TCWD REVIEWER - United States, Canada, western europe

KCLS - Developed parts of asia, australia and new zealand

- Rich, industrialized, wealthy nations democratic capitalist countries
First World Countries - Less population
- described as highly-developed industrialized, technologically-advanced, - Divide is a socioeconomic and political division of Earth popularized
educated, and wealthy. in the late 20th century and early 21st century. Generally,
- rich but democratic country. definitions of the Global North is not exclusively a geographical
term, and it includes Australia, Canada, Europe, Israel, Japan, New
Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan
Second Word Countries - Controls the 80% total income of the world
Global south
- The term "second - Africa, latin america
world" was initially - Developing asia, including middle east
used to refer to the - Developing nations non democratic countries
Soviet Union and - Controls the 20% total income of the world
countries of the - an emerging term, used by the World Bank and other organizations,
communist bloc. identifying countries with one side of the underlying global
- nations that fall NorthSouth divide, the other side being the countries of the Global
between first and North. The overwhelming majority of these countries are located in
third world countries or near the tropics.
in terms of their The Clash of Civilizations
development status - is a thesis that people's cultural and religious identities will be the
and economic primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world- The
indicators. American political scientist Samuel P. Huntington argued that
- Rich but either future wars would be fought not between countries, but between
socialist or cultures.
communist country. The End of History and the Last Man
- is a book of political philosophy by American political scientist
Third World Countries Francis Fukuyama which argues that with the ascendancy of
- Today the term is often used to describe the developing countries Western liberal democracy which occurred after the Cold War
of Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania (1945-1991) and the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991)-That is,
the end- point of mankind's ideological evolution and the
Global north universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of
- Home to all the members of G8 and to four of the five permanent human government.
members of UN security council (China, France, Russia, UK & The Lexus and the Olive Tree
US). - Understanding Globalization is a 1999 book by Thomas L.
Friedman that posts that the world is currently undergoing two

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 struggles: the drive for prosperity and development, symbolized by
the Lexus LS, and the desire to retain identity and traditions,
symbolized by the olive tree.
Concepts of Global Relations
 Major Premise – the underdevelopment of certain states/peoples
and their lack of representation in global political process is a
reality.
 Prevalent – imbalances of aggregate economics and political
power between states Interstates dimensions.
Economic Integration - or regional integration, is an agreement among
nations to reduce or eliminate trade barriers and agree on fiscal policies.
Globalism (Steger)
- Global economic integration is not only inevitable given the rise of
new technologies; it is more importantly a normative international
goal.
- To not partake to globality is backwards.
Civilization discourse
- Dominant ideology of colonialism and the logic that shaped the
birth of international order.
Modernization theory (Rostow)
- Outlined the historical progression terms of a society’s capacity to
produce and consume material goods.
Socialism
- Defined as a system of collective ownership and management of
the means of production and distribution of goods.
- Also views that in a capitalist state, the wealth and power is
concentrated among a small section of the society.
- Can also be stated to be a society where all people works as equals
in a cooperation for the common good of all.
Democratic socialism
- Gives importance to a democratic character.
- Believes in a socialism through the ballot box. It states that any
change in government and society should be through fair
elections.
How can regionalism affect Asia?
✓ link the competitive strengths of its diverse economies in order to
boost their productivity and sustain the region’s exceptional growth;
✓ connect the region’s capital markets to enhance financial stability, reduce
the cost of capital, and improve opportunities for sharing risks;
✓ cooperate in setting exchange rate and macroeconomic policies in order
to minimize the effects of global and regional shocks and to facilitate the
resolution of global imbalances;
✓ pool the region’s foreign exchange reserves to make more
resources available for investment and development;
✓ exercise leadership in global decision making to sustain the open
global trade and financial systems that have supported a half century of
unparalleled economic development;
✓ build connected infrastructure and collaborate on inclusive
development to reduce inequalities within and across economies and thus to
strengthen support for pro growth policies; and
✓ create regional mechanisms to manage cross-border health, safety,
and environmental issues better
How can Asian regionalism benefit the world? ✓ generate
productivity gains, new ideas, and competition that boost economic
growth and raise incomes across the world;
✓ contribute to the efficiency and stability of global financial markets
by making Asian capital markets stronger and safer, and by maximizing the
productive use of Asian savings;
✓ diversify sources of global demand, helping to stabilize the world
economy and diminish the risks posed by global imbalances and downturns
in other major economies;
✓ provide leadership to help sustain open global trade and financial
systems; and
✓ create regional mechanisms to manage health, safety, and
environmental issues better, and thus contribute to more effective global
solutions of these problems.
Third world
- Arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-
aligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact.
Cold War
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- a state of conflict between nations that does not involve direct military countries that share similar historical realities and similar
action but is pursued primarily through economic and political actions, challenges,
propaganda, acts of espionage or proxy wars waged by surrogates. North-south cooperation
- When a developed country supports economically or with another
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) kind of resources a less favored one.
- is a security alliance of 30 countries from North America and Europe. Its Triangular cooperation
fundamental goal is to safeguard the allies’ freedom and security by political - Involves 3 actors: 2 from the south and 1 from the north
and military means. - North provides the financial resources so that the countries of
- Formed in 1949 with the signing of the Washington Treaty. the south can exchange technical assistance.
Media
Warsaw Pact - various means or methods through which information, ideas, and
- a collective defense treaty established by the Soviet Union and seven other entertainment are communicated to a large audience. It includes
Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe. channels like television, radio, newspapers, magazines, websites,
- This alliance is formed as a counterbalance to NATO. social platforms, and more.
Cultural imperialism
The Starbucks - Firmly rooted in a political economy perspective on international
- Modernization communication.
- Global north - The practice of one culture exerting influence, dominance, or
- Wealth, influence, power control over another culture, often through various means, including
- international/multinational company media, language, technology, and economic power.
- Cultural homogenization Cultural Imperialism Theory
The shanty - It argues that audiences across the world are heavily affected by
- Global south media messages emanating from the western industrialized
- Perseverance but unable to participate in a cosmopolitan culture countries.
- Undersides of globalization Global Media Debate
- poverty - A multifaceted discussion about how media influences culture,
politics, and society on a worldwide scale, with both positive and
South-south cooperation (BAPA +40) negative consequences.
- Technical cooperation among developing countries in the global - Launched during the 1973 General Conference
south. of the United Nations Educational, Scientific,
- Derives from the adoption of the Buenos Aires Plan of Action for and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Nairobi, Kenya.
promoting & implementing technical cooperation among developing Political economy
countries (BAPA) by 138 UN Member States in Argentina, on - Focuses on material issues such as capital, infrastructure, and
September 18, 1978. political control as key determinants of international communication
- Technical cooperation is defined as an instrument capable of processes and effects.
promoting the exchange of successful experiences among John Tomlinson (1991)

