‫انتشارات‪ ،‬شماره ‪652‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪c.‬‬
‫مقدمهای بر بازیافت پالستیکها‬
‫‪.a‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫تألیف‪:‬‬
‫دکتر وانسا گودشیپ‬
‫‪es‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫ترجمه‪:‬‬
‫دکتر سعید استاد موحّد‬
‫دانشکده علوم – گروه پلیمر‬
‫‪P‬‬
P
re
es
.u
m
.a
c.
ir
‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪاي ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎر ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ‪7 ..........................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ او‪‬ل‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪9 ...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪14 .........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ دوم‪ :‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ‪15 ......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-2‬ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎ ‪15 .............................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ 2-2‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻧﺮمﻫﺎ ‪19 .......................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-2‬ﭘﻠﻲ اوﻟﻔﻴﻦﻫﺎ ‪20 ................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-2-2‬ﭘﻠﻲ آﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ‪21 ....................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 3-2‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺳﺨﺖﻫﺎ ‪22 ...................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 4-2‬ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ ‪23 ...........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪es‬‬

‫‪ 5-2‬ﻋﻠﺖ ﺳﻴﺎه ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ رﺳﻴﺪن ﻫﻤﻴﺸﮕﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟ ‪25 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-2‬ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟ ‪25 ...................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮم‪ :‬اﺛﺮات ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ دﻫﻲ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻧﺮمﻫﺎ‪29 ..........................................................................‬‬

‫‪re‬‬

‫‪ 1-3‬رﺋﻮﻟﻮژي ) ﺳﻴﺎل ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ(‪30 ...................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 2-3‬ﺣﺮارت ‪32 ............................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-3‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ وﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪34 ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫‪ 4-3‬ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ) زوال( ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل در اﺛﺮ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮيﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﺗﺰرﻳﻘﻲ‪36 ......................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-3‬آزﻣﻮن ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت ‪38 ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-5-3‬آزﻣﻮن ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‪38 ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-5-3‬آزﻣﻮن ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ‪40 .................................................................................................................................................‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪاي ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪ 3-5-3‬آزﻣﻮن ﻛﺸﺸﻲ و ﺿﺮﺑﻪاي ﺑﺮ روي ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮن اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ )‪ (EPS‬ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ‪41 ...................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪43 .........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﭼﺮا ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؟ ‪45 .............................................................‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ دﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺪد ﻣﻮاد ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻧﺮم ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ ‪49 ...........................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-5‬آﻻﻳﻨﺪهﻫﺎ )آﻟﻮدﮔﻲﻫﺎ( ‪53 .......................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪ 2-5‬روﺷﻬﺎي ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ‪55 ...............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-5‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﻧﺪازه‪58 ....................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫‪ 4-5‬ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ‪58 .............................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-5‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ ‪59 .....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-6‬ﻛﻠﻮﺧﮕﻲ ‪62 .........................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪64 ........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ‪ :‬روﺷﻬﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ دﻫﻲ ‪65 ........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ 1-6‬اﻛﺴﺘﺮوژن ‪65 .........................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-1-6‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪65 ...........................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 2-1-6‬آﻣﻴﺰه ﻛﺎري ‪67 ..................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 3-1-6‬اﻛﺴﺘﺮودرﻫﺎي ﺗﻚ ﭘﻴﭽﻪ ‪69 ...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-1-6‬اﻛﺴﺘﺮودرﻫﺎي دو ﭘﻴﭽﻪ ‪71 .................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪es‬‬

‫‪ 5-1-6‬اﻛﺴﺘﺮوژن ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ‪72 .........................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 2-6‬زﻧﺠﻴﺮهﻫﺎي ﻋﺮﺿﻪ آﻣﻴﺰهﻫﺎ‪72 .................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-6‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﺰرﻳﻘﻲ ‪76 ...........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫‪ 1-3-6‬ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ در ﺣﻴﻦ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﺰرﻳﻘﻲ ‪76 .................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 2-3-6‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﺰرﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ‪78 ............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-6‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي دﻣﺸﻲ ‪79 .............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫‪ 1-4-6‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي دﻣﺸﻲ اﻛﺴﺘﺮوژن‪80 ........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 2-4-6‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي دﻣﺸﻲ ﺗﺰرﻳﻘﻲ ‪85 ............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-6‬ﺧﻄﻮط ﺟﻮش‪86 ...................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-6‬دﻣﺶ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﺎزك )ﻓﻴﻠﻢ( ‪88 .....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 7-6‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻓﺸﺎري ‪89 ...........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪاي ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ‬

