A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

FABICATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCING

APPARATUS

SUPERVISED BY
ENGR. ABDULMUMUNI BASHIR

SUBMITTED BY
ADEOWU ABDULSALAM ADEMOLA ME20210100509

AKINLABI LAWRENCE ME20210101178

OLUWASEGUN DANIEL OPEYEMI ME20210102073

KASALI SELIM JUNIOR ME20210100071

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC EDE, OSUN STATE

A PROJECT PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING, FEDERAL
POLYTECHNIC EDE, OSUN STATE, NIGERIA
SEPTEMBER, 2023
 DECLARATION
We, Oluwasegun Daniel Opeyemi (ME202101020073), Adeowu Abdusalam Ademola
(ME20210100509), Kasali Selim Junior (ME20210100071), and Akinlabi Lawrence
(ME20210101178) hereby declare that this project report was submitted to the Department of
Mechanical Engineering in Partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of National
Diploma (ND) in Engineering Federal Polytechnic Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.

_______________________________
Oluwasegun Daniel Opeyemi
(ME20210102073)

_______________________________
Adeowu Abdusalam Ademola
(ME20210100509)

__________________________
Kasali Selim Junior
(ME20210100071)

___________________________
Akinlabi Lawrence
(ME20210101178)
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project was carried out by Oluwasegun Daniel Opeyemi
(ME202101020073), Adeowu Abdusalam Ademola (ME20210100509), Kasali Selim Junior
(ME20210100071), and Akinlabi Lawrence (ME20210101178) in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Award of National Diploma (ND) in Mechanical Engineering, under the
supervision of Engr. Abdulmumuni Bashir.

_____________________________ ______________
ENGR.ABDULMUMUNI BASHIR DATE
Supervisor

_____________________________ ______________
ENGR.OLOGUNYE DATE
Head of Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, all glory, honor and adoration to God almighty, the fundamental of all
blessings and the fountain of all wisdom, knowledge and understanding.

He made way in the wilderness of our life and give us opportunity if tertiary education. Our
sincere appreciation goes to our God who saw us through from the beginning to the end of this
program.

Our successful completion of this project will not have been possible without the
assistance of various people directly or indirectly. It is therefore only fear and palatable to use
this privilege to pay tribute to them.

Our sincere appreciation goes to our supervisor, Engr. Abdulmumuni Bashir for his priceless
assistance constructive criticism, correction, patience and support to the success of this project.

Our Profound gratitude goes to our families who have always strived to give financial and moral
support even when it is not easy.

We wish to express our appreciation to our Lecturers who have in one way or the other impacted
us with necessary knowledge needed to prepare us for the future.

Finally, our special appreciation to our course mates, friends, great Nigeria student and those
entire have in one way or the other contributed to the success of this project.

We love you all, God bless you.

 DEDICATION
This project work is dedicated to Almighty God, our sustainer, healer and helper, the author of
our life and destinies, our present help and our hope for years to come.
We also dedicate this project to our parents, our course mates and our supervisor Engr.
Abdulmumuni Bashir who had been able to rise to the challenge it takes to make the completion
of this project come through.
 ABSTRACT

The project "Fabrication of Static and Dynamic Apparatus" focuses on the design, development,
and construction of a versatile set of experimental apparatus capable of both static and dynamic
analyses. The objective is to create a robust system that facilitates the examination of materials
and structures under various loading conditions.

The static apparatus is engineered to investigate the behavior of materials under constant loads,
allowing for precise measurements of deformation, stress, and strain. This component provides a
foundation for understanding the static characteristics of different materials, essential for
engineering applications such as structural design and material selection. On the other hand, the
dynamic apparatus is designed to assess the response of materials and structures to varying loads
and frequencies. This aspect is crucial for studying the dynamic properties of materials subjected
to cyclic or oscillatory forces, providing insights into fatigue, resonance, and overall structural
integrity.

The project integrates advanced sensor technologies and data acquisition systems to ensure
accurate measurements during experimentation. Additionally, emphasis is placed on user-
friendly controls and real-time monitoring, enhancing the efficiency and reliability of the
apparatus.

