SLM 1

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University

ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course ES11-Engineering Management
Sem/AY Second Semester/2023-2024
Module No. 1
Lesson Title Part 1. Introduction to Engineering Management
Week
4
Duration
Date Week #2-Week 5
This lesson will discuss the concept of Engineering Management, the different decision
Description making process, explain the qualitative and quantitative techniques in decision
of the making. Also shall discuss the planning technical activities as first management
Lesson function.
Learning Outcomes
Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning  To make the students understand the concept of field of engineering
Outcomes management
 To understand the different decision making process
 To understand the first management function, planning technical activities
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

Objectives  Explain the concept of field of engineering management, functions and
importance
 Outline the different decision making process
 Enumerate the different qualitative and quantitative approaches in decision
making process
 Determine on how to construct planning technical activities
Student Learning Strategies
Online Activities 1. Online Discussion via Google Meet/fb messenger

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in athree hour class discussion on
the introduction of engineering management, decision making
Asynchronous) process and planning technical activities. To have access to the
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Engineering Management
Prepared by: Engr. Bryan Christian A. Zaide
Province of Laguna
online discussion, refer to this link: ____________________.
The online discussion will happen on _________________, from

__________________
(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see

the schedule of activities for this module)
2. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What are the difference between management and
engineering management?
2. What are different decision making process?
3. Enumerate the different quantitative approach in decision
making process
4. What are the types of plans and the planning process
Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning
Management System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Engineering Management
Engineering, the application of science to the optimum conversion of the

resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The field has been defined
by the Engineers Council for Professional Development, in the United
States, as the creative application of “scientific principles to design or
develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or
works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate
the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their
behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended
function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.” The
term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great
Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools, and
machine parts.
Engineering uses a complex blend of specialized knowledge, science,

math, design, construction, and empiricism in order to build valuable
products or services for society. Whether it is constructing a machine, a
piece of software, a system, or a structure of some kind, engineering
plays a vital role in society. Because engineering projects are often
Offline Activities complicated, they require a number of specialized staff members, which
is why engineering management is so important.
(e-Learning/Self-
Paced) As a broad field, engineering covers a great number of subfields and
categories. Working in engineering requires specialized knowledge and
training, and higher education is often needed to achieve those qualities.
This is especially true if you are seeking a career in management. In
many cases, engineers need a Master’s in Engineering Management in
order to pursue an engineering management career. You may be
wondering, is a Master’s in Engineering Management worth it? Read
below to find out more.
The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to

do. Scientists add to the store of verified systematized knowledge of the
physical world, and engineers bring this knowledge to bear on practical
problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and
mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid
mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer and rate processes, and systems
analysis.
Specifically, the functions of engineering encompass the following

areas:
1.Research – where the engineer is engaged in the process of learning

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about nature andcodifying this knowledge into usable theories.Using
mathematical and scientific concepts, experimental techniques, and
inductive reasoning, the research engineer seeks new principles and
processes.
2.Design and development – where the engineer undertakes the

activity of turning a product concept to a finished physical items.Design
for manufacturability and value engineering teams (a feature of some
companies) are charged with improvement of designs and specifications
at the research, development, design, and production stages of product
development.In designing a structure or a product, the engineer selects
methods, specifies materials, and determines shapes to satisfy technical
requirements and to meet performance specifications.
3.Testing – where the engineer works in a unit where new products or

parts are tested for workability.
4.Manufacturing – where the engineer is directly in charge of

production personnel or assumes responsibility for the product.Plant
layout and equipment selection are the responsibility of the production
engineer, who chooses processes and tools, integrates the flow of
materials and components, and provides for testing and inspection.
5.Construction – this is where the construction engineer (civil engineer

usually) is directly in charge of the construction personnel or may have
responsibility for thequality of the construction process.The construction
engineer is responsible for preparing the site, determining procedures
that will economically and safely yield the desired quality, directing the
placement of materials, and organizing the personnel and equipment.
6.Sales - where the engineer assists the company’s customers to meet

their needs,especially those that require technical expertise.
7.Consulting – where the engineer works as consultant of any individual

or organizationrequiring his services.
8.Government – where the engineer may find employment in the

governmentperforming any of the various tasks in regulating,
monitoring, and controlling theactivities of various institutions, public or
private.
9.Teaching – where the engineer gets employment in a school and is

assigned as ateacher of engineering courses. Some of them become
deans, vice presidents, andpresidents.
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10.Management – where the engineer is assigned to manage groups of

people performingspecific tasks.Engineers analyze customers’
requirements, recommend units to satisfy needs economically, and
resolve related problems.
Management
-Getting things done through people.

