PANCHSHEEL PUBLIC

SCHOOL

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC ; ''POPULATION GROWTH''

INVESTEGATED BY; GUIDED BY;

NAME- RITESH MISHRA

CLASS- 12th

ROLL NO.-
 INDEX

S.N CONTENTS PAGE

O1 CERTIFICATE NO 3

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

3 INTRODUCTION 5

4 POPULATION GROWTH RATE 6-8

5 WORLD POPULATION 9-14 15-

6 POPULATION GROWTH RATE IN INDIA

19

7 REASONS FOR THE POPULATION 20

8 REASONS FOR THE POPULATION 20

GROWTH IN INDIA
CURRENT POPULATION SITUATION IN
9 21
INDIA
REFERENCES
10 22
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT RITESH

MISHRA HAS SATISFACTORILY
COMPLETED BY COURSE OF
EXPERIMENT IN BIOLOGY PROJECT
TH
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
BIOLOGY TEACHER Ms. Saritha
PRESCRIBED BY THE C.B.S.E FOR
12th SCIENCE IN THE LABORATORY
OF PANCHSHEEL PUBLIC SCHOOL
DURING THE YEAR 2023-24..

EXAMINER SIGNATURE SUBJECT TEACHER SIGNATURE

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I RITESH MISHRA completed my
project work in the year 2023-24 in
BIOLOGY successfully, I thank my guide
respected ma'am Ms. SARITHA for
extending his immense help and
encouragement for preparing this
project.
I am obliged to our Principal respected
Ms BHARTI ma'am for
inspiring to do this project. I am also
thankful to all our beloved teachers and
friends, who have helped me in
accomplishing this project.
 INTRODUCTION
What does Population actually means ???
In general , a term for the number of people living in an
area at a particular time .
How can Population Growth be defined ???
The change in population over time and can be
quantified
as the change in number of individuals in a population
us
“per unit time”. The term Population Growth can
technically refer to any species , but almost refers to
humans and it is often informally , far the more specific
demographic term Population Growth Rate.

Defining Population Growth Rate (PGR) ???

The fractional rate at which the number of individuals in
a population increases , specially , ordinarily refers to
the change in population over a unit time period .
Population Growth Rate is often
expressed as a % of the no. of
individuals in the population at
the beginning of that period . This
can be framed as the
formula :–
GROWTH RATE =
Population at End of Period - Population at Beginning of Period
/ Population at Beginning of Period .

It can be further
expanded as ,
GROWTH RATE =
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – Crude Death Rate (CDR) + Net Immigrant Rate (NIR)

Population Growth Rate can be positive or

negative . A Positive Growth Rate indicates the
population increasing; while a Negative Growth
Rate indicates population decline . A Growth Rate
of Zero indicates that there were same number of
people at the two times , that is , need difference
between Births , Deaths and Migration is Zero .
Growth Rate can be Zero when there are
significant changes ; the Birth Rates , Death Rates ,
Immigrant Rates and Age Distribution between the
two times . The World Population is the total
 number of living humans on earth on a given
time . As 9 th Feb. 2010 ,the earth’s
population is estimated by UNITED NATIONS
CENSUS BUREAU to 6,801,600,000 . The
fastest rates of the world population growth
is

In this fig.1, it is showing

the population of the world and
its regions (in millions), in which
Solid Line indcates Medium
Variant ;
SHADED REGION indicates
Low to High Variant ;
DASHED LINE indicates
Constant Fertility Variant

Fig. 1 : Past and Projected human population on different continents

According to CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE

AGENCY (CIA) World Fact Book (2008) ,
Maldives has the highest rate of population
growth (5.57 %) , United Arab Emirates has
rank 2 nd with 3.83% population growth ,
Liberia stands in rank 3 with 3.66 %
population growth. On the other hand,
according to UNITED NATION (2005 - 2010),
Liberia stands 1
st in population growth rate with 4.50 % ,
Burundi stands in 2 nd position with 3.90 %
and
Afghanistan stands 3 rd with 3.85 % . India
stands
 in rank 90 with 1.46 % in UNITED
NATION REPORT and it holds the rank
77 in CIA World Fact Book with 1.58 %
population growth.

