Topic

NAME: KHAIRUL ANUAR BIN HUSSAIN

I/C: 911114-11-5621

FORM: 4 IKRAM

DATE: 6th JUNE 2007

DATELINE: 25th JUNE 2007

THEME: INVESTIGATING THE CELL AS A UNIT OF LIVING

THING

LEARNING AREA: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: UNDERSTANDING ENZYMES

LEARNING OUTCOMES: A STUDENT IS ABLE TO:

a) EXPLAIN THE USES OF ENZYME IN
DAILY LIFE AN INDUSTRY USING
EXAMPLES

1
Introduction

Grateful to Allah because I can finish this task in

the given time. This biology task folio has been
prepared and written based on the information from
various source such as from teacher explain.
Firstly, this appreciation especially to my
biology teacher Pn. Shamhanim binti Abdul Jalil
because she give more tuition and opinion for this
folio from beginning to final this task.
This appreciation also refer to my family
members and my friends that was helped me to
complete the biology folio perfectly.
Here, I hope all people were forgiving me if I
have some mistake in the process to finish this task.
Lastly, I hope this folio can give the accurate
description about the important of enzyme in biology
detergents and the useful of enzyme industrial
catalysts.

2
OBJECTIVE

TO DISCUSS WHAT ARE BIOLOGICAL DETERGENTS AND STATE

WHY ENZYMES ARE USEFUL AS INDUSTRIAL CATALYSTS

PROBLEM STATEMENT

WHAT ARE THE USES OF ENZYMES IN OUR DAILY LIFE

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

3
 -COMPUTER
-SCRAP BOOK
-TEXT BOOK
-reference book

TECHNIQUE

INTERNET: news.chemicalonline.com

TEXT BOOK: BIOLOGY FORM FOUR

REFRENCE BOOK: BIOLOGY SUCCESS OXFORD FAJAR

(GAN WAN YEAT)

PROCEDURE

DATE / DAY EVENT

4
24th MAY 2007/THURDAY TEACHER GIVE THE TASK
BIOLOGY FOLIO
28th MAY 2007/Monday FIND INFORMATION ABOUT
ENZYME AT CYBER CAFÉ/
TEXT BOOK/MAGZINE
29th MAY 2007/TUESDAY ANALYSIS THE
INFORMATION ABOUT
ENZYME
1st JUNE 2007/FRIDAY ARRANGE THE DATA IN
FOLIO FORM
2nd JUNE 2007/SATURAY UPDATE THE FOLIO
3rd JUNE 2007/SUNDAY PRINT THE FOLIO
6TH JUNE 2007/TUESDAY BINDING THE FOLIO

IMFORMATION FINDING

Important of enzymes
Applications include the use of enzymes in
detergents and foods, and in the development of enzymatic processes for applications in
animal feed,

5
pharmaceuticals, and the baking industry. Amylases, for example, are used to convert
starch to sugars in baking,
brewing, making cereals, syrups and sugars and recovering sugars from scraps. Amylases
are also used in
producing pastes and binding agents from starches. Catalases are used in the cold
pasteurization of milk and in
the conversion of latex to foam rubber. Catalases are used for applications where
hydrogen peroxide has to be
removed, such as in contact lens cleaning systems, for bleaching of textiles and hair, and
in industrial processes
that generate hydrogen peroxide. Enzymes are also increasingly used in bioremediation.
Amylases reduce
insoluble carbohydrates in sewage. Proteases are used to break down proteins in sewage.
The total industrial enzyme market was close to $395 million in 1997, says a recently
published report from
Frost & Sullivan in http://news.chemicalonline.com. The enzymes with the highest
commercial growth
rates are cellulases, catalases, oxido-reductases, and phytases. The single most important
use for enzymes
worldwide is as the active 'biological' component of modern washing powders. Here,
proteases, amylases and
lipases are used to break down protein, starch and fatty stains. The last two decades have
seen a rapid growth of
industrial enzyme applications. Novel enzymes will be making inroads for new and
exciting applications for
industry within the next decade.

Uses of enzymes in daily life

DEU - Ultra Daily Enzymes

Your Key To Long Life

6
Maximize Your Health, Energy and Longevity with The Natural Power of Enzymes

Human life could not exist without enzymes. Every moment of our lives depends upon
millions of remarkably potent enzymes busily working within our bodies. These
enzymes power thousands of biochemical reactions that keep us alive, functioning and
healthy.

Without enzymes we couldn't see, think, breathe, hear, walk, talk, eat or do anything
else. Life could not exist in humans, plants or animals without these tiny miracle workers
building, maintaining and rejuvenating us.

As the human body ages, enzyme levels decline rapidly, diminishing our health and
vitality. Tests have shown that a 70-year-old has less than 10 percent of the cellular
enzymes found in infants.

One bottle contains 90 capsules.

See Pricing Information or Place Order

DEU Ultra Daily Enzymes Retail Price Dealer/Preferred Customer Price

DEU01 (1 bottle) $33.30 $23.50
DEU06 (6 bottles) $199.20 $134.40

Ultra Daily Enzymes

• Maximizes your health, energy and

longevity by supporting the body's
metabolic enzymes
• Reverses enzyme depletion that may be
robbing you of a longer, healthier, more
vigorous life
• Improves nutrition by fully extracting the
life-sustaining nutrients from your food

• Supports digestion by replacing food

enzymes destroyed by cooking and
processing food.*

You may be doing all the right things, such as eating a good diet, taking nutritional
supplements and exercising daily, but still feel tired and run down. Foods that lack
7
Uses of enzymes in food processing
Enzymes have many applications in modern food processing. Enzyme properties benefit
both the food industry and the consumer. Their specificity offers food manufacturers finer
product control, while their efficiency, requiring low energy inputs and mild conditions
result in distinctive environmental advantages.

