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Forensic 3 Compilation Semen - Hair, Textilefiber, Gunshot
Forensic 3 Compilation Semen - Hair, Textilefiber, Gunshot
and
SEMINAL STAIN
SEMEN
A whitish fluid of the
male reproductive tract
consisting of spermatozoa
suspended in secretion of
accessory glad.
a. Physical Examination
b. Chemical Examination
• Florence test
• Barberio’s test
• Acid phosphatase Test
c. Microscopic Examination
d. Biological Examination
a. Physical Examination
1. Semen when dry gives stiff, starchy feeling to the cloth and
produces slight deepening of the color with the disappearance
of the odor.
2. Seminal Stain exhibits bluish fluorescence under the
ultraviolet light.
3. Grayish white, sometimes yellowish stain which is typical of
seminal fluid
4. Have appearance or outline of contour map.
5. May have a reddish tint in case of old man
b. Chemical Examination
1. Florence test – it is known after the name Dr. Florence of Lysons. It is the only
preliminary test confirms the presence of seminal stain.
Reagent/Chemicals; 1.65 gram of Potassium iodide and 2.5
grams iodine in 30 cc of water
Visible result : Crystal of choline per iodine, which are dark brown,
rhombic or needle shaped that occur singly or in cross or even grouped in
cluster.
2. Barberios’ test – saturated aqueous or alcoholic solution of picric acid.
Positive result ; crystal that are slender yellow tinted, rhomboid
needles with obtuse angel or appear as ovoid crystals.
3. Acid phosphatase test – this test is best way to locate and at the same
time characterized a seminal stain.
Positive result ; purple color.
Acid phosphatase
c. Microscopic examination
Determination of spermatozoa in fresh semen
is a specific epithelial
outgrowth of the skin which
occur everywhere on the
human body except on the
palm of the hands and the
sole of the feet. It is an
appendage of the skin. Hair is
not completely round but
may be oval or flattened. Its
width is not always the same
along its length. It starts out
pointed and narrow and then
strays more of less the same.
TWO KINDS OF HAIR
1. REAL HAIR – GENERALLY LONG AND STIFF
2. FUZZ HAIR – GENERALLY SHORT, FINE AT TIMES
CURLY AND WOOLY
PARTS OF THE HAIR
• CUTICLE
• CORTEX
• MEDULLA
PARTS OF SHAFT
CORTEX - THE INTERMEDIATE AND THE THICKEST LAYER OF
THE SHAFT AND IS COMPOSED OF ELONGATED, SPINDLE
SHAPED FIBRILS WHICH COHERE. THEY CONTAIN PIGMENT
GRANULES IN VARYING PROPORTION DEPENDING ON THE
TYPE OF THE HAIR. THE COMPONENT THAT GIVES HAIR ITS
SPECIAL QUALITIES SUCH AS ELASTICITY AND CURL. THE
CORTEX IS PACKED WITH STRANDS OF KERATIN, LYING
ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE HAIR. THESE KERATIN FIBERS
ARE MADE OF THE LOW-SULPHUR KERATINS, AND ARE
COMPRESSED INTO BUNDLES OF LARGER FIBERS. THE
CORTEX ALSO CONTAINS GRANULES OF THE HAIR PIGMENT
MELANIN.
PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF ONE-
SIDED PIGMENT DISTRIBUTION
PART OF SHAFT
MEDULLA OR CORE – IS THE CENTRAL CANAL OF THE HAIR THAT
MAY BE EMPTY OR MAY CONTAIN VARIOUS SORTS OF CELLS MORE
OR LESS PIGMENTED AND BEGINS MORE OR LESS NEAR THE ROOT.
3. HAIR WITH THICK MEDULLA ( GREATER THAN 0.5 ) ALMOST ALL ANIMAL
BELONGS TO THIS.
