With reference to Source 1 and your own knowledge, outline the processes of

migration (4 marks)
Criteria
● Provides a clear and accurate outline of the process of migration.
● Acquires and processes geographical information by effectively integrating data from
Source 1 to support the response.
● Clearly communicates geographical information and integrates a diverse range of
geographical terminology.
Notes
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another with intention of settling,
permanently or temporarily, at a new location.
Emigration refers to the act of leaving one's own country or region to settle in another
country or region
Immigration refers to the movement of people into a new country or region with the
intention of settling in that location.
Features:
- within the same country (internal migration) or between different countries
(international migration)
- Migration can be voluntary, where individuals or groups choose to move for various
reasons, such as seeking better economic opportunities, reuniting with family, or
pursuing education.
- a neutral and general term that does not specify the direction of movement or the
location of origin and destination.
- A change in the usual place of residence
- People may migrate for reasons like job opportunities, family reunification, escape
from conflict, climate change, or cultural
- influence demographics, culture, labour markets, and social dynamics in various
ways
Examples
Rural to Urban: People from rural areas move to urban centres in search of better economic
opportunities, education, and improved living conditions.
Economic: Individuals and families may choose to migrate to a country with a stronger
economy in the hope of improving their financial well-being.
Labour: Workers from one country move to another country in search of employment. This
type of migration is often temporary and can include seasonal agricultural workers, skilled
professionals, or unskilled labourers.
With reference to Source 2 and your own knowledge, describe the spatial distribution
of megacities (5 marks)
Criteria
● Provides an accurate and extensive description of the spatial distribution of
megacities.
● Acquires and processes geographical information by accurately integrating evidence
from Source 2 to support the response.
● Communicates geographical information in a sophisticated and clearly-structured
response, integrating a diverse range of geographical terminology.
Notes
Spatial Distribution is looking at how things are spread out or arranged in a certain place,
helping us understand if they are close together or far apart.
Megacities are cities with a population of 10 million or more people
Examples
- Tokyo, Japan - Asia
- Shanghai, China - Asia
- Beijing, China - Asia
- Mumbai (Bombay), India - Asia
- Delhi, India - Asia
- Cairo, Egypt - Africa
- São Paulo, Brazil - South America
- Mexico City, Mexico - North America
- Karachi, Pakistan - Asia
Patterns/location
Continental Distribution: Megacities are often concentrated in specific continents, with the
largest number of them found in Asia.
Coastal Locations: Coastal locations often provide economic advantages, access to trade
routes, and transportation hubs, making them attractive for urban development.
Economic and Political Centers: They attract businesses, government institutions, and
cultural activities, making them hubs of influence and opportunity. For instance, Beijing is
China's political centre, while New York City is a major financial hub in the United States.
2050
There will be 14 new megacities due to the rise in population and will be located in Asia and
Africa, as these regions are currently experiencing rapid population growth and urbanisation.
In Asia:
- Dhaka, Bangladesh: Dhaka is already a densely populated city, and it is projected to
continue growing in the coming decades.
- Lahore, Pakistan: Lahore is one of Pakistan's largest cities and is expected to see
significant population growth.
- Chengdu, China: Several Chinese cities are expected to reach megacity status, and
Chengdu is one of the candidates.
In Africa:
- Lagos, Nigeria: Lagos is already one of the largest cities in Africa, and its population
is expected to increase substantially.
- Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Kinshasa is another African city with a
high growth rate
With reference to Source 3 and your own knowledge, explain TWO factors that cause
urbanisation (6 marks)
Criteria
● Provides an accurate and extensive explanation of TWO factors that cause
urbanisation.
● Acquires and processes geographical information by effectively integrating evidence
from Source 3 to support the response.
● Communicates geographical information in a logical, structured and sophisticated
response, integrating a diverse range of geographical terminology.
Notes
Push factors are conditions or circumstances in the area of origin that compel or force
individuals or populations to leave that location
Pull factors are conditions or circumstances in the destination area that attract individuals or
populations to move to that location.
Economic Opportunities (pull):
- Cities offer a wider range of job opportunities and often higher wages compared to
rural areas due to the concentration of industries and services.
- People from rural areas are drawn to urban centres in search of employment and the
promise of an improved standard of living. This contributes to the growth of urban
populations.
- In China, the rapid industrialization of cities like Shenzhen has attracted rural
migrants seeking jobs in manufacturing and technology, leading to urban population
expansion.
Education and Healthcare (pull):
- Urban areas typically have better educational institutions and healthcare facilities,
making them appealing to families seeking quality services for their children's
education and health.
- Families migrate from rural to urban areas to access better educational and
healthcare opportunities, fostering urbanization.
- In India, the availability of premier educational institutions in cities like Bengaluru
attracts students from rural areas, contributing to urban growth.
Infrastructure and Services (pull):
- Urban areas provide more advanced infrastructure, including transportation,
sanitation, and utilities, as well as a broader range of services, making urban living
more desirable.
- Rural residents are enticed by the improved infrastructure and services in cities,
leading to urban migration and population expansion.
- The development of efficient public transportation systems in cities like Seoul, South
Korea, has attracted rural residents seeking improved mobility, fueling urbanization.
Climate Change (push):
- Climate change has resulted in decreased crop yields due to increasing
temperatures and poor soil quality. In addition to this, sea levels are rising, displacing
rural farmers who cultivate farms along the coast. Therefore, these farmers are
involuntarily pushed from rural areas to urban areas in order to improve their
standard of living.
- Farmers who live in countries in South-East Asia in low lying coastal farms, are being
pushed out of the area.
With reference to Source 4 and your own knowledge, analyse the consequences of
urbanisation on China and ONE megacity from the list below; (10 marks)
a. Jakarta, Indonesia
b. Tokyo, Japan
Criteria
● Provides an extensive analysis of the consequences of urbanisation on China and
ONE megacity; Jakarta, Indonesia OR Tokyo, Japan.
● Acquires and processes geographical information by effectively integrating evidence
from Source 4 and their own knowledge to support the response.
● Communicates geographical information in a logical, clearly structured and
sophisticated response, integrating a diverse range of geographical terminology.
Notes
China
Economic:
The migration of people from rural areas to cities has led to an increase in the labor force
and consumer base, boosting economic activity → increased production, consumption and
investment leading to a higher GDP.
Example
- China's urbanization has led to the development of major manufacturing hubs in
cities like Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and Shanghai. These cities have attracted both
domestic and foreign investments, resulting in increased production and exports. For
example, Shenzhen has become known as the "Silicon Valley of China," with a
thriving tech and manufacturing industry.

