CHEMISTRY

PROJECT ~
Submitted by
Ayush Upadhyay
Class: X 'B'
Roll No: 10209

D
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to my chemistry teacher,
Neha Ma'am, for their continuous
support in the completion of this
chemistry project. Their input and
feedback greatly enhanced the content
of this project file.

I also want to express my gratitude to

the school administration for providing
the facilities and materials required for
compiling this project.
I am appreciative of my parents and
friends for their encouragement and
assistance throughout the project. Their
contributions were essential in making
this project file comprehensive and
informative.

Additionally, I want to acknowledge the

online resources and books that helped
me gather relevant data.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

"Ayush Upadhyay" student
of class 10th 'B' has
successfully completed
their Chemistry Project
on "pH of Salt" under
the guidance of "Neha
Ma'am".

Signature
Title: Understandin H salt

PH OF SALTS

0 · 0■ 6 7 '81 10 11121314

The chemical formula

of salt is NaCl. NaCl is a
salt of strong acid and
a strong base, so it is
neutral. The pH of salt is 7.
~ ~ !'1 !I' 1!1\'--1~ , ~
=-.; - -~ --- L !"
..
 ,'\'r/t--• _,_, '-(. ' ~ ,. . ~ ~ _,. '--(~ ~ ;• ,;
IM~J Z-r)~'\;, ff.~ ;~ \- ~;_0 !i-rrrl efi€l
.c ~ ~~~ )•\ . (;ft, [n•ni ~
' I "-- •~