BASED ON THE MEDULLA EXAMINATION IT CAN BE DETERMINED WHETHER
HAIR IS HUMAN OR ANIMAL ORIGIN. THE MEDULLA IS USUALLY
NARROWER IN WIDTH IN HUMAN HAIR WHEN PRESENT. HAS FINER AND
MORE NUMEROUS CROSS STRIATIONS. ANIMAL HAIRS USUALLY CONSIST
OF BOTH HEAVY GUARD AND FINER FUR HAIR.
HUMAN HAIR ANIMAL HAIR
COMPARISON BETWEEN HUMAN AND
ANIMAL HAIR
HUMAN ANIMAL
• DETERMINATION BY SEX
• THE REGION OF THE BODY FROM WHICH THE HUMAN HAIR HAS BEEN
REMOVED
Photomicrograph of Negroid Head Hair
PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF CROSS-
SECTION OF NEGROID HAIR
PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF CROSS-
SECTION OF MONGOLOID HAIR
PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF CROSS-
SECTION OF CAUCASIAN HAIR
DETERMINATION BY SEX
A. SCALP HAIR –THEY ARE MORE MATURE THAN ANY OTHER KING OF HUMAN HAIR.
B. BEARD HAIR – COARSE, CURVED, VERY STIFF AND OFTEN TRIANGULAR IN CROSS
SECTION
C. MOUSTACHE- USUALLY TRIANGULAR IN SHAPE AND VERY STIFF.
D. HAIRS FROM EYEBROWS, EYELID, NOSE AND EAR – SHORT STUBBY AND HAVE WIDE
MEDULLA. EYEBROW AND EYELASHES ARE USUALLY VERY SHORT AND HAS A SHARP TIP.
E. TRUNK HAIR – VARY IN THICKNESS ALONG THE SHAFT AND ARE IMMATURE BUT ARE
SOMEWHAT SIMILAR TO HEAD HAIRS, THEY HAVE FINE LONG TIPS ENDS.
F. LIMB HAIR – SIMILAR TRUNK HAIRS BUT USUALLY ARE NOT SO LONG OR SO COARSE
AND USUALLY CONTAIN LESS PIGMENT.
G. AXILLARY HAIR – ARE FAIRLY LONG WITH UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED
PIGMENT. THEY VARY CONSIDERABLY IN DIAMETER ALONG THE SHAFT
AND HAVE FREQUENTLY A BLEACHED APPEARANCE. IT HAS AN
IRREGULAR SHAPE AND STRUCTURE. LOOKS LIKE PUBIC HAIR BUT THE
ENDS ARE SHARPER AND THE HAIR IS NOT CURLY.
• * PROTEINS ARE IMPORTANT BUILDING BLOCKS FOR ALL BODY PARTS, INCLUDING
MUSCLES, BONES, HAIR, AND NAILS. HAIR IS COMPOSED MAINLY OF A PROTEIN
CALLED KERATIN. KERATIN IS A CLASS OF SULFUR-CONTAINING FIBROUS PROTEINS
THAT FORMS THE FOUNDATION OF OUTGROWTH TISSUE FROM THE EPIDERMIS,
SUCH AS HAIR, NAILS, FEATHERS, AND HORNS OF ANIMALS.
Category Description
Seed fiber Fibers collected from seeds or seed cases. e.g. cotton and kapok
Leaf fiber Fibers collected from leaves. e.g. fique, sisal, banana and agave.
Bast fiber Fibers are collected from the skin or bast surrounding the stem of their
respective plant. These fibers have higher tensile strength than other
fibers. Therefore, these fibers are used for durable yarn, fabric,
packaging, and paper. Some examples are flax, jute, kenaf, industrial
hemp, ramie, rattan, and vine fibers.
Fruit fiber Fibers are collected from the fruit of the plant, e.g. coconut (coir) fiber
Stalk fiber Fibers are actually the stalks of the plant. E.g. straws of wheat, rice,
barley, and other crops including bamboo and grass. Tree wood is also
such a fiber.