‫‪ 8-6‬ﺷﻜﻞ دﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ‪91 ............................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 9-6‬ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ‪91 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-9-6‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻔﻮذي ‪91 .........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-9-2‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ‪92 ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-9-6‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻫﻤﺠﻮش ‪94 ...................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 10-6‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮي ‪95 ......................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪ 11-6‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي‪ :‬اﻟﻮار ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ‪95 .........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪97 .........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ‪ :‬اﻓﺰودﻧﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ ‪99 .............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-7‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪99 ..............................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫‪ 2-7‬ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ‪100...........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-7‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺠﺪد ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ ‪100.....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-7‬آزﻣﻮن اﺛﺮات ﭘﺎﻳﺪارﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ ‪101............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ 1-4-7‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري درﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ دﻫﻲ ‪101.........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-4-7‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ‪101...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 3-4-7‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻮر ‪102.................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 5-7‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪارﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ ‪102.................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-5-7‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪارﺳﺎزي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ‪102...................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪es‬‬

‫‪ 2-5-7‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﻛﺮدن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻮر ‪103...........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 3-5-7‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت اﻓﺰودﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻫﺪاف ﺧﺎص ‪104..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-7‬اﺻﻼح ﺧﻮاص ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻮاد اﻓﺰودﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﻪ ‪105..................................................................‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫‪ 1-6-7‬ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺨﻮدي ‪105...............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 2-6-7‬ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ ‪106..........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪108.......................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ‪ :‬روشﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت و ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻊ ﻣﻮادزاﺋﺪ ‪111 .............................‬‬
‫‪ 1-8‬ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻮاد ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺳﺨﺖ ‪112......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-8‬ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪114.............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-8‬ﻓﻨﺎوريﻫﺎي ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ‪117.............................................................................................................................‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪاي ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫‪ 1-3-8‬ﭘﻴﺮوﻟﻴﺰ ‪118.......................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-3-8‬ﻫﻴﺪروژﻧﺎﺳﻴﻮن ‪119............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-3-8‬ﮔﺎزي ﻛﺮدن ‪119..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-8‬ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ اﻧﺮژي ‪120................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪121.......................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻬﻢ‪ :‬اﻳﺠﺎد زﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺘﻬﺎي ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ و ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ ‪123 ..............................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-9‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻓﻨﺎوريﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪124.................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫‪ 2-9‬ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي )ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ( و ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺠﺪد ‪124............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-9‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺑﺎزار ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ ‪126............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-9‬ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ ‪127.........................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫‪ 5-9‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ‪127...........................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-9‬آﻣﻮزش‪128..........................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪128.......................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ دﻫﻢ‪ :‬ﭼﺸﻢ اﻧﺪاز ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ در اروﭘﺎ ‪131 ..............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-10‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻮردي‪ :‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ‪132............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 2-10‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ‪136......................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 1-2-10‬دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات زاﺋﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ واﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ ‪137.......................................(WEEE) 2002/96/EC‬‬
‫‪es‬‬

‫‪ 2-2-10‬دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺮﺳﻮده ‪139......................................................................... (ELV) 200/53/EL‬‬

‫‪ 3-10‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮي ‪141..................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪142.......................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻳﺎزدﻫﻢ‪ :‬ﭘﻴﺪاﻳﺶ زﻳﺴﺖ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ‪143 .........................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪148.......................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ‪148....................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ اﺧﺘﺼﺎري و ﻣﻌﺎدلﻫﺎ ‪149.........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫واژه ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ‪153.................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻪ ‪159.......................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ‪164.......................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪاي ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎر ﻣﺆﻟﻒ‬