1
~

~~ ~'1_~-b~_,:'7 "~\~
~~~ (
£/~ ~h ~~- ~ 2-.~,J? . ~~\ ~- n ~~~~€C) ~
~

~' ~ pH scale ~)o 1

•-</,-'-\--4 ( j lt_~'T>
a \v. .
._:~~.J pH is a measure of how acidic/ · •_.
ft\ •
0 /'>' basic water is. The range goes ~v

_ \\I \ ,
1
~ I f from O - 14, with 7 being
1 0
~<}
~ . neutral. pH of less than 7
5:;j~ indicate acidity, whereas a pH of :c, ;
~ t'. l greater than 7 indicates a base. fO i
• ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 -!f.-4.rr
">•t ~ pH • ~~
Oj./' I - "
~ r
(8 ((~
u ~;~·►
(W I •

&•
~,
VERY ACIDIC - - SLIGHTLY ACIDIC

NEUTRAL
SLIGHTLY ALKALINE - - - VERY ALKALINE ~ • •.
3) G

r;, r: As this diagram shows,_ pH . l /?

.,,'l-~c·-;ranges from O to 14, With 7 being -. \~
,..., -~neutral pHs less than 7 are ~J•. •

l'_p acidic ~hile pH greater than 7 are ,~ (

<1,n"rSi .~k~\ lin~,. (~~ls•i~~~~r,v
,~'.}-, •'-'&.r.r'r r·~
~1 = ~ , _:y
11 ,- r,.-
L, 11 ~1~i~·
'Q"; ~., ~
mr ~
-
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~
,~"' ~
_1..\'l
~
y
• 1
, ,.
-'- •
• I
•
r:. 1,:,. I.e.. ::J
,,. _ ::J,:., 1~ . ";) JI -
• ••
;
!!1
rrrr
·r
,t_ r ..
le_~,~-►
>-i--- \ ,
'1 ,,
~.~o ) \
~JJ •.,..,
.....
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;:,. , -
1• • ••
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t) ~ (
( . :;,
r
 •L _.-
•-< ~ ,,

I
'
;. (
'
l --..
,.
,I,

,r~:, 1A salt is a chemical compound

1

-f P1 consisting of an ionic assembly

;'t !j of positively charged ions and ,
--. .. --- <·
'
lj,
,.-l
J._ --· .
\
I
I
•
•....

1J i:• negatively charged ions, which

1

.~W; results in _a compound with no

~l
r~)- net elect~1c charge. A co~mon
J-.."-~1 example 1s table salt, with
>O
.,. ,:,
·; •• ~-• ,A positively charged sodium ions fi'-'.:.~
\
. I, •
-►• ,.,'"!
''-~ ' '

:, • { I O nS . 1
-, • ~ ,~:

. -·'
r ,· ··..,..
I, ,. l -
1 .,-
~ --
-~
- ----- -- -
.... • • , • - i
I, .. _
.--J,J.'.
- - - - - - - - - - ~-~
-- ~
.. • '"7
- -
•
t. . )1
~ I l'__"_,._' •i
..... . ,,-\

.,,.~ -· F- .rt~-~ r ; r. re ~r'-kr:d)

,.->~.J ~ • ' .·. " -<.
11 .... _ - -"~ . ,,·1 / ,, - ' • I n.' 1 -· • ...__

,..: _ I),, ;;r-. .,.._ '·.... ·. -

I

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_.• .'
,----
I,_..,..
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, _., ' J, ,-
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rrTI,
.....,

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-- ~ .... -

\
•► .J ..... ~
;.~lf-~ .,-. \
-. •• , · •
1
. -

·•. ~ ; ~_
•
1
•

rrIT
 C

>ti~ '------', ~. ,--.--,, ·'."Y

~ ~l
•< ,➔'t-c'" '-
4
?( J1
n '. ••, ~~
( \ ~ ....1•.

,\

·~ p· by the reaction of acids and "(~; \r

.,,~ !~ bases. They are formed as a "f?
@ ~result of neutralization reactions. rm- ,
~i~ For Example : The reaction of .~,: 0
~ J7 Hydrochloric acid (HCL) with the ,.0
) -c~J base Sodium Hydro~ide (NaOH) ;;.1¾-~
.·~,: .~ leads to the formation of the salt . y~~ 0
J•~

(),.~, p NaCl and water. This NaCl is the ·· ~

l\ ~
:, / ~ common salt we use everyday. ;»-~
n l"Ti Jrf) -..) '--~ ' • -, "t t; ~ •
·~. -;-, \./-(. rl '.: -r ~ ;j
j'< A r- -=::. , , ..!_:,- t 17 \ ii 'N.

' ,~ ~I~;--~Ct·:;; f :_;{ r<J ~

O J_~♦"•-,~· r.. .~'~
• •':♦ ,t
--- _ _.,
/J:·' :-,•,;,. : ~\ r--1':r-
I
.1.
~ _ ,
,.. r~ I~
•
..,
,1 h :;--' ➔'..,/" J ' _J·
11
;_
1Jj-- •• l
•
• -J ."
I .: ♦
:=1
rM'j
J
..,---:w--
- ~ l1
.. J -
f
· f'
I
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t •
I
'';
;
' 1' •
.: ♦
• I
l rrrf
r
(
 The pH scale

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
- , .
r

rMi"j r

_ _ CH3COONa
(basic salt)
stror19ly
b111c

(acidic salt)
 I½
t..i_;_-)
I~--I ,:'·~;j;f.7 .-..-..,- ·,(;;,. ._., '\.. ,,._.,.
-o:f> ~r· tlu 1 <\ r ;:.: ,
~
~1
~m:,, N ... ,(,')._ ._., ,,__r·~ "~ .