ANIMAL
WOOL REFERS TO THE HAIR OF THE DOMESTIC GOAT OR SHEEP, WHICH IS DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER TYPES OF ANIMAL HAIR
IN THAT THE INDIVIDUAL STRANDS ARE COATED WITH SCALES AND TIGHTLY CRIMPED, AND THE WOOL AS A WHOLE IS COATED
WITH A WAX MIXTURE KNOWN AS LANOLIN (AKA WOOL GREASE), WHICH IS WATERPROOF .WOOLLEN REFERS TO A BULKIER
YARN PRODUCED FROM CARDED, NON-PARALLEL FIBRE, WHILE WORSTED REFERS TO A FINER YARN WHICH IS SPUN FROM
LONGER FIBRES WHICH HAVE BEEN COMBED TO BE PARALLEL. WOOL IS COMMONLY USED FOR WARM CLOTHING. CASHMERE,
THE HAIR OF THE INDIAN CASHMERE GOAT, AND MOHAIR, THE HAIR OF THE NORTH AFRICAN ANGORA GOAT, ARE TYPES OF
WOOL KNOWN FOR THEIR SOFTNESS.
OTHER ANIMAL TEXTILES WHICH ARE MADE FROM HAIR OR FUR ARE ALPACA WOOL, VICUÑA WOOL, LLAMA WOOL, AND CAMEL
HAIR, GENERALLY USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF COATS, JACKETS, PONCHOS, BLANKETS, AND OTHER WARM COVERINGS.
ANGORA REFERS TO THE LONG, THICK, SOFT HAIR OF THE ANGORA RABBIT.
SILK IS AN ANIMAL TEXTILE MADE FROM THE FIBRES OF THE COCOON OF THE CHINESE SILKWORM. THIS IS SPUN INTO A SMOOTH,
SHINY FABRIC PRIZED FOR ITS SLEEK TEXTURE.
ANIMAL
WOOL REFERS TO THE HAIR OF THE DOMESTIC GOAT OR SHEEP, WHICH IS DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER TYPES OF ANIMAL HAIR
IN THAT THE INDIVIDUAL STRANDS ARE COATED WITH SCALES AND TIGHTLY CRIMPED, AND THE WOOL AS A WHOLE IS COATED
WITH A WAX MIXTURE KNOWN AS LANOLIN (AKA WOOL GREASE), WHICH IS WATERPROOF .WOOLLEN REFERS TO A BULKIER
YARN PRODUCED FROM CARDED, NON-PARALLEL FIBRE, WHILE WORSTED REFERS TO A FINER YARN WHICH IS SPUN FROM
LONGER FIBRES WHICH HAVE BEEN COMBED TO BE PARALLEL. WOOL IS COMMONLY USED FOR WARM CLOTHING. CASHMERE,
THE HAIR OF THE INDIAN CASHMERE GOAT, AND MOHAIR, THE HAIR OF THE NORTH AFRICAN ANGORA GOAT, ARE TYPES OF
WOOL KNOWN FOR THEIR SOFTNESS.
OTHER ANIMAL TEXTILES WHICH ARE MADE FROM HAIR OR FUR ARE ALPACA WOOL, VICUÑA WOOL, LLAMA WOOL, AND CAMEL
HAIR, GENERALLY USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF COATS, JACKETS, PONCHOS, BLANKETS, AND OTHER WARM COVERINGS.
ANGORA REFERS TO THE LONG, THICK, SOFT HAIR OF THE ANGORA RABBIT.
SILK IS AN ANIMAL TEXTILE MADE FROM THE FIBRES OF THE COCOON OF THE CHINESE SILKWORM. THIS IS SPUN INTO A SMOOTH,
SHINY FABRIC PRIZED FOR ITS SLEEK TEXTURE.