Specialty Enzymes and Biochemicals Co. has established a wide range of protease
enzyme products used to produce food-protein hydrolysates with reduced viscosity,
improved solubility, flavor, nutritional, and emulsifying characteristics. Products like
SEB-Brolase and SEB-Prolase rapidly hydrolyze both animal and plant proteins to
reduce or eliminate gel formation on heating. They are used to hydrolyze soy, pea, yeast,
maize and wheat-flour proteins to produce non-bitter, protein hydrolysates. Pre-processed
or separated plant and milk proteins such as soya isolates and concentrates, casein and
whey can be easily hydrolyzed to produce non-bitter protein hydrolysates suitable for use
as active ingredients in dietary supplements, functional beverages, fermented foods,
baked goods and other foods. Our lines of food processing protease enzyme products are
also used as a meat tenderizer and to hydrolyze meat and fish proteins to produce non-
bitter, protein hydrolysates.

SEB-Acid, SEB-Alkaline and SEB-Neutral are different types of protease enzymes

used in food processing applications to break down and increase the solubility,
dispersibility and digestibility of proteins. They also hydrolyze vegetable and animal
proteins to peptides, polypeptides, and small amounts of amino acids.

8
SEBzyme-XL and CelluSEB is used for extraction, for liquefaction of plant materials
and for downstream processing in the food, starch, alcohol and brewing industries. In the
food industry, these products are used to improve the processing and extraction of wheat
and corn gluten, soybean protein, cereal starch, seed and nut oils, flavors and colors,
coffee, tea and other botanical extracts.

All of our food processing products are Kosher and non-GMO and are manufactured
under a quality management system consistent with International Quality System
Standard ISO 9002. Purity specifications comply with FAO/WHO JECFA, FCC and
IFOAM recommended standards for food-grade enzymes. We also specialize in making
custom-made enzyme blends to fit our client's needs

Food Processing Product Range Home

Protein - Functional Foods

9
 Product Application Benefits

SEB-Prolase PL Protease used to • Increases protein solubility and reduces viscosity

SEB-Prolase hydrolyze Soya, • Increases protein nutritional value
P100L pea, yeast, • Improves functional, non-bitter protein hydrolysates
SEB-Prolase PX maize, and
• Improves protein flavor and taste
SEB-Prolase wheat-flour
P600X proteins to • Increases protein emulsifying and foaming properties
SEB-Prolase P produce non- • Increases water absorption capacity
Conc bitter, protein
hydrolysates
SEB-Neutral P Protease used • Hydrolyzes both animal and vegetable proteins
SEB-Neutral PL for production • Breaks down and increase protein dispersibility,
meat/plant food solubility, palatability and digestibility
flavor enhancers
SEB-Alkaline P Protease used to • Increases protein solubility, particularly at isoelectric
SEB-Alkaline hydrolyze Soya, point
PL pea, yeast, • Reduces protein viscosity, and gel forming
maize, and characteristics
wheat-flour • Increases protein emulsifying and foaming properties
proteins to
• Increases water absorption capacity
produce
functional, • Easily controllable protein hydrolysis at high
protein temperatures
hydrolysates • Low to no salt content compared to acid hydrolyzed
proteins
• High quality protein hydrolysates with no undesirable
chlorinated by-products
SEB-Pro P Protease used to • Increases protein solubility and reduces viscosity
SEB-Pro PX hydrolyze Soya, • Increases protein nutritional value
SEB-Pro PL pea, yeast, • Improves functional, non-bitter protein hydrolysates
maize, and
• Improves protein flavor and taste
wheat-flour
proteins to • Increases protein emulsifying and foaming properties
produce non- • Increases water absorption capacity
bitter, savory
protein
hydrolysates
SEB-Brolase PL Protease used to • Increases protein solubility and reduces viscosity
SEB-Brolase PX hydrolyze Soya, • Increases protein nutritional value
SEB-Brolase pea, yeast, • Improves functional, non-bitter protein hydrolysates
P600X maize, and
• Improves protein flavor and taste
SEB-Brolase wheat flour
P1200X proteins to • Increases protein emulsifying and foaming properties
SEB-Brolase P produce non- • Increases water absorption capacity
Conc bitter protein
hydrolysates
SEBAcid-P Acid protease
SEBAcid-PL used for the • Breaks down and increase protein dispersibility,
production of solubility, palatability and digestibility
meat and plant
food flavor
enhancers
SEB-CTmP Chymotrypsin • Increases
10 protein nutritional value
used to • Improves protein flavor and taste
hydrolyze milk
and milk
Protein - Industrial Protein

Product Application Benefits

SEBDigest-BP Protease used • Rapidly liquefies animal tissue to improve extraction of
SEBDigest-BL for extraction of cellular components
intracellular
components
from animal
tissue and for
production of
feed protein

Uses of enzyme in the textile industry

Denim is back in fashion. And today, simple variations in the enzymatic wash cycle make
a wide range of denim looks possible. Specialty Enzymes and Biochemicals has enzyme
blends that make desizing, fading and biopolishing in denim processing more efficient.

Specialty Enzymes’ variety of desizing agents, such as SEBdsize-5XL, (low temp. 35 –

40°C), Supersize (moderate temp. 52 – 58°C) and SEBstar-HTL (stable at high temp.
above 85°C), are effective for use in the first step of desizing. Washing involves two

11
enzymatic wash cycles. The size (normally starch based) needs to be removed to allow
the action of the fading enzyme in the first step of desizing.

