Q1) Define octane number and write its significance

Octane Number: The percentile by volume ratio of iso-

octane in mixture of iso-octane & n-heptane which shows
the same knocking property as the fule under test is called as
octane number.
Significance:
1. It is characteristic of petrol.
2. It can be increased by addition of Tetraethyl lead or
Diethyltelluride
3. Petrol containing aromatic have higher octane number.
4. Fuels with high octane numbers are used in high
performance gasoline engines.
5. Fuels with low octane number (or high cetane numbers)
are used in diesel engines, where fuel is not compressed
Q2) Explain the principle “inherently safer chemistry of
accidental prevention” in green chemistry.

1. There are 12 principle of Green Chemistry and the last

principle is Accidental Prevention.
2. Principle - Substances and the form of a substance used in
a chemical process should be chosen to minimize the
potential for chemical accidents, including releases,
explosions, and fires.
3. As the name suggest accidental prevention, the substance
used in chemical process should be such that it should
prevent the accident such as explosions,fire, etc.
4. This principle is important as it is related to safety
purpose.
5. Thus green chemistry, involves to design chemical
synthesis in such a way that process to develop the product
should prevent accident.
Q3) Distinguish between galvanizing and tinning

Galvanizing and tinning are both processes that involve

applying a thin layer of metal to another metal surface for
protection. However, they differ in the type of metal used,
the purpose of the coating, and the specific methods
employed.
Galvanizing:

• Metal used: Zinc

• Purpose: Primarily for corrosion protection

• Method: Hot-dip galvanizing is the most common

method, where the steel is dipped into molten zinc.

Electrogalvanizing is another option, where the zinc is
applied using an electric current.
• Benefits: Zinc offers good sacrificial protection to steel,

meaning it corrodes itself before the steel does.

Galvanized steel is also durable and relatively
inexpensive.
• Applications: Galvanized steel is used in a wide variety

of applications, including:
o Construction materials (roofing, gutters, sidings)

o Fences and guardrails

o Pipes and fittings

o Automotive parts

Tinning:
• Metal used: Tin

• Purpose: Primarily for food safety and aesthetics

• Method: Hot-dip tinning is similar to hot-dip

galvanizing, but with molten tin. Electroplating is

another common method for tinning.
• Benefits: Tin is non-toxic and does not impart any

metallic taste to food. It also provides a bright,

attractive appearance.
 • Applications: Tinning is used in a variety of food-related
applications, including:
o Food cans

o Lids and closures

o Kitchenware

he key differences between galvanizing and tinning:

Feature Galvanizing Tinning
Metal Zinc Tin
used
Primary Corrosion protection Food safety and
purpose aesthetics
Method Hot-dip or Hot-dip or
electrogalvanizing electroplating
Benefits Sacrificial protection, Non-toxic, good for
durability, cost-effective food contact, bright
appearance
Applications Construction materials, fences, pipes, Food cans, lids, kitchenware
automotive parts

Q4) Define Fuel.Why a good fuel must have low ash

content?

Fuel Defined:
A fuel is any material that can be efficiently and
sustainably burned to release heat energy. This energy can
then be used for various purposes such as generating
electricity, powering vehicles, or providing warmth in
homes. Fuels typically contain carbon as their main
constituent, which reacts with oxygen during combustion
to produce heat and other byproducts.
Importance of Low Ash Content in Good Fuels:
While many substances can technically be burned, a good
fuel possesses specific characteristics that make it efficient
and beneficial. One such characteristic is low ash
content.

