As with anything in English, keep in mind that there can be several exceptions to these rules.

1. Most nouns become plural simply by adding “–s” to the end of the word.
 lamp → lamps cat → cats hand → hands
2. Nouns ending in “–s,” “–ss,” “–x,” “–z,” “–ch” or “–sh” usually become plural by adding an “–es” to the singular
form.
 bus → buses
 cross → crosses
 fox → foxes
 church → churches
 brush → brushes
 quiz → quizzes
3. For nouns that end in a consonant plus “–y,” change the “–y” to “–ies.”
 baby → babies
 city → cities
 spy → spies
 sky → skies
 library → libraries
 memory →memories
 fairy → fairies
 family → families
4. Nouns that end in a vowel plus “–y” become plural by adding “–s” to it.
 toy → toys
 boy → boys
 monkey → monkeys
 journey → journeys
 day→ days
 way → ways
 ray → rays
 toy → toys
 guy → guys
5. Some nouns that end in “–fe” become plural by changing the “–fe” to “–ves.”
 life → lives
 wife → wives
 knife → knives
6. Nouns that end in “–o” typically get “–es” added to them to form the plural.
 potato → potatoes
 tomato → tomatoes
 hero → heroes
7. For singular nouns that end in “–us,” the plural ending is usually changed to “–i.”
 cactus → cacti
 fungus → fungi ‫فطر‬
 octopus → octopi
8. If the singular form of the noun ends in “–sis”, the plural gets changed to “–ses.”
 analysis → analyses
 basis → bases
 crisis → crises
9. Some singular nouns that end in “–on,” get these letters replaced by “–a” to become plural.
 criterion → criteria
 phenomenon → phenomena
10. Nouns that end in “–um” become plural by replacing “–um” with “–a.”
 bacterium → bacteria
 datum → data
11. Compound nouns usually form the plural by adding “–s” to the main word.
 attorney-at-law → attorneys-at-law ‫محام‬
 brother-in-law → brothers-in-law
 stepmother → stepmothers
 son-in-law → sons-in-law
 editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief ‫رئيس التحرير‬
 passer–by → passers–by ‫المارة → المارة‬
 hotel-keeper → hotel-keepers ‫حارس الفندق‬
 field-mouse → field-mice
 forget-me-not → forget-me-nots ‫نبات ذو زهر ازرق فاتح يعتبر رمزا لإلخالص و الصداقة أذن الفأر‬
 merry-go-round → merry-go-rounds ‫دوامة‬
 break-down → breakdowns ‫االنهيار العصبي‬
 pick-up → pick-ups ‫البيك اب‬
 go-between → go-betweens ‫ ِسمسَار‬،‫دالل‬
 drop-out → drop-outs ‫الجامعة‬/‫تارك المدرسة‬
 sit-in → sit-ins ‫االعتصام‬
12. Some nouns remain the same whether they’re singular or plural.
 aircraft → aircraft ‫طائرة‬
 moose → moose ‫غزال أمريكي ضخم‬
 sheep → sheep
13. Irregular nouns do not follow any specific rules.
 child → children
 foot → feet
 goose → geese
 man → men
 mouse → mice
 person → people
 tooth → teeth
 woman → women
 die → dice (not "dies") ‫النرد‬