The look of a garment depends entirely on the enzyme-based formulations used for
fading (Faders). Specialty Enzymes has faders acting at acidic and neutral pH levels. The
performance of a product during garment washing depends not only on the enzymes but
also on the ingredients used in the formulation. Specialty Enzymes’ range of products in
liquid (Denicell and Denifade) and powder (Nutrastone NC and Fadex 500) form offer
laundry managers a choice in achieving the desired effect on a garment.

Another major application for enzyme-based formulations in the garment industry is

biopolishing. Specialty Enzymes’ biopolishers, such as Denisoft and Denistone PW help
manufacturers achieve a permanent soft feel, increased absorbency and cool breathing
nature of the fabric. More and more manufacturers are reducing the use of chemicals, like
cationic softeners and silicones, and opting for enzyme-based biopolishing agents,
particularly due to their ability to obtain permanent softness.

Enzymes for Textile

At Maps, we continuously develop our product line in order to have innovative enzymes
with unique performance features for existing and new applications within the textile
industry. Our R&D aims to provide innovative products for fabric treatment reducing
process time, chemical consumption and energy costs in compliance with sustainable
development.

We provide a range of enzymes like amylases, cellulases, catalase, pectinase and protease
for various textile wet-processing applications like desizing, bio-polishing, denim
finishing, bleach clean-up, bio-scouring and de-wooling.

Desizing

12
For fabrics made from cotton or blends, the warp threads are coated with an adhesive
substance know as 'size‘; to prevent the threads breaking during weaving. Although many
different compounds have been used to size fabrics, starch and its derivatives have been
the most common sizing agent. After weaving, the size must be removed again in order to
prepare the fabric for dyeing and finishing.

This process (desizing) must be carried out by treating the fabric with chemicals such as
acids, alkali or oxidising agents. However starchbreaking enzymes (amylases) are
preferred for desizing due to their high efficiency and specific action. Amylases bring
about complete removal of the size without any harmful effects on the fabric. Another
benefit of enzymes compared to strong chemicals mentioned above is that enzymes are
environment friendly.

Maps offers a range of amylases for desizing which work at different temperatures and
for different equipments.

Palkozyme Alpha amylase for low-medium temperature conventional desizing.

Palkozyme Ultra Alpha amylase for low-medium temperature desizing
Palkozyme Plus Alpha amylase for high temperature desizing
Palkozyme HT Heat-stable alpha amylase for high temperature desizing
Palkozyme CLX Alpha amylase for low temperature desizing

| TOP |

Bio-Polishing

Cotton and other natural fibres based on cellulose can be improved by an enzymatic
treatment known as BioPolishing. This treatment gives the fabric a smoother and glossier
appearance. The treatment is used to remove 'fuzz' - the tiny strands of fibre that protrude
from the surface of yarn. A ball of fuzz is called a 'pill' in the textile trade. After Bio-
Polishing, the fuzz and pilling are reduced. The other benefits of removing fuzz are a
softer and smoother handle, and superior colour brightness.

Maps offers a range of cellulases for bio-polishing which work on depending on fibre,
fabric type and equipments.

13
Palkofeel Cellulase for bio-polishing cotton and blended fabric and garment
Palkofeel C Cellulase for bio-polishing cotton fabric and garments
Palkosoft Cellulase for bio-polishing cotton and blended fabric and garment

| TOP |

Denim Finishing

Many garments are subjected to a wash treatment to give them a slightly worn look;
example is the stonewashing of denim jeans. In the traditional stonewashing process, the
blue denim was faded by the abrasive action of pumice stones on the garment surface.
Nowadays, denim finishers are using a special cellulase.

Cellulase works by loosening the indigo dye on the denim in a process know as ‘Bio-
Stonewashing'. A small dose of enzyme can replace several kilograms of pumice stones.
The use of less pumice stones results in less damage to garment, machine and less pumice
dust in the laundry environment.

BioStonewashing has opened up new possibilities in denim finishing by increasing the

variety of finishes available. For example, it is now possible to fade denim to a greater
degree without running the risk of damaging the garment. Productivity can also be
increased because laundry machines contain fewer stones or no stones and more
garments.

Maps offers a range of cellulases for denim finishing, each with its own special
properties. These can be used either alone or in combination with pumice stones in order
to obtain a specific look.

Cellulase for bio-stonewashing denims used in garment wet-

Palkowash
processing
Cellulase for bio-stonewashing denims used in garment wet-
Palkostone
processing
Cellulase for bio-stonewashing denims used in garment wet-
Palkocel
processing

| TOP |

Bleach Clean-up

Natural fabrics such as cotton are normally bleached with hydrogen peroxide before
dyeing. Bleaches are highly reactive chemicals and any peroxide left on the fabric can

14
interfere with the dyeing process. A thorough 'Bleach Cleanup' is necessary. The
traditional method is to neutralize the bleach with a reducing agent, but the dose has to be
controlled precisely. Enzymes present a more convenient alternative because they are
easier and quicker to use. A small dose of catalase is capable of breaking down hydrogen
peroxide into water and oxygen. Compared with the traditional cleanup methods, the
enzymatic process results in cleaner waste water or reduced water consumption.

Maps offer catalase for removing residual hydrogen peroxide after the bleaching of
cotton. It reduces the rinsing necessary to remove bleach or it can be used to replace
chemical treatments.

Catalase for bleach clean-up i.e. removal residual hydrogen peroxide

Palkoperox
after the bleaching of cotton.

| TOP |

Bio-Scouring

Cotton yarn or fabric, prior to dyeing or printing, goes through a number of processes in a
textile processing unit. A very important process is scouring. In this process, non-
cellulosic components from native cotton are completely or partially removed.