World population
the world population grew very slowly until
1750.
Around 1750, at the drawn of Industrial
Revolution. The world
population was approx. 800 million.
Until this time, the world population was kept in
check by high mortality. After 1750, the world
population grew substantially; by 1950, it had
tripled around 2.5 billion. After this, duration of
doubling time has decreased & also duration of
billion addition decreased.

period population Time

10,000 BC 5 million span

1650 AD 500 million -

1850 AD 1000 million 1500

1930 AD 2000 million years 200

1975 AD 4000 million years 80

years

45 years
2012 AD 8000 million 37 years

THE WORLD AT BILLION;

HEIGHLIGHTS
1. World population is estimated cross the six billion
threshold on Oct. 12 th 1999.
2. World population is projected to cross the 7 billion
mark in 2013; the 8 billion mark in 2028; the 9 billion
mark in 2054.

3. World population nearly stabilizes at just above 10

billion after 2200.
4. It has taken just 22 yrs. for the world to add this most
recent billion people. This is the shortest period of time
in the world history for a billion people to be added.

5. World population did not reach one billion until 1804.

It took 123 yrs. to reach 2 billion in 1927, 33 yrs. to 3
billion in 1960, 14 yrs. to reach 4 billion in 1974 and 13
yrs. to reach 5 billion in 1987.

6. The highest rate of world population growth (2.04 %)

occurred in the late 1960s. The current rate (1995 –
2000) is 1.31 % .

7. The largest annual increase to world population (86

million) took place in the late 1980s; the current annual
increase is 78 million.Of the 78 million people currently
added to the world each year, 95% live in the less
developed regions.

8. 80% of the world currently resides in the less

developed regions. At the beginning o the century, 70%
did so. By 2050, the share of the world population living
in the currently less developed regions will have risen to
90%.

jd
 HIGHEST RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE
RANK COUNTRY RATE OF NATURL
INCREASE[2005-2010]%

1 Niger 3.89

2 Burkania Faso 3.47

3 uganda 3.55

4 Occupied palestinian 3.22

5 territory Timor-Leste 3.14

6 Benin 3.03

7 United Republic of 3.01

8 Tanzania Yeman 2.97

9 Chad 2.90

10 Guinea 2.87

LOWEST RATE OF NATURAL INCRASE

RANK COUNTRY RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE

1 Ukraine -0.62

2 Bulgaria -0.50

3 Belarus -0.47

4 Russia -0.43

5 Latvia -0.37

6 Lithunia -0.37
7 Hungar -0.36

8 y -0.22

9 Romani -0.22

10 a -0.20

German

y
DISTRIBUTION OF THE WORLD URBAN
Croatia
POPULATION BY MAJOR AREA
COUNTRIES WITH A POPULATION OF 100
MILLIONS

COUNTRIES WITH A POPULATION OF 100 MILLIONS

COUNTRIES POPULATION % OF EORLD

1.CHINA 554,760 22.0

2.INDIA 357,561 14.2

3.USA 157,813 6.3

4.RUSSIA 102,192 4.1

COUNTRIES POPULATION % OF

1.CHINA 1,226,838 WORLD

2.INDIA 998,056 21.2

3.USA 276,218 16.7

4.INDONESIA 209,255 4.6

5.BRAZIL 167,988 3.5

6.PAKISTAN 152,331 2.8

7.RUSSIA 147,196 2.5

8.BANGLADESH 126,947 2.5

9.JAPAN 126,505 2.1

10.NIGERIA 108,945 2.1

1.8

POPULATION GROWTH
IN INDIA

Size, Growth Rate and Distribution of

Population
 INTRODUCTION :-
The first census was taken in India in 1871,
and thereafter once every 10 yrs. It is, therefore ,
possible to study change in population size,
structure, characteristics and other aspects
during the last 139 yrs. The estimates of
population size in India during the ancient,
medieval and the
early modern periods have been derived by
Kingsley Davis from a careful examination of
archeological evidence, relevant literature that
and historical records left behind by scholars of
history. The ensuing discussion on the growth of
population in India from the ancient times upto
1900 draws heavily on the scholarly work of
Kingsley Davis.