ANIMAL
WOOL REFERS TO THE HAIR OF THE DOMESTIC GOAT OR SHEEP, WHICH IS DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER TYPES OF ANIMAL HAIR
IN THAT THE INDIVIDUAL STRANDS ARE COATED WITH SCALES AND TIGHTLY CRIMPED, AND THE WOOL AS A WHOLE IS COATED
WITH A WAX MIXTURE KNOWN AS LANOLIN (AKA WOOL GREASE), WHICH IS WATERPROOF .WOOLLEN REFERS TO A BULKIER
YARN PRODUCED FROM CARDED, NON-PARALLEL FIBRE, WHILE WORSTED REFERS TO A FINER YARN WHICH IS SPUN FROM
LONGER FIBRES WHICH HAVE BEEN COMBED TO BE PARALLEL. WOOL IS COMMONLY USED FOR WARM CLOTHING. CASHMERE,
THE HAIR OF THE INDIAN CASHMERE GOAT, AND MOHAIR, THE HAIR OF THE NORTH AFRICAN ANGORA GOAT, ARE TYPES OF
WOOL KNOWN FOR THEIR SOFTNESS.
OTHER ANIMAL TEXTILES WHICH ARE MADE FROM HAIR OR FUR ARE ALPACA WOOL, VICUÑA WOOL, LLAMA WOOL, AND CAMEL
HAIR, GENERALLY USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF COATS, JACKETS, PONCHOS, BLANKETS, AND OTHER WARM COVERINGS.
ANGORA REFERS TO THE LONG, THICK, SOFT HAIR OF THE ANGORA RABBIT.
SILK IS AN ANIMAL TEXTILE MADE FROM THE FIBRES OF THE COCOON OF THE CHINESE SILKWORM. THIS IS SPUN INTO A SMOOTH,
SHINY FABRIC PRIZED FOR ITS SLEEK TEXTURE.
MINERAL
• ASBESTOS AND BASALT FIBREARE USED FOR VINYL TILES, SHEETING, AND ADHESIVES, "TRANSITE" PANELS AND SIDING,
ACOUSTICAL CEILINGS, STAGE CURTAINS, AND FIRE BLANKETS.
• GLASS FIBRE IS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF SPACESUITS, IRONING BOARD AND MATTRESS COVERS, ROPES AND CABLES,
REINFORCEMENT FIBRE FOR COMPOSITE MATERIALS, INSECT NETTING, FLAME-RETARDANT AND PROTECTIVE FABRIC,
SOUNDPROOF, FIREPROOF, AND INSULATING FIBRES.
• METAL FIBRE, METAL FOIL, AND METAL WIRE HAVE A VARIETY OF USES, INCLUDING THE PRODUCTION OF CLOTH-OF-GOLD
AND JEWELERY. HARDWARE CLOTH IS A COARSE WEAVE OF STEEL WIRE, USED IN CONSTRUCTION.
• POLYESTER FIBRE IS USED IN ALL TYPES OF CLOTHING, EITHER ALONE OR BLENDED WITH FIBRES SUCH AS COTTON.
• ARAMID FIBRE (E.G. TWARON) IS USED FOR FLAME-RETARDANT CLOTHING, CUT-PROTECTION, AND ARMOR.
• ACRYLIC IS A FIBRE USED TO IMITATE WOOLS, INCLUDING CASHMERE, AND IS OFTEN USED IN REPLACEMENT OF THEM.
• NYLON IS A FIBRE USED TO IMITATE SILK; IT IS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF PANTYHOSE. THICKER NYLON FIBRES ARE USED IN
ROPE AND OUTDOOR CLOTHING.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBERS
1. BURNING OR IGNITION TEST – IT IS PRELIMINARY MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION THAT DETERMINES WHETHER FIBER IS MINERAL,
ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE FIBERS.