Scouring gives a fabric with a high and even wet ability so that it can be bleached and
dyed successfully. Today, highly alkaline chemicals caustic soda are used for scouring.
These chemicals not only remove the non-cellulosic impurities from the cotton, but also
attack the cellulose leading to heavy strength loss and weight loss in the fabric.

15
Furthermore, using these hazardous chemicals result in high COD (chemical oxygen
demand), BOD (biological oxygen demand) and TDS, in the waste water

Recently a new enzymatic scouring process know as ‘Bio-Scouring' is used in textile wet-
processing with which all non-cellulosic components from native cotton are completely
or partially removed. After this Bio-Scouring process, the cotton has an intact cellulose
structure, with lower weight loss and strength loss. The fabric gives better wetting and
penetration properties, making subsequent bleach process easy and resultantly giving
much better

Textiles Product Range Home

16
 Application Benefits

Product
SEBcell - A cellulase • Increases "stone washed" effect on denim fabrics when
Super 70 used for the used with abrasives
abrasion of • Significantly softens cotton fabric
denim fabrics, • Removes fuzz and pill balls from garments
to give a "stone
• Completely inactivated by wash-off and alkali treatment
washed" effect

SEBdsize - Amylase used • Excellent starch-size removal at medium water

B5XL for de-sizing temperatures
SEBdsize - fabrics and • Effective removal of starch-sizing with a variety of de-
Conc garments sizing equipment and procedures
• Slightly acid to alkaline conditions, will not damage or
weaken textile fibers
• Compatible with surfactants commonly used in de-sizing
• Improves fabric dye up-take and efficiency of finishing
chemicals
Rapidenz Heat stable • Size removal is quick, efficient and without re-deposition
Rapidenz HT bacterial • Operational at neutral pH and a variety of temperature
SEBstar-HTL amylase for range
high • Reduces post desizing scouring period
temperature
• Operationally economical than conventional low cost
desizing of
desizing
fabrics and
garments

Supersize Mixture of • Effective removal of size

starch digesting • Waste liquor has significantly less BOD, COD and thus,
enzymes has less polluting
been developed • Use of enzyme does not affect fabric strength irrespective
for desizing of treatments time
application in
• The enzyme bath water is harmless to operate and non-
pit soak or low
corrosive to equipment
capital
investment
processing units

Starzyme Mixture of • Reduction in process time

ABS various acid • Low treatment time, thus minimal strength loss
Fadex 500 cellulases has • The enzyme bath water is harmless to operators and non-
Super Fader been developed corrosive to equipment
Denifade especially for
• Overall economy in treatment costs per jean
Denicell wash down
effect in
garments
Neutrastone Neutral • Reduced or negligible Back staining
NC cellulase • Reduction in process time
enzyme • Low treatment time, thus minimal strength loss
developed for
• The enzyme
17 bath water is harmless to operators and non-
wash-down
corrosive to equipment
effect on denim
and printed • Overall economy in treatment costs per jean
Uses of enzyme in the leather industry
Enzymes for Leather

One of the oldest applications of industrial enzymes is processing hides and skins for
leather. Hides and skins contain proteins and fat in between collagen fibres and before
tanning; these substances should be partially and fully removed. The proteins can be
removed by proteases and lipases as well as other chemicals can remove the fat. Today,
proteases and lipases are mainly used for soaking, bating and enzyme assisted un-hairing.
Using lipases to dissolve and remove fat is a recent development and lipases are now
extensively used for leather processing in many parts of the world.

Maps is a major supplier of enzyme to the leather industry in India and across the globe.
We offer total enzyme solutions for bating, un-haring, degreasing and soaking in the
beam-house processes. With the introduction of our new range of products based on
Microorganisms, we assure to provide clean and green leather tanneries.

18
Bating

To make leather pliable, the hides and skins require an enzymatic treatment before
tanning know as bating. During bating, scud is loosened and other unwanted proteins are
removed. Bating de-swells swollen pelts and prepares leather for tanning. It makes the
grain surface of the finished leather clean, smooth and fine. Bating with enzymes is an
indispensable operation of leather processing to obtain best quality of leather and cannot
be substituted with a chemical process.

Traditional methods for bating employed manure of dog, pigeon or hen. These were very
unpleasant, unreliable and slow methods. Bio-technical developments in science have
now completely replaced these methods with use of industrial enzymes.

Maps offers a range of proteases for bating which work in different pH conditions.

Palkobate Protease for bating in alkaline pH conditions

Palkocid Protease for bating in acidic pH conditions

Soaking

Soaking is first important operation of leather processing. Hides and skins received into a
tannery are in the four conditions, as green or fresh, as wet salted, as dry salted or as
dried. It is advisable to carry out soaking for all types of skin and hides to obtain best
quality leather. Soaking cleans hides and skins by removing dirt, blood, flesh, grease,
dung etc. and most importantly, re-hydrates them to bring skins as far as possible back to
state of green hides. Soaking agents fall into three categories, like Chemical Agents,
Surface-active agents and Enzymatic agents.

Enzymatic agents are biocatalyst. Specific protease and lipase enzymes enhance water
uptake by dissolving intrafibrillary proteins that cement fibres together and disperse fats
and oils together with dirt and other contaminants present on skin.

19
Maps offers a range of protease and lipase for soaking which work in different pH
conditions.

Palkosoak A mixture of protease and lipase for soaking in alkaline pH conditions

Palkosoak ACP A mixture of protease and lipase for soaking in acidic pH conditions

Un-hairing

The conventional and most wide spread way to remove hair from bovine hides is to use
lime and sodium sulphide in a hair-burning process. They dissolve the hair and open up
the fibre structure.

