmefoetus.dong
3.com
→

arm , Hand fingers feet toes formed

•
,
, ,

full formed
•
ons

working of
excretory / circulatory system begins
•

of foetus
Begins but mother cannot keel
•

movement .

•
at the end foetus is around 7ong .

mother experiences (vomiting mood swing ete)

'

morning sicknes ,

2¥ mester -

⑨ th 26th - week)

Rapid growth of foetus

•

uterus grows enogh for the to become obvious

pregnancy
•
.

•
foetus grows to zoom .

Development of Brain Begins

•
.

Now hCG /Corpus luteum Regresses

• →
,

placenta takes charge of

Progesterone
•

aeintain pregnancy
 Baby 's movement
easily felt By mother
•
on .

zod-erimester-o.to
27th week till parturition
foetus grows to about 3-4kg in weight
-

so cm in
length .

gain in
Body weight
-

uterus expands
-

abdominal of mother gets compressed and displaced .

organ
-

foetus Ready for parturition

-

Now is .

Aplacental
-
flattened, discoidal organ in the uterus of a pregnant woman
It is
.

and maternal
temporary structural and Auctioned connection between foetal
-

circulation .

facilitate supply of 02
-

Baby 's umbilical

-

attached to walk of atoms and to the cord

.

only organ formed from two tissue i. e

-

Baby /Momo
-

foetal placenta
placenta f. maternal
placenta
↳ also
acts as endocrine tissue

• umbilical cord
-

formed from
3-yblooydi-ess.es
↳

-
2- one small _1-aee→
↳
arteries Returns blood
to the foetus
corny Blood
↳ .

tewords placenta
parturition

UWPIOM-wnogpue.p.im
•
Humans orb
to
young one
in parturition like
physical activities involved
•

uterine

ftp.d?g,??gedtofn.??yat }→↳bÑ
-

""
dilation of Corvin
sensation of discomfort
-

localised by or

called labour pain

agony
.

•
parturition controlled
↳-
neuroendocrinemechanismm
mum
.

Begin →
formed foetus and placenta caused contraction
•

signals arise from fully

Ratios
accompanied by estrogen progesterone
• .
-

o¥e•
increase in
* contraction of myometoi.am
causes
vigorous
fully developed Baby gives signal by Releasing Adrenocorticotropic
• Hormone
C. ACTH) from pituitary
and adrenal
gland .

fihalyosytocinisreleosed.aODilultonstage-i.es
•

forcing Baby towards the

uterine contraction Cervin
Begins from top ,
.

Head Howard
-

comes centre

cervix gets dilated

-

vagina also shows dilation

-

membrane of foetus
ends after Rupture of amniotic
-
.
lactation
milk at the end of

t"t÷
of female starts pregnancy
mammary gland producing
•
.

Hormone which
is Responsible for production of milk
Helps mother to feed new Born Baby .

after child Birth called

mammary gland
•
fluid secreted by mothers soon

colostrum

f.÷::::::
↳ contains lactose and mothers antibodies e.g IgA
protein ,

make immune
system strong .
 Birthcont①
A permanent
temporary method
method
⑨
/period
⑥ natural method safe Tubectomy → female

⑧ male
vasectomy →

⑧ coitus
interruptus/withdrawal
⑨ lactational amenorrhea

⑥ chemical means
fspermicodes)
⑦ mechanical means
-

condom

Diaphragm
-

intra uterine devices

-

⑧ physiological coral devices

⑧ other contraceptives .
 Mr. Prashant Tiwari

Thankyou

g;w¥wig•
Instagram :
@Prashant_t9