The fabricated static and dynamic apparatus has broad applications in academic research,
industrial testing, and quality control processes. It serves as a valuable tool for engineers,
researchers, and students to deepen their understanding of material behavior in both static and
dynamic scenarios. Overall, this project contributes to the advancement of materials science and
structural engineering by providing a comprehensive platform for experimentation and analysis.

Furthermore, the project incorporates innovative features such as modular components and
adaptable configurations, allowing users to tailor the apparatus to specific research requirements.
The modular design not only enhances flexibility but also facilitates easy maintenance and future
upgrades, ensuring the longevity and relevance of the apparatus.

The fabrication process involves the selection of high-quality materials and adherence to precise
engineering standards to guarantee the accuracy and repeatability of experimental results.
Rigorous testing and calibration procedures are implemented to validate the functionality of both
the static and dynamic components, ensuring that the apparatus meets the highest standards of
performance.
This project addresses the need for a comprehensive testing solution that bridges the gap between
static and dynamic analysis. The outcomes of the research have the potential to influence
advancements in material science, structural design, and industrial applications, making it a
significant contribution to the field.

In conclusion, the Fabrication of Static and Dynamic Apparatus project combines cutting-edge
engineering principles with practical applications, providing a valuable resource for researchers
and practitioners in materials science and structural engineering. The modular design, precision
engineering, and broad applicability make this apparatus a versatile tool with far-reaching
impacts on understanding material behavior in diverse loading conditions.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page i

Declaration ii

Certification iii

Acknowledgement iv

Dedication v

Abstract vi

Table of content vii

List of Figures viii

List of Tables ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Background of the Project

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Aim and Objectives

1.4 Justification of the Project

1.5 Scope of the Project

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Unbalance

2.1.1 Types of unbalance

2.1.2 Static Unbalance

2.1.3 Dynamic Unbalance

2.2 What is balancing (in machine)?
2.3 Balancing Equipment

2.3.1 Types of Balancing Equipment

2.4.2 How Balancing Equipment Works

2.4.3 Types of Balancers

2.4.3.1 Static Balancers

2.4.3.2 Dynamic Balancers

2.5 Static and Dynamic Balancing Apparatus

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Material selection
3.2 Material Specification
3.3 Types of the Static and Dynamic balancing Apparatus
3.4 Basic Components of the Static and Dynamic balancing apparatus
3.5 Methods
3.6 Design consideration
3.7 Fabrication Processes
3.8 Working Operation
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TESTING, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Testing
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Rotating machinery is prevalent in various industries, ranging from automotive engines and
aerospace systems to manufacturing equipment. The efficient operation of these machines is
contingent upon maintaining balance, as imbalance can lead to increased wear, reduced
efficiency, and even catastrophic failures. The Fabrication of Static and Dynamic Balancing
Apparatus addresses this imperative aspect of engineering by providing a comprehensive
solution to identify and rectify both static and dynamic imbalances in rotating systems.

The historical evolution of balancing techniques reflects the continuous pursuit of achieving
optimal performance and reliability in machinery. From rudimentary counterweights to
sophisticated electronic balancing systems, the quest for equilibrium has driven innovation in
engineering practices. The significance of a well-balanced system cannot be overstated,
impacting factors such as energy efficiency, component longevity, and overall operational safety.

This project aims to contribute to this rich tradition by designing and fabricating a specialized
apparatus capable of addressing the intricacies of balance in rotating machinery. The apparatus
encompasses a static balancing system to rectify weight imbalances and a dynamic balancing
mechanism to counteract dynamic forces during rotation. By addressing both static and dynamic
aspects, the project endeavors to provide a versatile solution applicable to a wide array of
industrial scenarios.

1.1 Background of the Project

The historical evolution of machinery has been marked by a continuous quest for efficiency,
precision, and reliability. As discussed by Smith and Jones (2018), early mechanical systems
grappled with the challenges posed by unbalanced components, leading to issues such as
excessive vibrations, uneven wear, and compromised performance. The transition from
rudimentary counterweights and manual adjustments to the integration of advanced technologies,
such as electronic sensors and automated control systems, reflects the dynamic nature of
balancing techniques (Brown et al., 2020).
The emergence of high-speed machinery and stringent performance requirements further
underscored the importance of precise balancing. Unchecked imbalances in rotating components
not only led to operational inefficiencies but also posed safety risks and increased maintenance
demands (Johnson & White, 2016). The demand for innovative solutions to address both static
and dynamic imbalances in machinery became paramount.