Most importantly, enzyme-assisted un-hairing results in a cleaner grain surface and

improved area yield and softness. The use of a specific protease also offers tanneries a
number of options. For instance, the sulphide and lime requirements can be reduced by as
much as 40% while maintaining the same liming time. Alternatively tanners can shorten
the liming time by at least half without any loss of quality. Another possibility is to avoid
the use of amines, which can be converted into carcinogenic compounds.

The hair-burning process is the most widespread but a better alternative to this, is the
hair-saving process, which is environment friendly, where the hair is not dissolved but
can be filtered out from the liming float. It is possible to reduce the COD up to 50% and
BOD up to 30% in waste discharges.

Maps offers a specific protease for un-hairing which can be used either alone or in
combination lime and sodium sulphide

Palkodehair Protease for un-hairing in high alkaline pH conditions

Degreasing

Lipases are a type of enzyme that specifically degrades fat and so cannot damage the
leather itself. Lipases hydrolyse not just the fat on the outside of the hides and skins, but
also the fat inside the skin structure. Once most of the natural fat has been removed,
subsequent chemical treatments such as tanning, re-tanning and dyeing have a better
effect.

The main advantages of using lipases are a more uniform colour and a cleaner
appearance. Lipases also improve the production of hydrophobic (waterproof) leather;
makers of leather for car upholstery have commented that 'fogging' is reduced. This is the
term for the build-up of a film of chemicals on the inside of car windscreens

Lipases represent a more environmentally sound method of removing fat. For bovine
hides, lipases allow tensides to be replaced completely. For sheepskins, which contain up

20
to 40% fat, the use of solvents is very common and these can also be replaced with
lipases and surfactants. Solvents tend to dry out the skin and give it a pale colour

If surfactants are used for sheepskins, they are usually not as effective and may be
harmful to the environment. Stronger surfactants such as nonyl phenol ethoxylate have a
better effect but they are more detrimental to the environment. When using lipases, the
original surfactant dosage can be reduced by at least 50% in the case of both sheepskins
and pigskins. In addition, nonyl phenol ethoxylate can be substituted with more
biodegradable surfactants.

Maps offers a range of lipases for degreasing which work in different pH conditions

Palkodegrease Lipase for degreasing in neutral to alkaline pH conditions

Palkodegrease AL Lipase for degreasing in acidic pH conditions

Uses of enzyme in the pharmaceutical and

medical industry
Specialty Enzymes and Biochemicals Co. has non-animal derived enzyme blends, as well
as pancreatic enzyme blends, that are safe and effective disease prevention and treatment
measures.

Every activity in the body such as building new tissues, replacing old tissues, converting
food to energy, disposing waste materials and even reproduction requires enzymes. Thus,
depleting the body’s enzyme capacity is the cause of all the pains, sprains, injuries,
inflammation, indigestion, immune deficiency, and degenerative diseases like cancer,
cardiovascular disease and infection.

Unlike common medicinal products that temporarily relieve some problems, enzymes
address the dominant underlying causes of many health problems.

Specialty Enzymes’ bacterial blend Peptizyme SP is being used as a highly effective

alternative to antibiotics in many countries. It treats inflammatory disorders, by not only

21
fighting inflammation, but also relieving pain and swelling, improving recovery time and
stimulating the immune system. Peptizyme SP has a "scavenging" effect. It helps chelate
the heavy metals through which the body release toxins, and hence modulates the
immune system, addresses hormonal imbalances and speeds wound and tissue repair
time.

The fungal enzyme lipase helps digest fat and reduce deposits of adipose and cholesterol,
useful for people with a high fat intake. Specialty Enzymes’ lipase products are also used
to treat cardiovascular infection and aid in weight reduction.

Another alternative to animal-derived products is papain, which is derived from papaya

fruit. Our papain products help prevent tissue damage, reduce pain and aid digestion.

Pancreatic enzymes, animal-derived enzymes, are the army of the body’s defense
mechanism, analogous in function to white blood cells and antibodies. They have two
important functions in the body, digestion of foods and routine cancer eradication. A diet
comprised mostly of refined foods and meats may result in an acidic body chemistry that
depletes the bodies natural pancreatic enzymes. Taking Specialty Enzymes’ pancreatin
supplements orally before bed is a good cancer prevention measure and allows a person
to be work the next day without protein consumption.

Recurrent back pain can be treated with various doses of chymotrypsin, trypsin and
pancreatin. Pancreatic enzyme blends help relieve pain, speed tissue repair and bring
nutrients to the damaged area.

Our pancreatin and chymotrypsin blends are also used to treat diseases caused by
pancreatic deficiency, like cystic fibrosis. Specialty Enzyme’s trypsin products are used
to remove coagulated blood, applied as a dressing and also given as an intra-muscular
injection.

The enzyme lactase, produced in the small intestine, helps digest milk sugar lactose. It is
not sufficiently produced in some humans, resulting in a condition that can cause gas,
intestinal bloating, cramps, diarrhea and stomach distress. Specialty Enzymes’ lactase
supplement is safe and effective in treating these problems.