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 - Globalization replaced cultural imperialism because it conveys a multiple countries and regions. These media entities have a
process with less coherence and direction. substantial presence and influence beyond the borders of individual
Cultural Homogenization nations.
- One perspective suggests that media can lead to the Region
homogenization of cultural differences globally. - Indicates the multilateral groupings of neighboring nations.
- This view is often associated with images of a global culture - Ex. Europe, Middle East, East Asia.
influenced by Western media. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
Benjamin Barber (UNESCO)
- A political scientist, is one of the proponents of this perspective - He - It is a specialized agency of the United Nations that was established
discussed the globalization of culture in his book, "Jihad vs. in 1945.
McWorld." - UNESCO's mission is to promote international cooperation in the
Hybridization fields of education, science, culture, and communication. The
- or Cultural Hybridity, refers to the blending, mixing, or fusion of organization works to ensure that media and communication
cultural elements, practices, or ideas from different parts of the contribute to global understanding, cultural diversity, and
world. This phenomenon occurs as a result of increased sustainable development, while also upholding principles of
interconnectivity and cultural exchange brought about by freedom of expression and access to information.
globalization. New World Information Order (NWIO) Debate
- It recognizes the blending and mixing of different cultural elements - Later known as the NEW WORLD
as central to the evolution of global culture. INFORMATION AND
- It provides a valuable theoretical framework for researchers COMMUNICATION ORDER (NWICO) DEBATE.
exploring the intricacies of cultural globalization through media and - At first, the debate was concerned with news flows between the
communication. north and the south, but it soon evolved to include all international
Nestor Garcia-Canclini media flows.
- Argentinean Mexican cultural critic
- One of the most influential voice in
the debate about cultural hybridity
Three main features of cultural hybridity (Garcia-Candini)
1. Mixing previously separated cultural systems such as mixing the AEC
elite art of opera with popular music. - ASEAN Economic Community
2. Deterritorialization of cultural processes from their original physical - aims to achieve a well-integrated and connected regional economy within
environment to new and foreign contexts. the global economic system.
3. Cultural hybridity entails impure cultural genres that are formed out ASEAN
of the mixture of several cultural domains. - Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Transnational Mass Media - Is a regional grouping that aims to promote economic and security
- Refers to media organizations and communication platforms that cooperation among its ten members.
operate on a global or international scale, serving audiences in - Brunei - Myanmar