-The process of achieving organizational goals by engaging in the four
major functions of planning & decision making, organizing & staffing,
directing/leading, and controlling.
-Identifying a “force” / group of people whose job is to direct the effort
and activities of other people towards a common organizational
objective.
-The performance of conceiving and achieving desired results by means
of group effort consisting of utilizing resources, that will determine the
success and failure of an organization.
-It is the creative problem solving – process of planning, organizing,
leading and controlling an organization’s resources to achieve its mission
and objectives.
Functions of Management
-Planning and Decision – Making

*It involves selecting goals and objectives, as well as the actions to
achieve them; it requires decision-making, that is choosing the “best”
from among alternatives.
-Organizing
*Involves establishing an intentional structure of roles for people
to fill in an organization.
*The process of allocating and arranging human and non-human
resources so that plans can be carried out successfully.
-Staffing
*Involves filling, and keeping filled, the positions in the
organization structure.
*Process by which managers select, train, promotes and retires
subordinate.
-Directing/Leading
*Influencing people so that they will contribute to organizational
and group goals
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-Controlling
*Measuring and correcting individual and organizational
performance to ensure that events conform to plans
*Facilitates the accomplishment of plans
*The process of regulating organizational activities so that actual
performance conforms to expected organizational standards.
Management Levels and Skills

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Process of Management
Management must seek to find out the objectives of the organization,

think of ways on how to achieve them, decide on the ways to be adapted
and the material resources to be used, determine the human
requirements of the total job, assign specific tasks to specific persons,
motivate them, and provide means to make sure that the activities are in
the right direction.
Engineering Management
-It refers to the activity combining “technical knowledge with the ability
to organize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery and
money.”
-Engineering management combines students’ technical capabilities with
leadership knowledge and skills, preparing them for career success in
highly technical organizations.
- The process of designing and maintaining an environment in which,
individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish
organizational goals/objectives.
*Management applies to any kind of organization
* It applies to all managers at all organizational levels.
* The aim of all managers is the same; to create a surplus.
* Managing is concerned with productivity, which implies
effectiveness and efficiency.
A Chinese Proverb:
“If you are planning for one year- plant rice. If you are planning for ten
years- plant trees. But if you are planning for 100 years – plant people”
How one may become a successful Engineer Manager
Kreitner indicates at least three preconditions for achieving lasting

success as a manager.
a. Ability- Managerial ability refers to the capacity of an engineer

manager to achieve organizational objectives effectively and efficiently.
Effectiveness – according to Higgins, refers to a description of “whether

objectives are accomplished.
Efficiency – is a description of the relative amount of resources used in
obtaining effectiveness.

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b. Motivation to manage–
Many people have the desire to work and finish specific tasks assigned
by superiors, but notmany are motivated to manage other people so that
they may contribute to the realization of theorganization’s
objectives.John B. Miner, developed a psychometric instrument to
measure objectively an individual’smotivation to manage. The test is
anchored to the following dimensions:
1.Favorable attitude toward those in positions of authority, such as
superiors;
2.Desire to engage in games or sports competition with peers.
3.Desire to engage in occupational or work-related competition with
peers.
4.Desire to assert oneself and take charge.
5.Desire to exercise power and authority over others.
6.Desire to behave in a distinctive way, which includes standing out from
the crowd.
7.Sense of responsibility in carrying out the routine duties associated
with managerialwork.
c. Opportunity
Successful managers become possible only if those having the ability and
motivation are given the opportunity to manage. The opportunity for
successful management has two requirements namely (a.) obtaining a
suitable managerial job, and (b.) finding a supportive climate once on the
job.
Chapter 2 Decision Making
Decision-making is an integral part of modern management. Essentially,

Rational or sound decision making is taken as primary function of
management. Every manager takes hundreds and hundreds of decisions
subconsciously or consciously making it as the key component in the role
of a manager. Decisions play important roles as they determine both
organizational and managerial activities. A decision can be defined as a
course of action purposely chosen from a set of alternatives to achieve
organizational or managerial objectives or goals. Decision making
process is continuous and indispensable component of managing any
organization or business activities. Decisions are made to sustain the
activities of all business activities and organizational functioning.