e-ffr. .);Tv ~ 1 ~\ .; :~ ~
~
c~ , ."rl,i , ' .•
~-2-::al-:~' ..~\.&. f
.,.,.~
,
~ --{•
~?~~,-~~
-'---• ·
.
,.,I ~ .
.~~-4....
/~ !'-r.rJ
!i._l-~ ~7
t:.•
~~, ....;

~~, Jf pH of acidic salt t:Jo 1

• •1. cl
-<,
r~· ~_...,
l·~ ,
. ~l. a ·,
!.tc,,,
\

~~ rl Acidic Salts: The pH less than 7. . -~

?t1
t8 (
':(~,\'
o)}
l ,i' {tt •
HCI f + HOH -•
($) fj • ~,
l1 NH4CI
acidic salt s.a.
NH40H
w.b.
____,. NH4CI
--.
rrrr
r

,~
.th
_ 1 .'-~
~•~ r~
~)

(!)· FAn acidic salt is formed by the

-- •
:-..O,
• 1

a-c;t-,➔· - neutralisation reaction between a :_.~\7,

'·
✓•~ 'i0 ·"' "/
,._

r·'. strong acid and a weak base. \

l/ll .'\
~ r8 These salts are acidic due to J?
® their acidic ionsl which ionize - ·
~j when dissolved in water.
~ J7 Examples of acidic salts are O
!.,~i •
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), f!.,. i
).(j • Sodium bisulfite (NaHS03), and if~~
(),., • Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2S04. -., ,t, ,
h'l ~ -'
.,,t"'
- ~ . \
~, ~ ') . 1
r, l.• ·1, ~ n r,r, ✓ ~ 'Tl'·"L.e) ,
.... ~ ~
!.-~·~-,--;; 1,.~ dir. ~1c'.r'.~ ~10.fiSF., f ~_) ~~"t-:, ·,/-,;_ ,,ti,,·~ ,
r __,, "1f

\.! ;~/ rr-TJ 2'i.1'?-efY t.li~1 ' ~ \ \;;~) ~ L~~~ ~J ~•\ ~;~) 'rT'fTJ
 Conclusion
Neutral
Addie nature inaeasing Basic nature increasing
7 14
. ....... ..... ... ..... .. .. ........... ... .. .
"'

Olf

lnae.a.se in Jr ion concentration .-E- ---., Decrease in If ion concentration

Variation of pH with the change in concentration of H''(aq) and OH'(aq) ions mTl '

~Jt~ ( pH value is used to show the

(~) -~~amount of Hydrogen ions(H +) in
·1' :<➔ .;dilute solutions on a scale of O
-~•~:, 'Ito 14 .
'-~~r>\_J If pH > 7, solution is basic.
·" \ '
-~ r:J . If pH < 7, solution is acidic.
J I

C;_:t, ~- If pH = 7, solution is neutral. rMT]

~~ • The acids that produce more

r~,-:I H+ ions are called strong acid. In
.'rt'.PH it ranges from 0- 3.
1: -~• The acids that produce less H +

t~~F1!ons are called weak acid. In pH ·•I\: (~,\:

/' I

~, 11t ranges from 4- 6. ,,;:\·~

r (~lP 7- - ...... n
• • , , ·---'-r·• . -.,
'-~ •
" 0:-..!::=- • - , l 1f l jT T -..:- i1' i'._ : •

I~·· , () 'r•.J re
♦ '- -~--✓•
r-'i· " l- . I' · - l_.J.
,

,/..1 I·
,

·1 7 ~
-. -•. -.g"'__,.
-,• , r- r->&1- r~
.J ~
fl'..,'/,C.Y rIL.· 1.r •
;..J _.I
r . t -~, "< '1't--. 1
- · •·

l ·.-; t,, I -
, ~ • ~.) ~
- .L\.
'-~ ."-~ '\ '
,i r-1·,~- ... .J
.J.~1.1~.{ ' l•
, " • ..
'--!~~)
_, ::f
m-rl - ~-~ \
~- ~ ,-, > ... .J... o /-...
1-~J.J~.~ ' \
~ .. , ( .: ;-.,
\.~!~--•
-
rT"fTJ
-.
r
 t~ S
?\. 0
~ ~ ~
)-t'~; Weak Acid + Strong Base ----+ Basic Salt
I

+ H20 ~-:\,,
~-~ ·, CH 3COOH NaOH CH 3 C00Na H2 0 . ~~/: '(
/,:~•, *l l

'°'1 Weak Acid .+ Weak Base ___.., Neutral Salt + H20

l . .i1Y ~ (~~~ ;
. . \
~ . i~ CH 3 COOH NH40H CH 3 COONH4 H2 0 ,'),~~
n 1'i , .. •
@> ~ • A neutral solution has a pH of 7. ·
~j • The alkalis that gives more OH-
~ JI ions are called strong base. In pH it,.O
~-..~i ranges from 11-14. ;>_,, /
·;.( ~ • The alkalis that gives less OH- iii'-'v1.
() , ions are called weak base. In pH it .· ,) .
10
(8 --~ ranges from 8-10. , Y";
r, !?\·1 ,-
I.-~•- - ,-~
- -= • fl .I;n _.,
tr
-.~- ' - -, -.,.··t.~ , ,
~l:7 ". /~/. ~1 Cr·-~G. ~ 1, sl·;_, f ;.lr_j ~ I0 ·~:'-}- / '.,.." ~ ,
\!;~) ~J Zflr~ lli~< ,::kl. ~;~' 1•1:i If ~~~ ::Jffi). r\ ~ ;~) ' rrrr_i
 ,, ~
0 0
I,
9 ~
0
() ()
~ (I
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e ,J \)

e ~ ~
8
~
C' Q Q
~ ~
e :,
~ e e fl
0 ~ ()

0 Cl G " (.l
G
e (l I

0 (l
C • ,J
~

(
~ ~ c,N\\, ~
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f) r
(\
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G f.;

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