MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC

CURRENT

Best Notes made by Husain abbas Zaidi

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 LET’S ROCK THE CHAPTER
KNOW YOUR SYLLABUS 2021-2022
Magnetic field, field lines, field due to a current carrying
conductor, field due to current carrying coil or solenoid;
Force on current carrying conductor, Fleming’s Left Hand
Rule, Electric Motor, Electromagnetic induction. Induced
potential difference, Induced current. Fleming’s Right Hand
Rule, Electric Generator, Direct current. Alternating current:
frequency of AC. Advantage of AC over DC. Domestic electric
circuits.

INTRODUCTION
You can easily recall that in previous chapter we learn
about the heating effects of electric current
Ya right na
so latest think that what could be the other effects of
electric current
From the very earliest classes you know that electric
current carrying wire behaves also like a magnet

But can you test it????

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 Ya it can be tested let's take a circuit with a
straight current carrying conductor have current in
it
And then take a compass and place it near the long
straight current carrying conductor
You can see the deflections in the compass needle

And when the deflections occur in the

compass needle it is showing as well as
proving that current carrying conductor is
producing magnetic field around it

NOTE POINT

- This was first discovered by Hans Christian

oersted that compass needle gets deflected
when an electric current passed through a
metallic wire place nearby
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 - Oersted showed that electricity and
magnetism were related phenomena
- The unit of magnetic field strength is name
the oersted in his honor

MAGNETIC FIELD AND FIELD LINES

✓ We are familiar with that fact that a compass

needle gets deflected when brought near a bar
magnet
✓ In fact, you get shocked to know that compass
needle itself is a bar magnet
✓ The ends of compass needle points approximately
towards north and south direction
✓ The ending point towards north is called North pole
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✓ The other and death points towards south is called
South pole
✓ And from (बचपन वाली) class you know that like
poles repel and unlike poles of magnet attract each
other
✓ And like poles repel each other

NOW LET'S UNDERSTAND THE

MAGNETIC FIELD LINES AND
MAGNETIC FIELD

Let's take a bar magnet and place it on a paper and

now take the iron filings means small pieces of iron and
sprinkle them around the bar magnet now tap the
paper slowly what do you observe??????

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 • You observe that iron filings are start arranging them
self into some patterns
• you can say it is in a form of lines?
• THE REGION SURROUNDING A MAGNET IN WHICH THE
FORCE OF MAGNET CAN BE DETECTED IS SAID TO
MAGNETIC FIELD
• The lines along with the iron fillings align themselves
represent magnetic field lines

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD AND

FIELD LINES

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Magnetic field is a quantity that has both direction and
magnitude

The direction of the magnetic field is taken to be from

north pole to south pole

And inside the magnet the direction of field lines is

from South pole to North pole

The magnetic field lines form closed curves

NOTE POINTS
The strength of magnetic field is shown by the
closeness of the field lines

for example, at poles of the magnet the field lines

are very close so the field strength is very high
and as it emerges from the pole and move
towards the middle of the cab in between the
lines gets increased so the magnetic field
strength decrease

No two field lines are found to cross each other

CURIOUS QUESTION??

WHY NO TWO FIELD LINES INTERSECT?????

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ANS - If two field lines intersect it would mean
that the point of intersection the compass needle
would point towards two direction which is not
possible

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT

CARRYING CONDUCTOR

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT THROUGH A

STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR

The magnetic field lines around a straight conductor are

concentric circles whose center lies on the wire

And the magnitude of field produced by the current

carrying conductor is

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1. Directly proportional to the current passing in the
wire
2. Inversely proportional to the distance of that point
from the wire

RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE

▪ Imagine that you are holding a current carrying

straight conductor in your right and such that the
thumb points towards the direction of current
▪ Then your fingers will wrap around the conductor in
the direction of field lines of magnetic field

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MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A
CURRENT THROUGH A CIRCULAR
LOOP

The magnetic field produced by current carrying

circular loop at its center is

1. Directly proportional to the current passing

through the circular loop
2. Inversely proportional to the radius of
circular loop

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 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A SOLENOID