• Reduced Calorific Value: Ash is the non-

combustible residue left behind after fuel burns. High
ash content dilutes the combustible material in the
fuel, leading to a lower calorific value. This means
less heat is released for the same amount of fuel,
reducing efficiency and requiring more fuel to achieve
the desired energy output.
• Increased Handling and Disposal Costs: High ash
content increases the volume of waste produced
during combustion. This necessitates more frequent
removal and disposal, leading to higher handling and
disposal costs.
• Environmental Concerns: Large amounts of ash can
become airborne, contributing to air pollution and
respiratory problems. Additionally, improper disposal
of ash can contaminate soil and water bodies.
• Equipment Wear and Tear: Ash can be abrasive and
cause wear and tear on combustion equipment,
 leading to increased maintenance costs and potential
equipment failure.
Therefore, fuels with low ash content are generally
preferred. These fuels burn more efficiently, generate less
waste, and are more environmentally friendly, making them
ideal for various applications.

Here are some examples of fuels with naturally low ash

content:

• Natural gas: Almost entirely consisting of methane,

natural gas burns very cleanly with minimal ash
production.
• Propane: Similar to natural gas, propane burns
cleanly with negligible ash residue.
• Biofuels: Derived from organic materials like plant
oils, biofuels typically have lower ash content
compared to fossil fuels.

In contrast, fuels like coal are known for their high ash
content, leading to various drawbacks as mentioned earlier.
Efforts are continually made to develop clean coal
technologies that reduce ash production and mitigate
environmental impact.

Q5) What is Cracking.With the help of diagram

explain Fixed Bed Catalytic cracking.
Cracking is the process of breaking of higher molecular weight high boiling fraction
Q6) Explain Galvanic corrosion with a neat labelled diagram. (3)

(ii)What is meant by cracking of petroleum.

Q7)
8) Define Electrochemical Corrosion. Explain Intergranular
Corrosion with a neat diagram.

The corrosion which is brought about through ionic reactions in the

presence of moisture or solution as a conducting medium when two
dissimilar metals are in contact with each other is called electro
chemical corrosion. It also occurs when the metal surface is in
immediate contact with aqueousacidic/alkaline/neutral/electrolytic
solutions forming the short circuited galvanic cells.

1) Intergranular corrosion (IGC), also known as

intergranular attack (IGA), is a form of corrosionwhere
the boundaries of crystallites of the material are more
susceptible to corrosion than their insides. (Cf.
transgranular corrosion.)

2) This situation can happen in otherwise corrosion-resistant

alloys, when the grain boundaries are depleted, known as
grain boundary depletion, of the corrosion-inhibiting
elements such as chromium by some mechanism.

3) In nickel alloys and austeniticstainless steels, where

chromium is added for corrosion resistance, the
mechanism involved is precipitation of chromium carbide
at the grain boundaries, resulting in the formation of
chromium-depleted zones adjacent to the grain
boundaries (this process is called sensitization).Around
12% chromium is minimally required to ensure
passivation, a mechanism by which an ultra thin invisible
film, known as passive film, forms on the surface of
stainless steels. This passive film protects the metal from
corrosive environments.The self-healing property of the
passive film make the steel stainless. Selective leaching
often involves grain boundary depletion mechanisms.
9) Define Biodiesel Biodiesel is a liquid biofuel obtained by chemical
processes from vegetable oils or animal fats and an alcohol that can
be used in diesel engines, alone or blended with dieseloil.Chemically
biodiesel is the methyl ester of long of long chaincarboxylic acids. It
is
also called as ‘Green
Fuel’
10) Calculate the % atom economy for the following reaction with
respect to acetophenone
C6H6+CH3COCL = C6H5COCH3+HCL