‫اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ داراي ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑﻮده‪ ،‬اﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎزﮔﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔـﻆ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫زﻳﺴﺖ و ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﻋﻤـﻮم و دوﻟـﺖﻫـﺎ ﻗـﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺪاﺳـﺎزي‬
‫ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ از ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ ﻣﺪﻓﻮن ﺷﺪه ﺟﺰء ﻣﻮاردي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﻤﺪه را ﺑـﻪ‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫ﺧﻮد ﺟﻠﺐ ﻛﺮدهاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺣﻮزه ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‪ ،‬اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻋﻤﻮم راﺟـﻊ ﺑـﻪ ﭘﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻚﻫـﺎ و ﻧﺤـﻮة‬
‫ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺎن ﺑﺴﻴﺎر اﻧﺪك ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺘﺐ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ‪ ،‬اﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺪام‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع را در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﻓﻬﻢ آن ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻮم آﺳﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻧﺪاده اﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎب ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﺤﻮة ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ را ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﻮع ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه در ﻛﺘﺎب ﻋﻤﺪه ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓـﺖ را ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ داده و‬
‫آن را ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه‪ ،‬ﺑﺪون ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻼت‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨـﺪ؛ ﻫﺮﭼﻨـﺪ در ﻓـﺼﻞﻫـﺎﻳﻲ از‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺗﺮي در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ دﻓﻊ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﭼﺎپ دوم‬

‫‪es‬‬

‫از زﻣﺎن ﭼﺎپ او‪‬ل ﻛﺘﺎب در ﺳﺎل ‪ 2001‬ﻣﻴﻼدي‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪي در ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ در دﻧﻴـﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫وﻗﻮع ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ آن ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ زﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﻲ در ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴـﺎ ﺑـﻮده ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﺪﻓﺶ ﺗﻘﻮﻳـﺖ و ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺪه دﺳﺘﺎوردﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﻤﻮم ﻣﺮدم‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ در ﻣﺒﺪأ )ﻣﻨﺰل( ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻬﺎي ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﮕﻴﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﺳﻮﭘﺮﻣﺎرﻛﺘﻬﺎ و ﻓﺮوﺷﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ دادن‬
‫ﭘﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎي ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ راﻳﮕﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎن ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ رﺳﺘﺎﺧﻴﺰ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻤﻮدهاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد زﻳﺴﺖ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ از ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑـﻮده‪ ،‬در ﺣـﺎل ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ‬
‫اﻧﺪ و در آﻳﻨﺪه ﺳﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﺪهاي از ﺑﺎزار را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪه ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر ﻓـﺼﻞ ﻳـﺎزدﻫﻢ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﭼﺎپ دوم ﻛﺘﺎب اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ اﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﻮز ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي زﻳﺎدي ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﺗﺎ در آﻳﻨـﺪه اﻧﺠـﺎم‬
‫ﺷﻮد و ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﭼﺎپ ﺳﻮم ﻛﺘﺎب ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺎب اﻓﺰوده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪاي ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ و ﺗﺸﻜﺮ‬
‫در ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻻزم ﻣﻲداﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ از ﻧﺎﻣﺒﺮدﮔﺎن ذﻳﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻛﺘـﺎب ﻣـﺮا ﻣـﻮرد ﺗـﺸﻮﻳﻖ و ﻛﻤـﻚ‬
‫ﻗﺮاردادﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ و ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺪر ﻋﺰﻳﺰم ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ و ﻛﻤﻜﻬﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﻮي ﺑـﻲ درﻳﻐـﺶ‪ ،‬اﮔﺮﭼـﻪ راﺟـﻊ ﺑـﻪ ﭘﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻚﻫـﺎ‬
‫ازاﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﭼﻨﺪاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻧﺒﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﻣﺨﺼﻮص از دﺑﻲ‪ ،1‬دب و ﺟﻚ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫ﺟﺰ درﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ذﻛﺮ آن ﮔﺬﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻜﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺣﺮﻓﻪاي ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‪ 4‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫از ﺳﺎﻟﻲ‪ 5‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ داده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﭼﺎپ اول و ﻓﺮان‪ 6‬از ﺑﺎﺑﺖ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ در ﭼﺎپ دوم ﻛﺘﺎب‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪرداﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫واﻧﺴﺎ ﮔﻮد ﺷﻴﭗ‬
‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه واروﻳﻚ ‪ 2007‬ﻣﻴﻼدي‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬
‫‪es‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ زﺑﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ‪ -‬ﻫﻨﻮز ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﭘﻼﺋﺴﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧـﺸﺪه اﺳـﺖ‬
‫)ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ‪.(N.Goodship:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫‪1. Debbie‬‬
‫‪2. Deb‬‬
‫‪3. Jake‬‬
‫‪4. Graham Ganham‬‬
‫‪5. Sally‬‬
‫‪6. Fran‬‬