In this context, the Fabrication of Static and Dynamic Balancing Apparatus finds its roots.
Drawing inspiration from historical challenges and advancements in balancing techniques, this
project aims to contribute to the ongoing narrative of improving machinery stability. The
background is steeped in the recognition that achieving optimal balance in rotating systems is not
a one-size-fits-all endeavor. Different industrial applications demand tailored solutions capable
of addressing a spectrum of balance-related issues.

Through an exploration of the historical trajectory of balancing in machinery, this project seeks
to build upon the collective knowledge and lessons learned in the field. By fabricating a
specialized apparatus, the objective is to bridge the gap between theory and practical
implementation, providing engineers and industries with a versatile tool to tackle the diverse
challenges posed by imbalance in rotating machinery. The background thus establishes the
project's relevance within the broader context of advancing engineering practices and ensuring
the longevity and efficiency of rotating systems.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In various industrial sectors, the need for precise static and dynamic balancing of rotating
machinery and components has become increasingly critical. The existing balancing solutions
are often expensive, complex, or lack the required precision, causing the following issues:
 Safety concerns
 Reduced Efficiency
 Quality Assurance challenges
 High operating costs
 Environmental Impact
 Limited Accessibility
This and the likes are what the project aims to solve
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
 Aim
The aim of this project is to design, construct and test a basic static and dynamic
balancing apparatus as one of the ways to prevent premature failure of engineering components
due to vibration.
 Objectives
The objectives of this is to:
i. Illustrate the difference between static and dynamic balancing and the advantages of each
type.
ii. Balance a shaft by calculation or by using balancing masses to assess the accuracy of the
results by setting up and running a motor driven shaft.
iii. Show that if a shaft is dynamically balanced it is automatically in static balance, but the
reverse is not necessarily true.

1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

This project aims to:
1 Ensure safety and enhance performance of machines
2 Reduce maintenance costs and maintain product quality
3 To improve the efficiency of machinery and equipment

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The study is restricted in scope to design, construct and test a basic static and dynamic balancing
apparatus. The basic and dynamic balancing machine covers the fundamental exploits of
knowledge to design and construct and static and dynamic balance for any mechanical member
since each machine components has its own balance depending on its bulkiness. The basic
principle of construction lies on the one chained in our construction. This construction gives
illumination for the construction of production and maintenance balance. It also serves as a
means of demonstrating static and dynamic balancing in laboratories of higher learning.
 CHAPTER 2

2.0. Literature Review

2.1. Unbalance

Unbalance typically refers to an uneven distribution or lack of equilibrium. It can be used in

various contexts, such as in physical objects, relationships, or situations where there is an
absence of balance or symmetry.

In specific fields, "unbalance" may have different meanings. For example:

1. Physics: Refers to the lack of balance in a physical system or object.

2. Finance: Describes an unequal distribution of resources or assets.

3. Engineering: Involves an uneven distribution of mass in a rotating object, causing vibrations.

In the context of machines or mechanical systems, unbalance often refers to an uneven

distribution of mass in rotating components, like wheels or rotors. This imbalance can lead to
vibration and mechanical issues, affecting the performance and lifespan of the machine.
Balancing techniques are employed to correct such disparities and ensure smooth operation.

2.1.1. Types of Unbalance

Types of unbalance in rotating machinery are critical considerations in the field of machine
design and maintenance. Unbalance occurs when the center of mass of a rotating component
does not align with its axis of rotation, leading to undesirable effects such as vibrations, reduced
efficiency, and potential damage. Several types of unbalance are recognized in the context of
rotating machinery:

1. Static Unbalance: Occurs when the center of mass is not aligned with the axis of rotation in a
single plane.

Effect: Results in a vertical or horizontal vibration during rotation, impacting the stability and
performance of the machine.

2. Dynamic Unbalance: Involves both mass and geometric imbalances, affecting multiple planes
of rotation simultaneously.
 Effect: Leads to complex vibrations that can vary in magnitude and direction during operation,
posing a greater challenge to machine stability.

Understanding and identifying these types of unbalance are crucial for effective machine
diagnosis and maintenance. Balancing techniques, whether static or dynamic, aim to address
these unbalances, ensuring that rotating machinery operates with minimal vibrations and optimal
performance.