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 - Cambodia - Philippines - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
- Indonesia - Singapore - To prevent southeast asian countries from falling into communism.
- Laos - Thailand IORA
- Malaysia - Vietnam - Indian Ocean Rim Association
APEC - Dynamic inter-governmental organization aimed at strengthening
- Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation regional cooperation and sustainable development within the indian
- Promotes free trade throughout the asia pacific region ocean region
SAARC EAS
- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation - East Asia Summit
- Aims to promote economic growth, social progress and cultural - Indo-pacific’s premier forum for strategic dialogue.
development within the south asia region. Asian regionalism
ARF - Focuses on the relationship between ideas and politics and
- ASEAN Regional Forum examines rapid growth of asia’s economy, financial stability and
- To foster constructive dialogue and consultation on political and regional economic integration
security issues of common interest and concern and to make Asia
significant contributions to efforts towards confidence building and - Holds almost 60% of world population
preventive diplomacy in the asia pacific region. - Produces 3/10 of global output
ASEAN +3 - Consistently records the world’s highest economic growth rates
- ASEAN plus Japan, china and south korea - Aims to boost bilateral Central asia
trade through: - Important in the silk road trade
1. New provisions on customs procedures and trade facilitation 2. East asia
Clearer guidelines to apply the reciprocal arrangement, and the - Cradle of ancient civilizations
inclusion of the parties’ line by line tariff reduction schedules to South asia
ensure transparency for businesses. - High population density; cradle of indian civilization
ASEAN +6 Southeast asia
- ASEAN plus Japan, china and south korea plus australia, new - Located in the asia-pacific ring of fire; historically the goal
zealand and india destination of the european expeditions that search for spice
- To increase the capacity of the group to invest in the commercial Middle east
potential and can compete with other regions. - Many are arid desert regions but serve as a gateways to major
bodies of water in the world
PIF Why do countries form regional organizations?
- Pacific Islands Forum - To cope up with the challenges of globalization such as military,
- For a region of peace, harmony, security, social inclusion and economic crisis, resources
prosperity, so that all pacific people can lead free, healthy, and The ere of globalization brought with it three (3) enormous problems,
productive lives. namely:
SEATO 1. Identity

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 2. Accountability - The global city transcends boundaries of nation-states
3. security - Sassen (1991) global cities are characterized by occupational and
Religion provides answer to these concerns: income polarization, with the highly paid professional class on the
1. It provides a sense of identity one end and providers of low paid services on the other.
2. Traditional religious leadership provides a sense of accountability Cosmopolitanism
3. Religion offers a sense of security - Phenomenon most readily associated with the global city. Large,
Nature diverse cities attract people, material and cultural products from all
- Globalization promotes the integration of economies across state over the world
borders all around the world but regionalization is precisely the Global cities are livable cities because:
opposite because it is dividing an area into smaller segments. - They provide jobs that pay an adequate wage
Market - They provide basic services, including safe water and adequate
- Globalization allows many company to trade on international level sanitation
so it allows free market but in regionalized system, monopolies are - They are void of discriminatory practices
more likely to develop. - People have access to educational opportunities and health care
Cultural and societal relations - People are not at risk of forced eviction
- Globalization accelerate to multiculturalism by free and inexpensive - People enjoy security of tenure in affordable housing
movement of people but regionalization does not support this. - People live in communities that are safe and environmentally clean
AID - The cities are governed through inclusive
- Globalized international community is also more willing to come to local democratic processes
the aid of a country stricken by a natural disaster but a regionalized Japanese mori foundation’s global power city index
system do not get involved in the affairs of other areas. - It measures the global power of cities using the combination of 6
- Economic partnership agreements most likely to blend trade with criteria:
aid 1. Economy
Technological advances 2. Research and development
- Globalization has driven great advances in technology but 3. Cultural interaction
advanced technology is rarely available in one country or region 4. Livability
Global city 5. Environment
- It has a central place in understanding contemporary spatial 6. accessibility
patterns of globalization Downsides of global city
- It is the main physical and geographic playground of the globalizing - High costs
forces - Alienation
- The global flows of people, capital and ideas are woven into the - Impersonality
daily lived experiences of its residents - Social isolation
- It means power, sophistication, wealth, and influence -The ideas - Discrimination against migrants of certain kinds
and values of the metropolis shape the world. Key issues
- Embodies both the good and the bad effects of globalization - Diversity and community