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What is Decision-Making?
Decision-Making may defined as “the process of identifying and

choosing alternative courses of action in a manner appropriate to the
demands of the situation.”
Decisions are made at various management levels (i.e. , top, middle,
and lower levels) and at various management functions (i.e. planning,
organizing, directing, and controlling). Decision-making, according to
Nickels and others, “is the heart of all the management functions.”
A decision-making process is a series of steps taken by an individual to

determine the best option or course of action to meet their needs. In a
business context, it is a set of steps taken by managers in an enterprise to
determine the planned path for business initiatives and to set specific
actions in motion. Ideally, business decisions are based on an analysis of
objective facts, aided by the use of business intelligence (BI) and
analytics tools.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the term

decision making means - the process of deciding about something
important, especially in a group of people or in an organization.
Trewatha& Newport defines decision making process as follows:,

“Decision-making involves the selection of a course of action from among
two or more possible alternatives in order to arrive at a solution for a
given problem”.
Decision Making Process
Effective and successful decisions make profit to the company and

unsuccessful ones make losses. Therefore, corporate decision making
process is the most critical process in any organization.
Following are the important steps of the decision making process. Each
step may be supported by different tools and techniques.
Step1 Identification of the purpose of the decision/Diagnose a

problem
In this step, the problem is thoroughly analyzed. There are a couple of

questions one should ask when it comes to identifying the purpose of the
decision.
-What exactly is the problem?

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-Why the problem should be solved?
-Who are the affected parties of the problem?
-Does the problem have a deadline or a specific time-line?
Step 2: Information gathering/Analyze environment
A problem of an organization will have many stakeholders. In addition,

there can be dozens of factors involved and affected by the problem.
In the process of solving the problem, you will have to gather as much as
information related to the factors and stakeholders involved in the
problem. For the process of information gathering, tools such as ‘Check
Sheets’ can be effectively used.
The objective of environmental analysis is the identification of
constraints, which may be spelled out either internal or external
limitations
Step 3: Principles for judging the alternatives/Articulate problem

or opportunity
In this step, the baseline criteria for judging the alternatives should be
set up. When it comes to defining the criteria, organizational goals as
well as the corporate culture should be taken into consideration.
As an example, profit is one of the main concerns in every decision

making process. Companies usually do not make decisions that reduce
profits, unless it is an exceptional case. Likewise, baseline principles
should be identified related to the problem in hand.
Step 4: Brainstorm and analyze the different choices/Develop

viable alternatives
For this step, brainstorming to list down all the ideas is the best option.
Before the idea generation step, it is vital to understand the causes of the
problem and prioritization of causes.
For this, you can make use of Cause-and-Effect diagrams and Pareto
Chart tool. Cause-and-Effect diagram helps you to identify all possible
causes of the problem and Pareto chart helps you to prioritize and
identify the causes with highest effect.
Then, you can move on generating all possible solutions (alternatives)

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for the problem in hand.
Step 5: Evaluation of alternatives
Use your judgement principles and decision-making criteria to evaluate

each alternative. In this step, experience and effectiveness of the
judgement principles come into play. You need to compare each
alternative for their positives and negatives.
How alternatives will be evaluated will depend on the nature of the
problem, the objectives of the firm, and the nature of alternatives
presented. Souder suggests that “each alternative must be analyzed and
evaluated in terms of its value, cost and risk characteristics.”
Step 6: Select the best alternative/Make a choice
Once you go through from Step 1 to Step 5, this step is easy. In addition,
the selection of the best alternative is an informed decision since you
have already followed a methodology to derive and select the best
alternative.
Choice making refers to the process of selecting among alternatives
representing potential solutions to a problem. At this point, Webber
advises that “particular effort should be made to identify all significant
consequences of each choice.
Step 7: Execute the decision/Implement Decision
Convert your decision into a plan or a sequence of activities. Execute

your plan by yourself or with the help of subordinates.
Step 8: Evaluate the results/Evaluate and adapt decision results
Evaluate the outcome of your decision. See whether there is anything

you should learn and then correct in future decision making. This is one
of the best practices that will improve your decision-making skills.