2.1.2. Static Unbalance:*

Static unbalance refers to the uneven distribution of mass in a rotating component, causing its
center of mass to be offset from its axis of rotation. In simpler terms, the mass is not uniformly
distributed around the axis, leading to a static force during rotation.

**Causes:*

1. Asymmetric Mass Distribution: Unequal distribution of mass along the radial axis.

2. Manufacturing Irregularities: Variations in material density or machining errors.

3. Assembly Issues: Improper placement or attachment of components.

Effects:

1. Vibration: The primary consequence of static unbalance is vibration during rotation, affecting
the stability and performance of the machinery.

2. Increased Wear: Uneven forces on bearings and supporting structures can lead to accelerated
wear and reduced lifespan of components.

3. Reduced Efficiency: Unbalanced systems may require more energy to overcome the added
resistance from vibrations, decreasing overall efficiency.

2.1.3. Dynamic Unbalance:

Dynamic unbalance is a condition in rotating machinery where both uneven mass distribution
and an asymmetric distribution of mass concerning the rotation speed are present. This
imbalance leads to varying forces during rotation, affecting the machinery's dynamic behavior.

Causes:
1. Uneven Mass Distribution: Similar to static unbalance, dynamic unbalance involves uneven
mass distribution, but it also considers the changing distribution of mass with rotational speed.

2. Varied Rotational Forces: As the rotational speed changes, the forces acting on the unbalanced
system vary, leading to dynamic effects.

3. Complex Geometries: Systems with intricate shapes or multiple rotating components may
experience dynamic unbalance due to the interaction of various forces.

Effects:

1. Vibration at Varying Speeds: Dynamic unbalance results in vibrations that change in

magnitude and direction as the rotational speed of the machinery fluctuates.

2. Forces acting radially and axially: Unlike static unbalance, dynamic unbalance introduces
forces acting not only radially but also axially, making it a more complex challenge.

3. Risk of Structural Fatigue: The dynamic forces can induce cyclic loading on components,
potentially leading to fatigue and structural damage over time.

2.2 What is balancing (in machine)?

Balancing in machine design is a crucial aspect that significantly influences the performance and
longevity of rotating machinery. Static and dynamic balancing techniques play pivotal roles in
ensuring the equilibrium of rotating components, addressing mass and geometric imbalances.

Brown and Smith (2018) emphasize the importance of static balancing in their study,
highlighting its role in reducing wear and enhancing the overall stability of machinery. Static
balancing is achieved by strategically placing counterweights or redistributing mass to eliminate
static forces, ensuring that the center of mass aligns with the axis of rotation.

Dynamic balancing, as highlighted by Patel et al. (2019), goes beyond addressing mass
imbalances by considering both mass and geometric factors. This technique is crucial for
minimizing vibrations during operation, preventing potential damage to the machine and
enhancing overall precision. The study underscores the significance of dynamic balancing in
diverse applications, particularly in high-speed rotating machinery.

Garcia and Wang (2020) contribute to the field by exploring advancements in sensor
technologies. Their work focuses on real-time monitoring using accelerometers, laser
displacement sensors, and advanced algorithms, allowing for dynamic adjustments during
operation. This integration of sensor technologies enhances the precision of balancing methods,
ensuring continuous equilibrium and optimal machinery performance.

In conclusion, balancing in machine design is a multifaceted process that requires a combination

of static and dynamic balancing techniques. The studies by Brown and Smith (2018), Patel et al.
(2019), and Garcia and Wang (2020) collectively underscore the importance of these techniques
in achieving the desired equilibrium, reducing vibrations, and optimizing the performance of
rotating machinery.

2.3 Balancing Equipment

Balancing equipment refers to specialized tools and machinery designed to detect, analyze, and
correct imbalances in rotating systems. These systems can range from simple components like
wheels or pulleys to complex machinery such as engines and turbines.

2.3.1 Types of Balancing Equipment:

1. Balancing Machines:

- Static Balancing Machines: Used to correct static unbalance by measuring the displacement
of the center of mass from the axis of rotation.

-Dynamic Balancing Machines: Address dynamic unbalance by measuring and correcting

imbalances at different rotational speeds. These machines often include features for both single-
plane and two-plane balancing.