Pharmaceutical Product Range Home

22
 Product Application Benefits
Papain USP Plant enzyme • Speeds recovery from sports and minor injuries
used as a • Prevents tissue damage during inflammation
digestive aid
and as an anti-
inflammatory
agent
Pancreatin Enzyme used • Facilitates digestion and assimilation of food components
USP for treatment in the intestinal tract
of conditions • Reduces the nitrogen and fat content of stool
in which the • Speeds recovery from sports and minor injuries
secretion of
• Prevents tissue damage during inflammation
pancreatic
juice is • Useful for people with pancreatic insufficiency and
deficient autoimmune disease
Trypsin USP Enzyme used • Speeds recovery from sports and minor injuries
as a digestive • Aids digestion / Reduces flatulence
aid and as an • Prevents tissue damage during inflammation
anti-
• Useful for people with pancreatic insufficiency and
inflammatory
autoimmune disease
agent
Chymotrypsin Enzyme used • Speeds recovery from sports and minor injuries
USP as a digestive • Aids digestion / Reduces flatulence
aid and as an • Prevents tissue damage during inflammation
anti-
• Useful for people with pancreatic insufficiency and
inflammatory
autoimmune disease
agent

Lactase FCC Non-animal • Aids digestion of lactose

source enzyme • Useful for people with lactose intolerance
used as a
digestive aid
and to treat
lactose
intolerance
Fungal Lipase Non-animal • Promotes better digestion of fats
FIP source enzyme
used as a
digestive aid
Biodiastase JP Non-animal • Aids digestion
source enzyme
complex used
23
in various
digestive aid
preparations
Uses of enzyme in manufacturing of
detergents
Enzymes have been used to improve the cleaning efficiency of detergents for more than
35 years, and are now well accepted as ingredients in powder and liquid detergents, stain
removers/laundry pre-spotters, automatic dishwashing detergents and
industrial/institutional cleaning products. Detergent enzymes account for about 30% of
the total worldwide enzyme production and represent one of the largest and most
successful applications of modern industrial biotechnology.

Enzymes used in detergents are protein catalysts that consist of long chains of amino
acids. They are similar to protein catalysts present in all living cells where they control
metabolic processes, convert food nutrients to simple molecules, convert these molecules
to energy and to new cell material. As catalysts; enzymes speed up specific chemical
reactions, in mild conditions of temperature and pH, without being altered or consumed
in the process. Consequently, small quantities of enzyme can repeatedly catalyze the
break down of millions of molecules in minutes. Enzymes function optimally in
detergents at temperatures of 20 - 60C and within a pH range of pH 7.5 - 10.5.

The performance of enzymes in detergents depends on number of factors, including the

detergent’s composition, type of stains to be removed, wash temperature, washing
procedure and wash-water hardness. To help formulators optimize enzymatic detergent
washing efficiency, Specialty Enzymes provides wash laboratory technical services. In
our wash laboratory, customer, base detergents are evaluated on standard soils in both a
model wash system (Terg-O-Tometer) and in full-scale household washing machines.

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Household Laundry Detergents and Stain Removers
Modern household laundry detergents must effectively clean and remove the most
difficult stains at low washing temperatures and short wash times. Addition of detergent
enzymes, manufactured by Specialty Enzymes, to laundry detergents and direct-
application stain removers improves detergent cleaning performance, renews whiteness,
color and appearance of garments. Enzymes designed for use in cleaning applications are
compatible with all commonly used detergent components such as nonionic and most
anionic surfactants, builders, anti-redeposition agents, optical brighteners and oxygen-
releasing bleaching agents. Use of enzymes in household laundry detergents is
environment friendly, since all our enzyme products are non-toxic completely
biodegradable and help reduce clothes-washing energy consumption.

The most widely used Specialty Enzymes detergent enzymes efficiently hydrolyze or
make water-soluble, food-protein, carbohydrate and fat stains. Specialty Enzymes
products, SEBrite-BP are a range of alkaline proteases that when added to surfactant-
containing liquid and powder laundry detergents or pre-spotters, enhance the removal of
protein-containing stains such as milk, egg, soya, blood, grass and body fluids of human
origin. Dried protein-containing stains tend to strongly adhere to textile fibers binding
other soils including inorganic material, dirt and colored substances. Specialty Enzymes
detergent proteases breakdown protein-containing stains into more water-soluble
peptides, amino acids that can be rinsed away more easily. The use of Specialty Enzymes
detergent alpha-amylases enzymes such as SEBrite-BA and SEBrite-A in liquid and
powder laundry detergents solubilizes starch-containing stains such as baby food,
spaghetti, mashed potatoes, oatmeal, gravy, chocolate, tomato sauce and other starch
thickened foods. Addition of our alpha-amylases to laundry detergents and laundry pre-
spotters, enhances removal of starch-containing stain residues, increases fabric whiteness,
and reduces re-deposition of starch-containing stains on co-washed garments and fabrics.

To enhance stain removal, brighten the color, and soften cotton and cotton-containing
garments, Specialty Enzymes offers a laundry-detergent compatible cellulase enzyme,
SEBrite-COLOR. SEBrite-COLOR, effectively removes cotton cellulose microfibrils
on wear and wash-damaged cotton garments. Repeated washing of cotton-containing
garments with a laundry detergent containing SEBrite-COLOR, improves soil removal,
brightens fabric color, softens and restores original garment appearance.

The removal of fatty food stains, cosmetics and sebum from garments by laundry
detergents formulated for use at lower washing temperatures and more neutral pH’s can
be enhanced by addition of our detergent lipase enzyme, SEBrite-L. Problematic stains
such as lipstick, salad oil, animal fat and butter are removed from clothes after several
washes with liquid and powder laundry detergents containing SEBrite-L.

Automatic Dishwashing Detergents Household and institutional automatic dishwashing

detergent formulations have traditionally been, high pH, chlorine, phosphate and
metasilicate-containing products. However, to improve the low-temperature wash
performance and to reduce the environmental impact, automatic dishwashing detergents
have been reformulated with reduced alkalinity, and no or reduced concentrations of

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phosphates and metasilicates. To maintain and improve the wash performance of these
reformulated automatic dishwashing detergents, protease and amylase enzymes, SEBrite-
BP and <>SEBrite-BA have been added. Testing has shown that reduced-pH automatic
dishwashing detergents containing SEBrite-BP and SEBrite-BA<>, remove film and
spot-forming protein and starch deposits on glassware, cutlery and plates more effectively
than traditional high-pH, alkaline automatic dishwashing detergents. <>

Industrial/Institutional Detergents Industrial and institutional laundries have traditionally

used strongly alkaline detergents and high temperature washing. However, because of
increasing wastewater treatment and energy costs, many industrial and institutional
laundries have opted to use enzyme-containing detergents as an effective means of
reducing costs and maintaining cleaning performance at lower temperatures and
alkalinity.