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 - Mobility and community narratives, symbols, and sacred histories that are intended to
Oral communication explain the meaning of life and provide guidance on how to live.
- Language allows human to cooperate - Religious practices often include rituals, prayer, meditation, and
- It allows sharing of information ethical or moral codes.
- It becomes the most important tool as human being explores the How does globalization affect religion?
world and experience different cultures - Globalization has a number of impacts on religion. For example, it
- It helps them move and settle down has made it easier for people to learn about different religions,
- It leads to market, trade and cross-continental trade convert to new religions, and practice their religion in a
Script transnational context. It has also led to the growth of new religious
- Allows human to communicate over a larger space and much movements and the spread of religious ideas and practices across
longer times borders.
- It allows for the written and permanent codification of economic,
cultural, religious, and political practice Positive Impacts of Globalization on Religion
Printing press Increased religious tolerance and understanding:
- It started the “information revolution” • Globalization has exposed people to different religions and cultures, which
- It has transformed social institutions such as schools, churches, has helped to promote religious tolerance and understanding.
governments and more Greater religious freedom:
Electronic media • Globalization has made it easier for people to practice their religion freely,
- Radio quickly became a global medium, reaching distant regions regardless of where they live
- Television is considered as the most powerful and pervasive mass Growth of new religious movements:
medium • Globalization has created an environment where new religious movements
Digital media can flourish.
- computer/new media Spread of religious ideas and practices:
- Computer allows citizens to access information from around the • Globalization has led to the spread of religious ideas and practices across
world borders, which has enriched the religious landscape of the world.
Impact of media
Negative Impact of Globalization on Religion
1. Personal / individual
Commercialization of religion:
2. Education
• Globalization has led to the commercialization of religion, with
3. Professional
some religious leaders and organizations becoming more focused on profit
4. Social
than on spiritual matters.
5. Media and economy
Rise of religious extremism:
6. Media and politics
• Globalization has also led to the rise of religious extremism, as some
7. Media and culture
religious groups have used the internet and other communication
Religion
technologies to spread their radical ideas and recruit new members.
- is a system of beliefs and practices that relates humanity to
Clash of civilizations:
spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. Many religions have

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• Some people have argued that globalization is leading to a "clash of - A sect is small, less formally organized group that usually
civilizations" between different religious and cultural groups. has separated from a denomination and is a negative
tension with larger societies.
Varieties of Religion • CULT
• ANIMATISM - A new religious movement (cult) is a loosely organized and
• ANIMISM transient religious beliefs and practices that are considered
• RELIGION novel and at odds with a society’s religious tradition.
Rodney Stark (1990)
World Religion Statistics - argued that during the past century, only one social science
1. Christianity thesis had near universal acceptance: the secularization thesis,
2. Islam which maintains that the global spread of modernization and of
3. Non-Religious more rational and pragmatic approaches to life inevitably leads
4. Hinduism to the decline of smallscale societies that are based on
5. Chinese Religions traditional and religious worldviews.
6. Primal Faiths
7. Buddhism
8. Sikhism From reference book:
9. Judaism
Levander and Mignolo (2011 :3)
Social Organization of Religion - explain, the important question may not be what the global south is but for
- The idea of religious visionaries can capture the public imagination and whom and under what conditions the global south becomes relevant.
inspire change, even social revolution. But in the long run, the
relative influence of any religion depends on religious communities Sparkle (2007)
that are organized to promote religious organizations into four ideal - the global south is everywhere, but it is also somewhere, and that
types: somewhere, located at the intersection of entangled political geographies of
• ECLESSIA dispossession and repossession.
- The ecclesia is a large formally organized religious body
that includes most members of society and is supported Grovogui (2011)
by and closely allied with secular and state powers. - The global south is not a directional designation or a point due south from a
• DENOMINATION fixed north.
- The denomination is one of a number of established,
socially accepted religious organizations that maintain The center represents the concentration of particular social, economic,
tolerant relations with other denominations in the context political, and cultural activities. The periphery, in contrast, is defined by
of religious pluralism. distance from the center, physically, socially, or economically.
• SECT

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UNCTAD (Established in 1964)
- is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with
trade, investment and development issues.
- It is also the United Nations focal point for the least developed countries.

Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) -the Spanish acronym

is CEPAL
- established in 1949
- a United Nations regional commission to encourage economic cooperation.

The centre-periphery (or core-periphery) model is a spatial metaphor

which
describes and attempts to explain the structural relationship between the
advanced or metropolitan 'centre' and a less developed 'periphery',
either within a particular country, or (more commonly) as applied to the
relationship between capitalist and developing
societies.