Name: ALBATERA, CRISLIE B.

Yr. & Section: BSCE-3B

CEC 9

Discuss the factors affecting evaporation and evaporation estimation:

Physics of evaporation

Evaporation is the transformation of water from a liquid to a gas or vapor. The process is the
major route for water to return to the water cycle as atmospheric water vapor from the liquid
state. Because it is related to vapor pressure, when the surface of a liquid warms up, the extra
energy is sufficient for it to vaporize. Evaporation is the process by which molecules in a
liquid spontaneously become gaseous and escape the liquid state, while evaporates are the
resultant mineral precipitates accumulating in and around an increasingly saline residual brine
that has reached a state of supersaturation with respect to a particular mineral salt or salts.
Water molecules in the liquid phase are in continuous motion and so will collide. As they
collide, they transfer energy to each other in varying degrees, based on how they collide.
Evaporation, then, is a simple matter of solution kinetics in this milieu of molecular motion
and is a response to varying degrees of heat absorption at the molecular scale.

Factors affecting evaporation

Temperature, surface area, wind, and humidity are the four key elements that influence the
rate of evaporation.

i. Temperature Influence on Evaporation

Because of the high warmth, damp garments dry faster on a hot sunny day. When the
temperature rises, the kinetic energy of the water particles rises, resulting in a faster
conversion of liquid water into gaseous water. This explains why hot water evaporates faster
than cold water.

ii. The Influence of Surface Area on Evaporation

Which of the two scenarios will cause the water to evaporate quickly? Because the larger
surface area of the spread-out wet clothes provides more space for the water particles to
evaporate, the water in the bowl will evaporate much faster than in the glass.

iii. Wind's Influence on Evaporation

The wind causes water vapor in the surrounding air to flow away from the clothes, resulting
in faster water evaporation from wet clothes.

iv. The Influence of Humidity on Evaporation

Why can high humidity make you feel hotter on a hot day? Humidity is a measure of the
amount of water vapor in the air. On a hot day, we already sweat; but, if it is breezy, we feel
cooler since the perspiration evaporates. However, because there is already a lot of water
vapor in the surrounding air, sweat evaporates more slowly in high humidity. The slower
evaporation rate reduces the potential for evaporative cooling. This is why wet clothes do not
dry quickly when there is high humidity in the surrounding air.
Measurements of different factors for evaporation

Temperature

When the temperature of the liquid is increased, it results in an increase in the kinetic energy
of the individual molecules that constitute the liquid. This increase in energy makes it easier
for the liquid molecules to overcome the inter molecular forces of attraction and escape into
the atmosphere as a gas. It can be noted that the temperature of the surrounding can also
contribute towards faster evaporation since hot environments can transfer their heat to the
liquid.

Surface Area Occupied by the Liquid

Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, which implies that the process only occurs at the
surface of the liquid. During evaporation, the molecules of the liquid that are present at its
surface overcome the inter molecular forces of attraction to break away from the liquid and
escape into the atmosphere as a gas .

Liquids are known to not have any definite shape – they assume the shape of their container.
Therefore, the greater the surface area of the container, the greater the number of liquid
molecules present at the surface. The larger the number of liquid molecules are at the surface,
the larger the number of molecules that will break away from the liquid and become a gas at a
given point of time, which contributes to an increase in the rate of evaporation.

Humidity of the Surrounding

There is a limit to how much water vapour the atmosphere can hold. This limit is proportional
to the temperature . Evaporation can be viewed as an equilibrium process through which the
amount of water vapour in the atmosphere reaches an equilibrium with the amount of water in
the surface of the liquid. Therefore, the greater the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere
over the liquid, the slower the rate of evaporation. Also, it can be noted that an increase in
temperature with constant humidity will contribute to an increase in the rate of evaporation
since hot air can hold a greater amount of water vapour.

Wind

Evaporation increases the humidity of the atmosphere that immediately surrounds the liquid.
This humid air takes some time to dissipate into the rest of the atmosphere. The presence of a
breeze, a powerful wind, or some other form of air circulation can speed up this process and
make the environment of the liquid less humid. Therefore, by decreasing the humidity of the
liquid’s surrounding, a powerful breeze or wind can increase the rate at which the liquid
evaporates.

Available methods and procedures for estimating evaporation from open water

Two methods are recommended for estimating open water evaporation, empirical factors and
the equilibrium temperature method

I. Empirical factors method

This method is based on applying factors to convert ‘standard’ evaporation data, for grass,
into estimates of open water evaporation. Empirical factors have been produced for two
evaporation data sets, MORECS grass potential evaporation (PE) and PETCALC by
calculating the average monthly factor between these evaporation data and measured values
Made.
II. Equilibrium temperature method