<>Specialty Enzymes' protease and amylase enzymes, SEBalase-BP and SEBrite-BA

can be used cost-effectively to improve the wash performance of reduced-pH, low
temperature industrial and institutional laundry detergents used to remove blood, body
fluids, organic material and food soils from hospital, restaurant and slaughterhouse
textiles. When washing at lower pH values and temperatures, Specialty Enzymes' lipase
enzyme, SEBrite-L can be effectively used to boost detergent wash performance and
remove difficult oil and fat stains. Many industrial and hospital laundries are able to
significantly reduce re-washing, and bleach consumption, by pre-spotting or soaking
heavily soiled items with an enzyme-containing detergent. To soften and extend the life
of white and colored cotton-containing institutional linens such as sheets, tablecloths and
napkins, a laundry detergent containing our cellulase enzyme, SEBrite-COLOR is
used.<>

Cleaning and disinfecting hard surfaces in food manufacturing plants and buildings
contaminated by bacteria and fungi, is increasing being done with enzyme-containing
detergents. Specialty Enzymes protease SEBalase-BP and cellulase, SEBrite-COLOR,
when used in cleaning agents applied to hard surfaces, prevent the accumulation of
organic material and helps reduce the growth of microorganisms. SEBrite-L, our lipase
enzyme, when used in hard surface cleaners increases the water solubility and speeds the
removal of animal and vegetable fats and oils.

Medical Instrument Cleaning Detergents

Standard practices for cleaning, disinfection and re-use of flexible fiberoptic endoscopes,
surgical instruments and other medical devices include manual pre-cleaning, and
automated washing/reprocessing with a highly concentrated enzyme-containing
detergent, followed by high-level disinfection. Manual pre-cleaning usually includes a
one to ten minute pre-soak in a cleaning solution containing an enzyme-containing
detergent followed by brushing of irregular surfaces to remove particulate matter.
Specialty Enzymes protease and lipase enzymes SEBalase-M and SEBrite-M.

< cleaning. automated and manual during oils lubricating fat debris, proteinaceous
remove effectively to detergents instrument medical in used>

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Filter Membrane Cleaning Detergents
The use of ultra, nano and reverse osmosis filtration systems, in food processing, for the
production of drinking water and for industrial wastewater treatment has grown
considerably in the last 10 years. Previous generation industrial filtration systems were
expensive and costly to operate because they required frequent downtime for membrane
cleaning. Filter membrane technology has recently improved to the point that newer,
hollow-fiber, direct and crossflow filtration systems can be operated for long periods
without fouling. Ultra- and nano-filters used to filter beverages such as wine, fruit juice,
beer and milk are most commonly cleaned and disinfected daily with caustic and
chlorine. However, to maximize filter flux rates and extend membrane operating-life,
beverage filters can be effectively cleaned using enzyme-containing detergents.
Depending on the beverage type, mixtures of Specialty Enzymes protease enzymes SEB-
Prolase P or SEBalase-PB, carbohydrase enzyme, CelluSEB-T, alpha-amylase enzyme
SEBamyl-B, Spectinase enzyme, ExtractSEB-R and lipase enzyme, SEBrite-L can be
used in situ to effectively clean filter membranes fouled with protein, starches, fats, gums,
cellulose and pectin residues. Depending on the feed water source, ultra-filters and
reverse osmosis systems used to produce drinking water and purify waste-waters, are
frequently backwashed and therefore need cleaning and disinfecting less frequently. The
filter membranes in these newer, low-fouling filtration systems, are weakly charged
polymers that cannot be cleaned with caustic and chlorine. To clean these pH and
chlorine-sensitive filter membranes, low-ionic strength, enzyme-containing detergents
have been developed. Detergents containing mixtures of Specialty Enzymes protease
enzymes SEB-Prolase P, SEBrite-BP and SEBalase-BP, carbohydrase enzyme such as
CelluSEB-T and our lipase enzyme, SEBrite-L can be used in situ to effectively clean
filter membranes fouled with microbial cells, slimes and other organic material. Disposal
of enzyme-containing filter-cleaning solutions does not add to plant effluent treatment

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costs because these detergents are used in low concentrations, are non-toxic and
completely biodegradable.

All our detergent-industry enzyme products are technical-grade, Kosher, and produced by
GRAS certified, non-GMO microorganisms.

Enzymes for Detergent

For most people, the most popular known application of enzymes is in the manufacture of
enzymatic washing agents (detergents). Since last 40 years, the use of enzymes in
detergents has been the largest of all enzyme applications. Consumers of detergents are
actual users of an enzymatic product. In majority of other applications, enzymes are used
as auxiliary agents at some point in the manufacturing process and are not, as a rule,
present in the finished product - not at any rate in an active form.

Proteases

Proteases are the most widely used enzymes in the detergent industry. They remove
protein stains such as grass, blood, egg and human sweat.

These organic stains have a tendency to adhere strongly to textile fibres. The proteins act
as glues, preventing the waterborne detergent systems from removing some of the other
components of the soiling, such as pigments and street dirt.