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Decision Making Process
Approaches in Solving Problems
1. Qualitative Evaluation – refers to evaluation of alternatives using

intuition and subjective judgement. Stevenson states that managers tend
to use the qualitative approach when:
a. The problem is fairly simple
b. The problem is familiar
c. The costs involved are not great
d. Immediate decisions are needed
2.Quantitative Evaluation- this term refers to the evaluation of

alternatives using any technique in a group classified as rational and
analytical.
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Quantitative Models for Decision Making
1.Inventory models- it consist of several types of all designed to help

the engineer manager make decisions regarding inventory. They are as
follows:
a. Economic order quantity model- this one is used to calculate the
number of items that should be ordered at one time to minimize the total
yearly cost of placing orders and carrying the items in inventory.
b. Production order quantity model- this is an economic order
quantity technique applied to production orders.
c. Back order inventory model- this is an inventory model used for
planned shortages.
d. Quantity discount model- an inventory model used to minimize
the total cost when quantity discounts are offered by suppliers.
2.Queuing Theory- is one that describes how to determine the number

of service units that will minimize both customer waiting time and cost
of service. This is applicable to companies where waiting lines are a
common situation. Examples are cars waiting for services at a car service
center, ships and barges waiting at the harbor for loading and unloading
by dock-workers, programs to be run in a computer system that
processes jobs, etc.
3.Network Models – these are models where large complex tasks are
broken into smaller segments that can be managed independently.
a. The Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)- a
technique which enables engineer managers to schedule, monitor, and
control large and complex projects by employing three time estimates
for each activity.
b. The Critical Path Method (CPM)- This is network technique
using only one time factor per activity that enables engineer managers
to schedule, monitor and control large and complex projects.
4.Forecasting–the collection of past and current information to make

predictions about the future.
5.Regression Analysis – is a forecasting method that examines the

association between two or more variables. It uses data from previous
periods to predict future events.
6.Simulation – is a model constructed to represent reality, on which

conclusions about real life problems can be used. It does not guarantee
an optimum solution, but it can evaluate the alternatives fed into the
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process by the decision-maker.
7. Linear Programming – is a quantitative technique that is used to

produce an optimum solution within the bounds imposed by constraints
upon the decision.
8. Sampling Theory – is a quantitative technique where samples of

populations are statistically determined to be used for a number of
processes, such as quality control and marketing research. Sampling in
effect, saves time and money.
9. Statistical Decision Theory – Decision Theory refers to the “rational

way to conceptualize, analyze, and solve problems in situations involving
limited or partial information about the decision environment.
Chapter 3 Planning Technical Activities
A plan, which is the output of planning, provides a methodical way of

achieving desired results
Definition of Planning
-According to Nickles
“The management function that involves anticipating future
trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve
organizational objectives”
-According to Aldag and Stearns

“The selection and sequential ordering of tasks required to
achieve an organizational goal”
-According to Aldag and Stearns

“The selection and sequential ordering of tasks required to
achieve an organizational goal”
-According to Cole and Hamilton

“Deciding what will be done, who will do it, where, when, and
how it will be done, and the standards to which it will be done”
Planning at various Management Levels
1. Top Management level- Strategic planning

2. Middle management level- Intermediate planning
3. Lower management level- operational planning
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Strategic Planning
Refers to the process of determining the major goals of the organization

and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to
achieve those goals.
Intermediate planning
refers to the process of determining the contributions that subunits can

make with allocated resources , this type of planning is undertaken by
middle management.
Operational Planning
refers to the process of determining how specific tasks can best be

accomplished on time with available resources.