Urbanization has expanded the consumer market as more people move to cities with higher
incomes and greater purchasing power. This has benefited various industries, including
retail, entertainment, and services. → increased the demand for a wide range of goods and
services, leading to the rise of the middle class and consumer-driven economic growth.
Example
- For example, Alibaba Group, one of China's e-commerce giants, has seen its
business flourish as urban consumers increasingly turn to online shopping. The rise
of middle-class consumers in urban areas has driven the demand for a wide range of
products, from electronics to fashion, on platforms like Alibaba's Taobao and Tmall.

Environmental:
Rapid urbanization has prompted significant investment in transportation and infrastructure
projects, such as high-speed railways, subways, roads, and airports. These projects aim to
accommodate the increasing population in urban areas and improve connectivity. → This
increases the level of air pollution causing harm to the citizens which has caused the
development of new infrastructure in order to better the health and lower air pollution.
Example
- China has invested in green infrastructure, including the construction of green
buildings, renewable energy installations, and green transportation options, to
address environmental concerns. Initiatives like the "Sponge City" project aim to
improve water management and reduce pollution.

Urbanization brings with it increased water consumption and wastewater generation. Many
Chinese cities struggle with water pollution due to industrial discharges and inadequate
wastewater treatment facilities. The impact includes the contamination of water sources,
harm to aquatic ecosystems, and threats to public health. → Increased air and water
pollution can lead to respiratory diseases, waterborne illnesses, and other health issues,
placing a burden on the healthcare system. This further damages the health of marine life
causing unsafe consumption of aquatic life and higher death rates of fish.
Example
- The discharge of pollutants, including heavy metals, chemicals, and nutrients, has
contaminated the Yangtze River. This pollution harms water quality, making it unsafe
for both human consumption and aquatic life. Elevated levels of pollutants can lead
to the death of fish and other aquatic organisms.

Social:
Urbanization has led to growing disparities between urban and rural areas. Cities tend to
enjoy better infrastructure, healthcare, and education, leading to higher living standards. →
This urban-rural divide can result in social inequality and tensions. Migrants moving to cities
may face challenges in accessing the same social services and benefits as urban-born
residents, contributing to social disparities.
Example
- For instance, consider a migrant family from a rural village that has moved to a major
city like Beijing. They may find it difficult to enroll their children in good urban schools,
access quality healthcare, or secure stable, well-paying jobs due to differences in the
Hukou system and limited access to social services. As a result, social tensions can
arise as migrants and urban-born residents compete for limited resources and
opportunities, which can contribute to feelings of inequality and social discontent.