PROCEDURE:
A SINGLE FIBER IS APPLIED WITH FLAME AT ONE END AND THE FOLLOWING ARE NOTED:
• MANNER OF BURNING
• ODOR OF FUMES
ANIMAL FIBER – BURN SLOWLY AND GIVE ODOR LIKE THAT OF BURNING FEATHER. WHEN
REMOVED FROM THE FLAMED THEY DO NOT CONTINUE TO BURN READILY AND A
CHARRED BEAD REMAINS AT THE END OF THE FIBER. FUMES TURN RED LITMUS PAPER.
•WOOL – ODOR STRONG, DISAGREEABLE ; FUMES TURN LEAD ACETATE PAPER BLACK OR
BROWN
•SILK – ODOR NOT SO PUNGENT, FUMES HAVE NO EFFECT ON LEAD ACETATE
VEGETABLE – FIBERS BURN RAPIDLY WITH A FLAME AND GIVE OFF BUT LITTLE SMOKE OR
FUMES. CHARRED BEAD NOT PRESENT WHEN FIBER IS REMOVED FROM THE FLAME. FUMES
TURN LITMUS RED.
2. Fluorescent Test – frequently used to
determine the general group to which a
fiber belongs. It is not reliable for positive
identification of fibers. In general , the
vegetable fibers exhibit a yellow
fluorescence in ultra violet light, whereas
animal and fibers shows bluish fluorescence.
The fluorescence of some common fibers is given in the following manner;
Test Result
Picric acid + silk dyed
Picric acid + wool dyed
Picric acid + cellulosic fibers unchanged
Millon’s reagent + silk brown
Millon’s reagent + wool brown
Millon’s reagent + cellulosic reagent nonreaction
Stannic chloride + cellulose black
b. Dissolution test – if the fiber is white or light colored it is with the following
chemicals. If dyed, the fibers is first decolorized by boiling in either 1%
hydrochloric acid, acetic acid or delute potassium hydroxide.
Reagents; 10% sodium hydroxide, 5% oxalic acid, half saturated oxalic acid,
concentrated sulfuric acid, dilute ammonium hydroxide, concentrated nitric acid.
Reagents; 10% sodium hydroxide, 5% oxalic acid, half saturated oxalic acid,
concentrated sulfuric acid, dilute ammonium hydroxide, concentrated nitric acid.
2. GUNPOWDER RESIDUE
3. ELEMENTS COMPONENTS FROM
CARTRIDGE CASES RESIDUES
COMPOSITION OF PRIMER
Primer elements may be easier to detect in residues
because they do not get as hot as the powder.
a. major primer elemental composition: Lead,
Barium ,Antimony
b. Trace elements; Aluminum, sulfur, tin calcium,
potassium, chlorine, or silicon
c. inorganic compound ; mercury fulminates
A. CONTAIN UP TO 23 ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
B. NITROCELLULOSE IS VIRTUALLY ALWAYS
PRESENT ALONG NITRATE AND NITROGEN
CONTAINING COMPOUND AS
DIPHENYLAMINE OR DPA.
2 TYPES OF TYPES OF GUNPOWDER
LUNGE’S TEST
DIPHENYLAMINE TEST
DERMAL NITRATE TEST
GONZALES TEST
WALKER TEST
Remember;
The amount of residue deposited decreases with increasing fire range.
GUNSHOT RESIDUE
Remember;
The amount of residue deposited decreases with increasing fire range.
3. ODOR OF THE BARREL ; IF THE GUN HAS NOT BEEN DISCHARGE AT ALL,
NO RUST CAN BE DETECTED INSIDE THE BARREL, BUT AFTER A GUN HAS BEEN
DISCHARGE , IRON SALTS ARE FORMED AND ARE FOUND INSIDE THE BARREL.
THESE IRON SALTS ARE FORMED AND ARE FOUND INSIDE THE BARREL. THESE
ION SALTS ARE SOON OXIDIZED RESULTING IN THE FORMATION OF RUST.
THE FORMATION OF RUST IS AFFECTED BY THE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR SO
THAT IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULT , THE FACTOR MUST ALWAYS
BE CONSIDERED.