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Planning Process
The process of planning consists of various steps
 Setting organizational, divisional, or unit goals

Goals may be defined as the “precise statement of result sought,
quantified in time and magnitude, where possible.
 Developing strategies or tactics to reach those goals
Strategy may be defined as “ a course of action aimed at ensuring

that the organization will achieve its objectives”
Example of strategy
The decision of a construction firm’s management to diversify its

business by engaging also in the trading of construction materials
and supplies.
A tactic is a short-term action taken by management to adjust to

negative internal or external influences.
Example of tactics
Hiring of contractual workers to augment the company’s current

workforce
 Determining resources needed
When a particular sets of strategies or tactics have be devised, the

engineer manager will, then, determine the human and
nonhuman resources required by such strategies or tactics. Even
if the resources requirements are currently available, they must
be specified
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 Setting standard
A standard may be defined as “a quantitative or qualitative

measuring device designed to help monitor the performances of
people, capital goods, or processes.”
Types of Planning
1. Functional Areas
Marketing Plan- this is the written document or blueprint for

implementing and controlling an organization marketing activities
related to a particular marketing strategy.
Production Plan- this is a written document that states the quantity of

output a company must produce in broad terms and by product family.
Financial Plan- it is a document that summarizes the current financial

situation of the firm, analyzes financial needs, and recommends a
direction for financial activities.
Human resource management plan- it is a document that indicates the

human resource needs of a company detailed in terms of quantity and
quality and based on the requirements of the company’s strategic plan.
2.Time Horizon
Short-range plan- these are plans intended to cover a period of less

than one year. First-line supervisors are mostly concerned with these
plans.
Long-range plans- these are plans covering a time span of more than
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one year. These are mostly undertaken by middle and top management.
3.Frequency of use
Standing Plans- There are plans that are used again and again, and they
focus on managerial situations that recur repeatedly.
1.Policies-they are broad guidelines to aid managers at every level in

making decisions about recurring situations or function.
2. Procedures – they are plans that describe the exact series of actions
to be taken in a given situation.
3. Rules – they are statements that either require or forbid a certain
action.
Single use plans- These plans are specifically developed to implement

courses of action that are relatively unique and unlikely to be repeated.
Single use plans may be further classified as follows
1.Budgets-according to Weston and Bringham is a plan which sets forth

the projected expenditure for a certain activity and explains where the
required funds come from.
2.Program- is a single-use plan designed to coordinate a large set of
activities.
3.Project- is a single-use plan that is usually more limited in scope than
a program and is sometimes prepared to support a program.
Content of Marketing plan
- The executive summary

- Table of contents
- Situational analysis and target market
- Marketing objective and goals
- Marketing strategies
- Marketing tactics
- Schedules and budgets
- Financial data and control
Content of Production Plan
- The amount of capacity the company must have

- How many employees are required
- How much material must be purchased

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The contents of the financial plan
- the analysis of the firm’s current financial condition as indicated

by an analysis of the most recent statements.
- A sales forecast
- Capital budget
- The cash budget
- A set of pro forma ( or projected) financial statements
- The external financing plan
Contents of human resource plan
- Personnel requirements of the company

- Plans for recruitment and selection
- Training plan
- Retirement plan
Parts of strategic plan
- Company or corporate mission

- Objective or goals
- Strategies
Planning may be made successful if the following are observed:
- Recognize the planning barriers
 Manager’s inability to plan

 Improper planning process
 Lack of commitment to the planning process
 Improper information
 Focusing on the present at the expense of the future
 Too much reliance on the planning department
 Concentrating on only the controllable variables
- Use of aids to planning
 Gather as much as information as possible
 Develop multiple sources of information
 Involve others in the planning process

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Engaging activities to chapter 1
Instruction: Make some research about the following
1. Prepare a list of successful engineers align to your profession and give

some accomplishments.
2. Answer the given PERT/CPM
Kindly prepare each group for the PERT/CPM diagram, try to create a
table (you may use Microsoft excel) and we will discuss tomorrow. Find
the Critical path and determine the project mean time to complete the
project. Deadline of your output is on April 25, 2022 at 01:59 pm. Please
upload individually, any questions will entertain thank you and God
bless!
3. Formulate a logo of your chosen industry, the basis for a logo

design:
3 steps in making a logo
Step 1- Write down who you are
o Include your business name and tagline
o Describe what your business does and what you
offer
o Outline your brand goals
o Define your target audience
o List a few competitors
Step 2-Outline your design preferences

o Choose your logo type
o Define a style direction (traits)
o Select your colors
o Choose your font
o Get inspiration
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Step 3 -Define your Budget, Timeline, and Number of Revisions
o Determine your budget
Performance Tasks
PT 1
Directions:
After reading and understand the Introduction to Engineering Management,