POPULATION GROWTH UPTO 1600 AD. :

Since the ancient times, India has had the

legacy of a thickly settled population. The
excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro reveal
that. It appears that even 3000 – 7000 yrs. ago,
India possessed adequate technological
knowledge
to support a dense population. The available
record for the first truly Indian empire, under the
rule of Chandragupta Maurya almost three
centuries BC., reveal that this empire could
maintain
It a standing army of about 700,000 men.
 may well be presumed from this that
substantialPopulation must have been required to
maintain such a large army . Putting together all
the available evidence, Davis asserts, “Before the
christian Era, India had a substantial population,
first because of its advanced technology and
second because of the fertile environment for the
application of this technology”.

POPULATION GROWTH FROM 1600 – 1870 :

It is our misfortune that very little

documentary evidence is available on the basis of
which estimates of population size for the period
of 1600 – 1870 may be made. This is probably
because of census which was done reason wise not
country as a whole that’s way we do not get
accurate statistics and different aspects about the
population. Heavy reliance has, therefore, to be
placed on the impressions of the Europeans who,
during this period, visited India or stayed in India
for different periods of time for either trade or
military purposes. Davis, while attempting to
reconstruct the growth of population in India
during the period of 1660 – 1870 on the basis of all
available evidence, has finally arrived at the
conclusion that “there is little use trying to puzzle
out India’s growth rate prior to the census period.
The best policy is to revise Moreland’s figure for
1600 upward to 125 million, ant to assume that
the population remained at this point for one and
half centuries more, after which a gradual
enhancement of growth began, accelerating as
1870 approached”.

POPULATION GROWTH FROM 1871 –

1901
:
From 1871 onwards, the base for the study of
the population of India is more firm, for actual
accounts rather than only estimates, are available.
These actual counts, however, cannot be accepted
as reliable because, with each
census, additional territories were covered
and improvements effected in the methodologyof
conducting a census. The necessary adjustments in
the total population figures have, therefore, been
made.

YEAR % CHANGE FROM PREVIOUS DECADE

1881 0.9

1891 9.4

1901 1.0

1910 5.7

Table a1; GROWTH RATES

The population count for 1867 – 1871 was 203.4

million, while the adjusted figure was 255.2
million. The growth rate of India’s population,
computed on the basis of adjusted figures,
indicates that between 1867 – 71 and 1881,
population increased at the rate of 0.9 % , while
during 1881 – 91, it increased by 9.4 %. In the next
decade (1891 – 1901), however the growth rate
went down to 1 %. The fluctuations in the rates of
growth may be evaluated from the (table a1.).

Reasons for the population

1.The increase in birth rates due to

medical improvements
2. The decrease in death rates due to better medical
facilities and advancements in the field of medicine.
3.Immigration to better developed countries due to
several reasons like better job opportunities, war, and
natural causes like hurricanes, earthquakes, and so on.

REASONS FOR INCREASE IN

POPULATION IN INDIA

Birth rate
1. Poverty
2. Religious beliefs, Traditions and Cultural Norms.

Death rates
1. Advanced medical treatments.
Migration
1. Migration plays an important role in the population
increase. However, in countries like India, migration
plays a big role in the population change.

CURRENT
POPULATION
SITUATION IN INDIA :
India’s population growth during
the twentieth century can be
classified into the following four
distinct phases :

1901-1921 : Stagnant population

1921-1951 : Steady growth

1951-1981 : Rapid high growth

1981-2001 : High growth with

definite
 REFRENCES

Books :
1.Human Geography – Penguin Dictionary
2.Geography Of Population – R.C.Chandna
3.Principles of Population Studies – Asha A. Bhende
& Tara Kanitkar
4.Human Geography – Majid Hussain
5.Population Geography – Dr. L.R. Singh
Websites :
www.un.org
www.datafinder.worldbank.org
www.mapsofindia.co.in
www.censusofindia.org
www.wikipedia.org
www.uscb.org