The magnetic field produced by a current carrying

solenoid is very much similar to the magnetic field
produced by a bar magnet

And also, the strength of magnetic field depends on

1. Number of turns of wire in the solenoid

2. The strength of current in the solenoid
3. The nature of core material used in making solenoid
4. A solenoid is an electromagnet

And you know very well about the electromagnet

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THEN ALSO

AN ELECTROMAGNET IS An INSULATED COPPER WIRE

WRAPPED AROUND A SOFT IRON CORE THAT IS MAGNETIZED
ONLY WHEN ELECTRIC CURRENT IS PASSED THROUGH THE
COIL

FLEMING'S LEFT HAND RULE

FLEMING'S LEFT HAND RULE MAINLY USED TO FIND

THE DIRECTION OF FORCE OF A MAGNETIC FIELD

Fleming gave a simple rule to determine the direction of

force acting on a current carrying wire placed in a magnetic
field

This is known as Fleming's left-hand rule

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According to this rule is stress the thumb for finger and
middle finger of your left hand such that they are
perpendicular to each other

➢ If the first finger points in the direction of magnetic

field and second finger in the direction of current then
➢ The thumb will point in the direction of motion or force
acting on the conductor
➢ We can use to find the direction of the current by using
this Fleming's left-hand rule in the following device
electric motor electric generator loud speaker
microphone stand measuring instrument

ELECTRIC MOTOR
✓ An electric motor is a rotating device that

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 converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
✓ Electric motor is used as an important component
in electric fans refrigerator mixers washing
machine computers MP3 players etc.

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING OF ELECTRIC MOTOR

The motor works on the principle of force acting on a

straight current carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field

So, when a rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic

field and current is passed through it a force act on the
coil which rotates it continuously

WORKING OF ELECTRIC MOTOR

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✓ When electric current is passed into the rectangular coil,
this current produces a magnetic field around the coil.
✓ The magnetic field of horse shoe-type magnet then
interacts with the magnetic field of the coil and causes
the coil to rotate continuously.
✓ If ABCD is in horizontal position current from battery
enters the coil through brush B _ {1}, and commutator
half ring C: The current flows in the direction ABCD
✓ and leaves via ring and brush B _ {2}
✓ The direction of current is from A to B, the direction of
current is from C to D. The force on side AB of the coil is

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 in the downward direction. Whereas the force on the
side CD of the coil is in the upward direction. ABCD
rotate in anti-clockwise direction.
✓ While rotating when the coil reaches vertical position
then the brushes B _{1 } and B _{ 2 } will touch the gap
between the commutator rings and current to the coil is
cut off. But the coil does not stop rotating because it has
already gained momentum.
✓ The coil CD comes on the left side and AB comes to the
right side. Again, they come in contact with brush B _ {1}
Current direction is reversed.
✓ The reversing of current in the coil is repeated after
every half rotation due to which the coil continues to
rotate as long as current from the batter is passed
through it. The rotating shaft of electric motor can drive
a large number of machines which are connected to it.

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

1. In a simple manner it is the phenomenon of production

of electricity from the magnetic property of magnet is
known as electromagnetic induction

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2. We can produce current by moving a wire in a magnetic
field or
3. We can also produce current by moving a magnet in a
coil
4. This is called induced current
5. The process of electromagnetic induction has let us see
the generator The generator work on the principle of
electromagnetic induction

CURIOUS BACHA QUESTION?????

हमें कैसे पता चलेगा कक करं ट पैदा हो रहा है??

Ans

a galvanometer is an instrument which can detect the

presence of electric current in the electric circuit

Now if current is induced in a coil how can we find the

direction of induced current???