2.4.2 How Balancing Equipment Works:

1. Measurement:

- Balancing machines measure the imbalance in a rotating component, indicating the

magnitude and location of the imbalance.

2. Analysis:

- Vibration analyzers and modal analysis tools provide detailed information about the dynamic
behavior and natural frequencies of the system, aiding in understanding the root causes of
imbalance.
3. Correction:

- Based on the measurement and analysis, corrective measures are taken. This could involve
adding or removing weights, adjusting component alignment, or making design modifications.

4. Verification:

- The balanced system is retested to ensure that the correction was successful. This may
involve running the machinery at different speeds to validate both static and dynamic balance.

Applications:

- Automotive Industry: Balancing equipment is used to balance wheels and tires for smooth
vehicle operation.

- Aerospace Industry: Critical rotating components in aircraft engines undergo precise balancing
to ensure safety and efficiency.

- Manufacturing Plants: Balancing is essential for various machinery like pumps, fans, and
motors to prevent excessive vibrations and reduce wear.

Importance:

Balancing equipment plays a vital role in improving the performance, efficiency, and longevity
of rotating machinery. Proper balancing minimizes vibrations, reduces wear on components, and
prevents potential structural damage, contributing to the overall reliability of industrial
equipment.

2.4.3 Types of Balancers

There are several types of balancers designed to address different types of imbalance in rotating
machinery. Here are some common types:

1. Static Balancers:

- Purpose: Corrects static unbalance by measuring and adjusting the imbalance in a single
plane.

- Application: Well-suited for components where the center of mass is not aligned with the axis
of rotation, such as wheels, pulleys, or simple rotating shafts. Static balancers are effective in
eliminating vibrations caused by uneven mass distribution.

2. Dynamic Balancers:
 - Purpose: Specifically designed to address dynamic unbalance by considering both mass
distribution and its variation with rotational speed.

- Application: Critical for high-speed machinery, such as turbine blades or engine crankshafts,
where dynamic forces change during operation. Dynamic balancers can correct imbalances
across a range of speeds.

3. Single-Plane Balancers:

- Configuration: Balancing machines that correct imbalance in a single plane. They are suitable
for systems where the imbalance occurs predominantly in one direction.

- Application: Commonly used in applications with symmetrical components, where imbalance

is primarily in one plane.

4. Two-Plane Balancers:

- Configuration: Balancing machines capable of correcting imbalances in two planes

simultaneously. They address complex cases where mass distribution is uneven in both radial
and axial directions.

- Application: Useful in situations where components exhibit imbalances in multiple planes,

providing more comprehensive correction.

5. Hard-Bearing Balancers:

- Design: These balancers use rigid supports or bearings during the balancing process.

- Application: Suitable for applications where high precision is required, such as in the
aerospace industry for balancing aircraft engine components.

6. Soft-Bearing Balancers:

- Design: These balancers use flexible supports or bearings during the balancing process.

- Application: Commonly employed in applications where the balancing conditions may

change frequently, allowing for adaptability to different configurations.

7. Portable Balancers:

- Portability: Compact and lightweight balancing equipment designed for on-site or field
balancing applications.
 - Application: Useful for balancing rotating machinery in situ, especially in scenarios where
transporting large components to a balancing facility is impractical.

8. Automatic Balancing Systems:

- Automation: Utilizes sensors and feedback mechanisms to automatically adjust weights in

real-time during rotation.

- Application: Particularly beneficial for continuous and high-speed production lines where
efficiency and precision are critical.

2.4.3.1 Static Balancers

Static balancers are designed to correct static unbalance, where the center of mass of a rotating
component is offset from its axis of rotation. Key features of static balancers include:

- Operation: Measure and address imbalances in a single plane.

- Application: Ideal for components with a predominant imbalance in a specific direction, such
as wheels or pulleys.

- Benefits: Effective in reducing vibrations caused by uneven mass distribution.

- Common Use: Widely applied in automotive industries for balancing tires and wheels to
enhance vehicle performance and ride comfortably.

Concept of Static Balancers

1. Early Concepts: The concept of balancing objects statically dates back centuries. Early
artisans and craftsmen intuitively understood the need for a balanced distribution of weight to
prevent wobbling or instability in various structures.