12) What is Green Chemistry it’s significance and principles

Green Chemistry
Environment friendly chemical synthesis which reduces the use and
generation of
hazardous substance/pollutants is known as Green chemistry.
Significance of Green chemistry:
1) A novel approach that blends the application of chemistry with
economic
growth and environmental preservation.
2) To develop strategy for sustainable chemical process industries.
3) Achieve conservation of limited resources through cost
effectiveness and
pollution prevention.
4) Therefore basic axiom of Green chemistry is to design product
and rocesses that reduce or eliminate the generation of all wastes
Q13) A gaseous fuel contains H2=50% CH4=30% N2=2% CO=7%
C2H4=3% C2H6=5% and water vapours=3%. Calculate weight and
volume of air for 2m3 of the gas
Q14). Explain the principle ‘Prevention of waste’ in green chemistry.
Ans:
1. It is better to prevent waste than to treat and clean up waste after
it is formed.
2. It has been a common practice to dump waste on land or in water
or release in air. This resulted in soil, water and air pollution.
3. This made the legislation to be stringent on industries and hence
there was
compulsion to have waste treatment and disposal units attached to
the manufacturing plants. Thus the cost of process increased
considerably.
4. Thus green chemistry, involves to design chemical synthesis in
such a way that the process involving pathway to give products,
leaving no waste to treat or
clean up
Q15) Define corrosion of metals. Explain the electrochemical theory
of wet corrosion, giving its
mechanism.
Q16) What is cracking? Explain in detail – fixed bed catalytic
cracking.
Ans:
1. Cracking is a process of converting heavy oil with higher
molecular weight hydrocarbons to
the oil with lower molecular weight hydrocarbons which is known as
gasoline.
2. Generally on cracking a mixture of hydrocarbons is obtained
which is allowed to undergo
fractional condensation to separate gasoline.

Thermal Cracking:
a. Liquid phase thermal cracking: By this any type of oil can cracked.
In this method the oil is
pumped into the coil kept at 4200C to 5500C under pressure of 15
to 100 kg/cm2
b. Vapour phase thermal cracking: in this method the heavy is
treated at 4000
c to convert it
into the vapour and then these vapours are passed to the reaction
chamber.
Catalytic cracking:
a. It is a process in which heavy is oil is heated in presence of
catalyst. Generally used catalyst
are crystalline substances.
Eg: bauxite, zeolite, crystalline alumina silicate, etc.
Fixed bed catalytic cracking:
1. In this method vapours of heavy oil is treated in the presence of
catalyst due which a better
yield of petrol is obtained.

2. In this method heavy oil is vapourised by heating in an electrical

heater. Then the vapours
are passed over a series of trays containing catalyst. Generally the
catalyst used are
crystalline alumino-silicate, bauxite and zeolite.

3. The reaction chamber is maintained at 4250

c to 4500
c and under pressure of 1.5 kg/cm2

4. The cracked gases are taken out from the top of the reaction
chamber and are allowed to
pass in the fractionating tower, where gasoline fraction is collected.
The octane value of this
gasoline is about 80-85.

5. During the cracking, free carbon is also formed which deposits in

catalyst, then the flow of
vapours of heavy oil is passed over the second set of reaction
chamber and catalyst in earlier
chamber in regenerated by burning the carbon deposits with help of
air
Q17). Explain with suitable equations conventional and green
synthesis of carbaryl. Also mention the principle of green chemistry
involved.
Q18) Distinguish between anodic and cathodic coating
Feature Anodic Coating
Electrode Base metal acts as the anode
Behavior (positively charged)
Protection Sacrificial: Coating corrodes
Mechanism preferentially, protecting the base
metal
Suitable Metals Limited to metals with passive
regions (e.g., stainless steel)
Examples Galvanization (zinc on steel),
anodizing (aluminum)
Advantages Self-healing in some cases, good
electrical conductivity
Disadvantages Limited to specific metals and
environments, can be brittle
Image
Q19) g)A coal sample contains
C=70%,O=23%,H=5%,N=0.4%,Ash=0.1%.Calculate GCV and NCV of the fuel.
Cathodic Coating
Base metal acts as the cathode
(negatively charged)
Barrier: Coating acts as a physical
barrier, preventing corrosion of the
base metal
Works with a wider range of metals
Tin plating, paint coatings, electroless
nickel
Excellent corrosion resistance,
versatile applicability
May not be effective on complex
shapes, requires good adhesion to
base metal
Q20) Calculate the percentage atom economy for the following
reaction

CH3NH2+COCL2 →CH3N=C=O+2HCL

CH3=C=O=12+3+14+16 =57