WE CAN FIND THE DIRECTION OF THE

INDUCED CURRENT BY THE FLEMING'S RIGHT-
HAND RULE

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 FLEMING'S RIGHT HAND RULE
FOR THE DIRECTION OF
INDUCED CURRENT

SIMILAR TO THE FLEMING'S LEFT HAND RULE

✓ Hold the thumb the forefinger and center

finger of right hand mutually perpendicular
to each other
✓ adjust your hand in such a way that four
finger points in the direction of magnetic
field

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✓ And thumb points in the direction of
motion of conductor
✓ then the direction in which center finger
points give the direction of induced
current in the conductor

DIRECT CURRENT AND

ALTERNATING CURRENT
Simple points

- The current produced if flows in only one

direction is called direct current
- Direct current is written in short form as DC
- if the current reverses its direction after equal
interval of time it is called alternating current
- Alternating current is written in short form as AC

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

- ALTERNATING CURRENT CAN BE TRANSMITTED OVER

LONG DISTANCES WITHOUT MUCH LOSS OF ENERGY
- But DC does not

ELECTRIC GENERATOR
It is a quite simple machine which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy

One mark question

What is a small generator called??

Ans a small generator is called dynamo

which can be used on bicycle for lightning purposes

PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRIC GENERATOR

The electric generator is based on the phenomenon of

electromagnetic induction when a conductor is moved in a
magnetic field then current is induced in the conductor

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Electrical generators are of two types

1. Alternating current generator AC generator

2. Direct current generator or DC generator

AC GENERATOR

PARTS

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1. Insulated Copper wire: A rectangular rotating coil of wire
ABCD
2. Magnet Poles: A magnet as placed above ie North Pole
and South Pole. This creates a magnetic field as shown
above. The rectangular coil is placed between these
magnets
3. Split Rings: Two disjoint C-shaped rings R1 and R2 are
internally attached to the Axle. Ends of the coil are
connected to R1 and R2. The inner portion of these rims
are made of non-conducting material
4. Axle: The split rings are placed on the axle which is
made to rotate freely from an external source.
5. Brushes: The outside of the split rings are connected to
conducting brushes B1 and B2. B1 and B2 is kept pressed
on R1 and R2 respectively.
6. Galvanometer: To measure current. The outer ends of
the brushes are connected to the galvanometer to
measure the current

WORKING
1. The axle is rotated such that it moves in the clockwise
directions that is AB moves up and CD moves down.
2. According to Fleming's Right-Hand rule, the induced
current is setup in the coil along B1-> AB -> BC -> CD ->
B2. This means that the external current flows from B2
to B1.

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3. After half a rotation, arm CD starts moves up and AB
moves down.
4. According to Fleming's Right-Hand rule, the induced
current is setup in the coil along B2-> AB -> BC -> CD ->
B1. This means that the external current flows from B1
to B2.
5. Thus, after every half rotation of the coil, the current
changes direction. This is called an AC current.
6. AC current (Alternating current): Changes its direction
after equal intervals of time. It is easier to transmit this
current over long distances due to lesser loses and hence
this is the current that is supplied to our houses from the
electricity department.

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 DC GENERATOR

o The arrangement is the same as DC Motor except

that the source battery is replaced with a
galvanometer.

o The working is also the same.

o The brushes X and Y are fixed.

o Commutators (split rings) P and Q are used to get

unidirectional flow of current. This is DC current

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o DC current (Direct current): Does not change
direction with time. E.g.: Current from a simple
battery/cell

DOMESTIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

o We receive power in our house through a main

supply, commonly called mains.

o It is supplied through overhead cables or

underground cables.

o There are 3 types of wires in domestic circuits: Earth

Wire, Live Wire, Neutral Wire.

o Earth wire: It is generally green in colour. It

is usually connected to a metal plate placed
in the earth near the house as a safety
measure to ground gadgets that have a
metallic body. (Refrigerator, toaster). In
case of charges leaking on to the metallic
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 body, the charges gets grounded and thus
prevent shocks.

o Live wire: Positive wire generally red in

colour

o Neutral wire: Negative wire generally black

in colour

o The potential difference (or voltage) supplied in our

country is 220V

o When they come into our houses, they pass through a

circuit called a Fuse. Whenever there is a high
voltage, voltage fluctuation, overloading, short
circuit the fuse melts and prevents the high voltage
reaching the electric appliance. This saves the
electrical gadget.

o Then through the metre board in the house, these

wires pass on to different electric gadgets

o Generally, 2 types of electric circuits are used at

homes

o 15A: Appliances which have higher power

ratings. (Geysers, refrigerators, ACs)

o 5A: Appliances which have lower power

ratings. (TV, bulbs, fans)

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chapter khatam ji

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