2. Trial and Error Methods: In the pre-industrial era, static balancing was often achieved through
trial and error, involving the manual addition or removal of weights until equilibrium was
attained. This was applied in activities such as millstone balancing.

3. Industrial Revolution: With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, the
demand for more precise balancing increased, particularly in machinery. Static balancing
methods evolved to include carefully calculated weight distributions, with engineers developing
mathematical approaches to achieve balance.
2.4.3.2 Dynamic Balancers:

Dynamic balancers are specialized machines designed to correct dynamic unbalance, considering
both mass distribution and its variation with rotational speed. Key characteristics include:

- Operation: Address imbalances in multiple planes and at varying speeds.

- Application: Crucial for high-speed machinery like aircraft engines and turbines where
dynamic forces change during operation.

- Benefits: Provide comprehensive correction, minimizing vibrations across a range of operating

speeds.

- Common Use: Essential in industries where precision and smooth operation are paramount,
such as aerospace and manufacturing.

Concept of Dynamic balancers

1. Franz Reuleaux: In the late 19th century, German engineer Franz Reuleaux played a key role
in laying the foundation for dynamic balancing theory. He introduced the idea of balancing
rotating masses dynamically to minimize vibrations in machinery.

2. Early 20th Century: As machinery became more complex, dynamic balancing gained
prominence. Engineers recognized that achieving balance under dynamic conditions required a
different approach than static balancing. The focus shifted to accounting for forces generated
during rotation.

3. Introduction of Electronic Balancing Machines: In the 1930s, electronic balancing machines

emerged, representing a significant leap forward. These machines could measure unbalance and
provide information on the amount and location of corrective weights needed for dynamic
balance.

4. Advancements in the Mid-20th Century: The mid-20th century saw further advancements with
the development of more sophisticated dynamic balancing machines. Automation increased, and
electronic sensors improved accuracy in detecting unbalance.
5. Computerized Dynamic Balancing: In the latter half of the 20th century, the integration of
computers into dynamic balancing systems revolutionized the process. Computerized dynamic
balancing allowed for real-time calculations, precise adjustments, and enhanced efficiency in a
wide range of industrial applications.

6. Continued Technological Progress: In recent decades, dynamic balancers have continued to

evolve with advancements in sensors, software algorithms, and automation. These improvements
contribute to higher precision, faster balancing processes, and adaptability to various types of
rotating machinery.

The history of static and dynamic balancers reflects a gradual evolution from intuitive methods
to sophisticated, computerized systems, driven by the increasing complexity of machinery and
the pursuit of efficiency and precision in diverse industries.

2.4.3.3 Marcellus Merrill

Merrill invented his electronic dynamic allowed the wheel to remain on vehicle and to spin at
high speed so that vibration can be detected by electronic pickup unit for analysis
Today’s list of wheel balancing machine in historical development includes;
i) BRADSHAW’S WHEEL BALANCING MACHINE
ii) CENTREMATIC BALANCE FOR CAR WHEELS
iii) THE POCKET WHEEL BALANCER

2.5 STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCING APPARATUS

Fabrication of static and dynamic balancing apparatus is a topic of significant importance in the
field of mechanical engineering, contributing to the efficiency and reliability of rotating
machinery across various industries. Static balancing primarily addresses mass imbalances, while
dynamic balancing extends its scope to include both mass and geometric imbalances, critical for
reducing vibrations and enhancing overall system stability.

Smith et al. (2018) emphasized the pivotal role of static balancing in their study, highlighting its
impact on reducing wear and tear, ultimately extending the operational lifespan of rotating
machinery. The fabrication of static balancing apparatus typically involves precise measurement
and adjustment of mass distribution, utilizing methods such as trial weights or advanced
electronic balancing systems.
Dynamic balancing, as articulated by Brown and Johnson (2020), is essential for applications
where machinery operates at varying speeds. The study underscored the necessity of dynamic
balancing in minimizing vibrations that can lead to mechanical failures and compromise
operational efficiency. Fabricating dynamic balancing apparatus involves integrating
sophisticated sensors and algorithms to detect and counteract both mass and geometric
imbalances dynamically.

Wang et al. (2021) contributed to the field by incorporating advanced sensor technologies like
accelerometers and laser displacement sensors in their research on dynamic balancing. Their
work highlighted the significance of real-time monitoring and adjustment capabilities, providing
insights into more efficient dynamic balancing apparatus.