Decision Making and Planning Technical Activities. Try to answer the Case number1
entitled Alma Electronics: I’ll Dream of You by Robert Medina book pp. 18-19, case
number 2 entitled “R.E Construction: Its Now or Never”, pp. 40-41, and case
number 3 entitled “Motorbus:Company: Que Sera Sera”
Understanding Directed Assess
Rubric for Designing Lesson Plan (PT 1)

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Learning Resources
https://www.coursehero.com/file/13430639/1-Intro-to-Engineering-
Management/#:~:text=Engineering%20Management%20is%E2%80%A6,efficiently%20ac
complish%20organizational%20goals%2Fobjectives.&text=Organizing%20%EF%83%98In
volves%20establishing%20an,to%20fill%20in%20an%20organization.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/engineering
https://www.colorado.edu/emp/prospective-students/what-engineering-management
https://www.managementstudyguide.com/what-is-decision-making.htm
https://searchbusinessanalytics.techtarget.com/definition/decision-making-
process#:~:text=A%20decision%2Dmaking%20process%20is,set%20specific%20actions
%20in%20motion.
https://searchbusinessanalytics.techtarget.com/definition/decision-making-process
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/decision_making_process.htm
Disclaimer:
This module is for educational purpose only. Under section Sec. 185 of RA 8293, which
states, “The fair use of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching
including multiple copies for classroom use, scholarship, research, and similar purposes is
not an infringement of copyright. The unauthorized reproduction, use, and dissemination
of this module without joint consent of the authors is strictly prohibited and shall be
prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including appropriate administrative sanctions,
civil, and criminal”
Prepared by:
Engr. Bryan Christian A. Zaide

COE Faculty, LSPU-Sta. Cruz Campus


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Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities 1. Online Discussion via Google Meet/fb messenger

The online discussion will happen on _________________, from

(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see

2. Learning Guide Questions:

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Engineering Management

Engineering, the application of science to the optimum conversion of the

Engineering uses a complex blend of specialized knowledge, science,

The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to

Specifically, the functions of engineering encompass the following

1.Research – where the engineer is engaged in the process of learning

2.Design and development – where the engineer undertakes the

3.Testing – where the engineer works in a unit where new products or

4.Manufacturing – where the engineer is directly in charge of

5.Construction – this is where the construction engineer (civil engineer

6.Sales - where the engineer assists the company’s customers to meet

7.Consulting – where the engineer works as consultant of any individual

8.Government – where the engineer may find employment in the

9.Teaching – where the engineer gets employment in a school and is

10.Management – where the engineer is assigned to manage groups of

-Getting things done through people.

-Planning and Decision – Making

Management Levels and Skills

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Engineering Management

Management must seek to find out the objectives of the organization,

How one may become a successful Engineer Manager

Kreitner indicates at least three preconditions for achieving lasting

a. Ability- Managerial ability refers to the capacity of an engineer

Effectiveness – according to Higgins, refers to a description of “whether

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Engineering Management

Chapter 2 Decision Making

Decision-making is an integral part of modern management. Essentially,

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Engineering Management

Decision-Making may defined as “the process of identifying and

A decision-making process is a series of steps taken by an individual to

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the term

Trewatha& Newport defines decision making process as follows:,

Decision Making Process

Effective and successful decisions make profit to the company and

Step1 Identification of the purpose of the decision/Diagnose a

In this step, the problem is thoroughly analyzed. There are a couple of

-What exactly is the problem?

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Engineering Management

-Who are the affected parties of the problem?

-Does the problem have a deadline or a specific time-line?

Step 2: Information gathering/Analyze environment

A problem of an organization will have many stakeholders. In addition,

Step 3: Principles for judging the alternatives/Articulate problem

As an example, profit is one of the main concerns in every decision

Step 4: Brainstorm and analyze the different choices/Develop

Then, you can move on generating all possible solutions (alternatives)

Step 5: Evaluation of alternatives

Use your judgement principles and decision-making criteria to evaluate

Step 6: Select the best alternative/Make a choice

Step 7: Execute the decision/Implement Decision

Convert your decision into a plan or a sequence of activities. Execute

Step 8: Evaluate the results/Evaluate and adapt decision results

Evaluate the outcome of your decision. See whether there is anything