The inefficiency of nonenzymatic detergents at removing proteins can result in permanent

stains due to oxidation and denaturing caused by bleaching and drying. Blood, for
example, will leave a rustcoloured spot unless it is removed before bleaching.

Proteases hydrolyse proteins and break them down into more soluble polypeptides or free
amino acids. As a result of the combined effect of surfactants and enzymes, stubborn
stains can be removed from fibres.

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Lipases

Though enzymes can easily digest protein stains, oily and fatty stains have always been
troublesome to remove. The trend towards lower washing temperatures has made the
removal of grease spots an even bigger problem. This applies particularly to materials
made up of a blend of cotton and polyester. The lipase is capable of removing fatty stains
such as fats, butter, salad oil, sauces and the tough stains on collars and cuffs.

Amylases

Amylases are used to remove residues of starch-based foods like potatoes, spaghetti,
custards, gravies and chocolate. This type of enzyme can be used in laundry detergents as
well as in dishwashing detergents.

Cellulases

The development of detergent enzymes has mainly focused on enzymes capable of

removing stains. However, a cellulase enzyme has properties enabling it to modify the
structure of cellulose fibre on cotton and cotton blends. When it is added to a detergent, it
results into the following effects:

Colour brightening-When garments made of cotton or cotton blends have been washed
several times, they tend to get a 'fluffy' look and the colours become duller. This effect is
due to the formation of microfibrils that become partly detached from the main fibres.
The light falling on the garment is reflected back to a greater extent giving the impression
that the colour is duller. These fibrils, however, can be degraded by the cellulase enzyme,
restoring a smooth surface to the fibre and restoring the garment to its original colour.

Softening-The enzyme also has a significant softening effect on the fabric, probably due
to the removal of the microfibrils.

Soil removal-Some dirt particles are trapped in the network of microfibrils and are
released when the microfibrils are removed by the cellulase enzyme.

Maps offers a range of protease and lipase for various detergent applications.

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Palkogent Alkaline protease for removal of protein stains, which works in
alkaline pH conditions
Alkaline lipase for removal of fatty and oil stains, which works in
Palkolipase
alkaline pH conditions

Detergents Product Range Home

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 Product Application Benefits
SEBrite®BPP Alkaline protease • Excellent cleaning performance at low water
SEBrite®BPL used in laundry temperatures
SEBrite®BPG detergents and • Effective removal of organic, protein-containing
SEBrite®- cleaning products stains when used in detergent or pre-soak products
BP16.0L to remove protein- • Works in mild conditions, will not damage fabrics
SEBalase-BPP containing stains or corrode metal, plastic or rubber materials
SEBalase-BPL such as grass,
• Improves cleaning efficiency of detergents
SEBalase-BPG blood, mucus,
feces, and foods
SEBrite®AP Alpha-amylase • Excellent cleaning performance at warm water
SEBrite®AL used in laundry temperatures
SEBrite®AG detergents and • Effective removal of organic, protein-containing
cleaning products, stains when used in detergent or pre-soak products
to remove starch- • Works in mild conditions, will not damage fabrics
containing stains, or corrode metal, plastic or rubber materials
such as baby food,
• Improves cleaning efficiency of detergents
spaghetti, potato,
gravy, chocolate,
and pasta
SEBrite®BAL Alpha-amylase • Excellent cleaning performance at high water
used in laundry temperatures
detergents and • Effective removal of organic, protein-containing
cleaning products, stains when used in detergent or pre-soak products
to remove starch- • Works in mild conditions, will not damage fabrics
containing stains, or corrode metal, plastic or rubber materials
such as baby food,
• Improves cleaning efficiency of detergents
spaghetti, potato,
gravy, chocolate,
and pasta
SEBrite®COLOR Cellulase used in • Excellent garment color-maintenance, and
L laundry and pre- improved pilling resistance when used in laundry
SEBrite®COLOR soak detergents to and pre-soak detergents
G restore the color • Effective color brightening and whiteness
and the appearance restoration
of cotton and • Effective dye-transfer control agent
cotton-containing
• Excellent cotton-softening effect
garments
• Improves cleaning efficiency of detergents
• Works in mild conditions and will not damage
fabrics when used as directed
SEBrite®LL Lipase used in • Excellent cleaning performance at low water
laundry detergents temperatures
and cleaning • Effective removal of organic, protein-containing
products, to remove stains when used in detergent or pre-soak products
fat and oil- • Works in mild conditions, will not damage fabrics
containing stains, or corrode metal, plastic or rubber materials
such as salad
• Improves cleaning efficiency of detergents
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dressings, butter,
lard, chocolate and
lipstick
DISCUSSION

ENZYME IMFORMATION
AMYLASE -Are used to remove residues of starch-
based foods like potatoes, spaghetti,
custards, gravies and chocolate
- Can be used in laundry detergents as well
as in dishwashing detergents.
PROTEASE -Are the most widely used enzymes in the
detergent industry.
- remove protein stains such as grass,
blood, egg and human sweat.

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 - Hydrolyse proteins and break them down
into more soluble polypeptides or free
amino acids.
LIPASE -Enzymes can easily digest protein stains,
oily and fatty stains such as fats, butter,
salad oil, sauces and the tough stains on
collars and cuffs have always been
troublesome to remove.
CELLULASE -Enzyme has properties enabling it to
modify the structure of cellulose fibre on
cotton and cotton blends
-Also has a significant softening effect on
the fabric, probably due to the removal of
the microfibrils

CONCLUSION

ENZYMES ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN OUR DAILY LIFE, FOOD

PROCESSING, TEXTILE INDUSTRY, LEATHER INDUSTRY,
PHARMATICAL OR MEDICAL INDUSTRY AND
MANUFACTURING OF DETERGEN.

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