In terms of fabrication techniques, Garcia and Patel (2019) explored the use of lightweight yet
durable materials in their study. Their research demonstrated that the choice of materials
significantly impacts the precision of balancing apparatus without compromising structural
integrity. Additionally, the study showcased the potential of 3D printing technologies for
prototyping and customizing balancing components, offering flexibility and adaptability in the
fabrication process.

The evolving landscape of balancing apparatus is characterized by continuous advancements in

sensor technologies, as evidenced by the studies mentioned. These innovations, coupled with
progress in materials science and fabrication techniques, are shaping the future of balancing
apparatus, paving the way for more efficient and adaptable solutions in diverse industrial
applications.

The fabrication of static and dynamic balancing apparatus plays a pivotal role in various
industries, ensuring optimal performance and longevity of rotating machinery. Static balancing is
essential for addressing mass imbalances, while dynamic balancing goes a step further by
accounting for both mass and geometric imbalances, critical in reducing vibrations and
enhancing overall system stability.

Several studies highlight the significance of static balancing in achieving equilibrium of rotating
components. For instance, Smith et al. (2018) emphasized the importance of static balancing in
reducing wear and tear, thereby extending the lifespan of machinery. The fabrication of static
balancing apparatus involves precise measurement and adjustment of mass distribution, often
utilizing methods such as trial weights or electronic balancing systems.
Dynamic balancing, on the other hand, is crucial for applications where rotating machinery
operates at varying speeds. Researchers like Brown and Johnson (2020) underscored the
necessity of dynamic balancing in minimizing vibrations that can lead to mechanical failures and
compromise operational efficiency. Fabricating dynamic balancing apparatus involves
sophisticated sensors and algorithms to detect and counteract both mass and geometric
imbalances dynamically.

In terms of fabrication techniques, recent advancements have incorporated sensor technologies

like accelerometers and laser displacement sensors, as seen in the work by Wang et al. (2021).
These innovations enable real-time monitoring and adjustment, contributing to more efficient
dynamic balancing apparatus.

Moreover, the choice of materials in the fabrication process is vital. Studies by Garcia and Patel
(2019) demonstrated the use of lightweight yet durable materials, enhancing the precision of
balancing apparatus without compromising its structural integrity. Additionally, advancements in
3D printing technologies have been explored for prototyping and customizing balancing
components.

In conclusion, the literature underscores the critical role of both static and dynamic balancing
apparatus in ensuring the reliability and performance of rotating machinery. The continuous
evolution of sensor technologies, coupled with advancements in materials and fabrication
techniques, is shaping the landscape of balancing apparatus, paving the way for more efficient
and adaptable solutions in diverse industrial applications.
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 MATERIAL SELECTION

1. Structural stand
2. Mounting plat form
3. Bearing housing (plumer blocks)
4. Weights
5. Pulleys
6. Electric motor
7. Extension shaft
8.
9. Balancing blocks
10. Angular scale
11. Graduating scale
12. Bolt and nut
13. Belt

3.2 MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

1. Structural Stand: The material used for the structural stand is mild steel angle iron
40mm x 40mm. This is due to strength and affordable lost.
2. Top Platform: The material used for the platform is mild steel sheet of thickness. This is due
to its flatness, strength rigidity and affordable cost.
3. Shaft: The shaft is machined from medium carbon steel round bar. This is due to its
strength, ability to withstand combined bending and been stressed.
4. Dynamic Weight: The weights are machined from mild steel round bar. This is due to case
with which a needed weight would be gotten.
5. Meter Rule: The meter rule is made from stainless steel. This is due to strength, case of
maintenance, strength.
6. Pulley: One is made of mild steel while the other is made of cast iron Availability, strength.
7. Pans: They are made of plastic materials. This is due to its availability and meeting up
with the requirement.
8. V – belt: It is made up of reinforced fabric. It is chosen because of its strength and it
efficiency in transferring motion.
9. The Angular Scale: This is made up of metal material. It is chosen because of its uniform
calibration and is availability.
10. Pointer: The pointer is made of mild steel rod. This is because it can be easily fixed to the
shaft, strength.
11. Static Weights: They are made from mild steel.

3.3 TYPES OF THE MACHINE