Urbanization has introduced a more consumer-oriented lifestyle in cities, with increased

access to goods, services, and entertainment. → While this has improved the quality of life
for many urban residents, it can also lead to issues related to overconsumption,
environmental impact, and social pressures.
Example
- For example, consider a young professional living in a vibrant city like Beijing, where
shopping for luxury goods and dining out at high-end restaurants is common. While
this lifestyle offers many conveniences and entertainment opportunities, it can lead to
overconsumption of products, excessive waste generation, and environmental
concerns. Moreover, the pressure to keep up with the consumption habits of peers
may result in financial strain and social pressures, as individuals seek to maintain a
certain image or social status.

Tokyo
Economic:
The urbanization of Tokyo has led to the creation of a vast number of job opportunities.
People from all over Japan and beyond move to Tokyo in search of employment. The city
offers diverse career options in finance, technology, manufacturing, and services. → This
leads to a development in specific fields due to the high rates of research and work
Example
- For instance, a Japanese software engineer or a data scientist from another part of
Japan might choose to move to Tokyo to work for a leading tech company or a
startup in the city. The job opportunities in Tokyo's tech industry are not only
 financially rewarding but also offer the chance to work on cutting-edge projects.
These skilled workers may contribute to the development of new software, artificial
intelligence applications, or advancements in electronics.

As Tokyo urbanizes, there is a continuous need for infrastructure development, including

transportation systems, housing, and commercial spaces. → This generates
construction-related economic activities and provides jobs in the construction sector.
Example
- The construction of the Hanzomon Line extension not only required substantial
investment but also generated a large number of jobs in the construction sector. Civil
engineers, construction workers, and various professionals were employed for the
project. Additionally, the demand for construction materials and equipment also
contributed to economic activities.

Environmental:
The urbanization of Tokyo has led to increased air pollution and the formation of an urban
heat island effect. The concentration of people, vehicles, and industries in urban areas has
resulted in higher levels of air pollutants, including particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide. →
The higher levels of air pollution in Tokyo have implications for public health. Long-term
exposure to air pollutants can lead to respiratory diseases and other health issues, affecting
the well-being of urban residents.
Example
- High levels of air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM2.5), have been
associated with respiratory problems and cardiovascular diseases. In Tokyo,
residents may be at risk of health issues related to air pollution, especially during
periods of poor air quality. This has led to public health concerns, increased
healthcare costs, and the need for measures to mitigate air pollution's impact on the
population.

The rapid urbanization of Tokyo has led to the conversion of green spaces, parks, and
natural areas into concrete jungles. This has resulted in the loss of biodiversity and a
decrease in green areas within the city. → The reduction in green spaces and natural
habitats within Tokyo has adverse effects on local flora and fauna. Many native species
struggle to survive or adapt to the urban environment, leading to a decline in biodiversity.
Example
- Many native species that once inhabited the city's parks and green areas have
disappeared or are in danger of extinction. This loss of biodiversity has ecological
consequences, disrupting natural ecosystems and potentially affecting the overall
balance of the environment.

Social:
As Tokyo urbanizes and grows, there is an increased risk of social isolation and loneliness
among its residents. The fast-paced urban lifestyle, high population density, and long
working hours can lead to limited social interactions and a sense of disconnection. → The
rise in social isolation and loneliness can have adverse effects on mental health, potentially
leading to increased stress, anxiety, and depression among Tokyo's residents.
Example
 - Tokyo's competitive and demanding work environment, along with long commutes,
can leave individuals with limited time for social interactions. This can lead to feelings
of loneliness and stress, potentially affecting the mental well-being of its residents.
Moreover, the strain on social services and healthcare facilities can intensify due to
the growing demand for mental health support. An increasing number of Tokyo
residents seeking assistance for mental health concerns can stretch the capacity of
the city's healthcare system and social services, highlighting the importance of
addressing social isolation as a social challenge of urbanisation.

The urbanization of Tokyo has led to economic disparities and challenges related to housing
affordability. While the city offers numerous job opportunities and economic growth, it has
also resulted in varying income levels and housing accessibility among its residents. →
Economic disparities in Tokyo can contribute to social inequality, where some residents
enjoy a higher standard of living, while others struggle to make ends meet. This can result in
unequal access to education, healthcare, and other essential services.
Example
- An illustrative example of these implications is the presence of visible homelessness
and housing struggles in Tokyo. As urbanization drives up housing prices and living
costs, lower-income individuals and families may be forced into substandard housing
or even end up homeless. This social consequence highlights the importance of
addressing housing affordability and reducing economic disparities in Tokyo.