Heat storage in the water has a significant influence on the seasonal evaporation rates from a
water body, reducing rates during the spring and summer and enhancing them during the
autumn and winter. The equilibrium temperature method addresses the issue of heat storage
by calculating a time series of changes in heat storage, which can then be included in a model
of evaporation (such as the Penman-Monteith equation). This enables a time series of open
water evaporation to be calculated which incorporates an estimate of the heat stored in the
water. The equilibrium temperature method uses the concept of an equilibrium temperature
and an associated time constant. The equilibrium temperature is the temperature, towards
which the water temperature is driven by the net heat exchange, i.e. when the water is at
equilibrium temperature the net rate of heat exchange is zero. It allows the temperature of a
well-mixed body of water to be calculated as a function of time and water depth. Thus the
change in heat storage can be calculated.
Name : BRIX MANLAGÑIT Date:05/02/23
Yr. & Section: BSCE-3A
CEC 9

Discuss the factors affecting evaporation and evaporation estimation:

 Physics of evaporation

Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor.
the process is the primary path for water to move from the liquid state back to the
water cycle as atmospheric water vapor. As it is related to vapor pressure and when
the surface of a liquid gets warm, the additional energy is enough for it to vaporize.

 Factors affecting evaporation

There are four primary factors that affect the rate of evaporation; temperature,
surface area, wind, and humidity.

a. Effect of Temperature on Evaporation

The wet clothes dry faster on a hot sunny day because of the high temperature.
When the temperature is high, the kinetic energy of the water particles increases,
leading to the quicker conversion of liquid water into its gaseous state.This explains
why hot water evaporates more quickly than cold water.

b. Effect of Surface Area on Evaporation

In which one of the two situations will the water evaporate quickly? The water in the
bowl will evaporate much faster than in the glass because the larger surface area
gives more space for the water particles to evaporate.This is again due to the larger
surface area of the spread-out wet clothes, leading to faster water evaporation.

c. Effect of Wind on Evaporation

The water vapor in the surrounding air will move away from the clothes by the wind,
leading to faster water evaporation from wet clothes.

d. Effect of Humidity on Evaporation

Why is it that high humidity makes you feel even hotter on a hot day? Humidity is a
measure of the amount of water vapor in the air.We already sweat on a hot day;
however, if it is windy, we feel cooler because of the evaporation of the sweat.
However, sweat evaporates more slowly in high humidity because there is already a
lot of water vapor in the surrounding air.The slower evaporation rate reduces the
potential for evaporative cooling.This is why the wet clothes will not dry up quickly
when there is high humidity in the surrounding air.
 Measurements of different factors for evaporation

Temperature
When the temperature of the liquid (in this case, water) rises, so does the kinetic
energy of the individual molecules that make up the liquid. This boost in energy
makes it easier for liquid molecules to overcome the intermolecular forces of
attraction (which hold the liquid together) and escape as a gas into the atmosphere.
It should be remembered that the temperature of the surrounding environment can
also contribute to rapid evaporation because hot environments can transmit heat to
the liquid.

Surface Area Occupied by the Liquid

Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, which means that it only occurs at the liquid's
surface. During evaporation, the molecules of the liquid near its surface overcome
the intermolecular forces of attraction to break away from the liquid and escape into
the environment as a gas. Liquids are known to have no specific shape - they take on
the shape of their container. As a result, the higher the container's surface area, the
greater the number of liquid molecules present at the surface. The more liquid
molecules there are at the surface, the more molecules will break away from the
liquid and become a gas at any given point in time, contributing to an increase in the
rate of evaporation.

Humidity of the Surrounding

The amount of water vapour that the atmosphere can store is limited. This limit is
proportional to temperature. Evaporation can be thought of as an equilibrium process
in which the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere equals the amount of water
on the liquid's surface. As a result, the higher the concentration of water vapour in
the atmosphere above the liquid, the slower the rate of evaporation. It should also be
mentioned that a rise in temperature with constant humidity contributes to an
increase in the rate of evaporation since hot air can hold more water vapour.

Wind Speed
Evaporation raises the humidity of the atmosphere surrounding the liquid. It takes
some time for the humid air to evaporate into the rest of the atmosphere. A breeze, a
strong wind, or some other sort of air circulation can speed up this process and make
the liquid's environment less humid. As a result, a strong breeze or wind can
accelerate the rate at which the liquid evaporates by decreasing the humidity of the
liquid's surroundings.

 Available methods and procedures for estimating evaporation from open

water
Two recommended methods for estimating open water
evaporation.

Empirical factors method

This method works by applying variables to'standard' evaporation data for grass to
generate estimates of open water evaporation. By computing the average monthly
factor between these evaporation data and observed values Made, empirical factors
for two evaporation data sets, MORECS grass potential evaporation (PE) and
PETCALC, have been generated.
Equilibrium temperature method

Heat storage in water has a substantial impact on seasonal evaporation rates from a
water body, lowering rates in the spring and summer while increasing rates in the
autumn and winter. The equilibrium temperature technique handles heat storage by
calculating a time series of changes in heat storage, which can subsequently be
included in an evaporation model). This allows for the calculation of a time series of
open water evaporation that includes an estimate of the heat stored in the water. The
equilibrium temperature method makes use of the idea of an equilibrium temperature
and a time constant. The equilibrium temperature is the temperature at which the net
rate of heat exchange drives the water temperature, i.e. when the water is at
equilibrium temperature, the net rate of heat exchange is zero. It calculates the
temperature of a well-mixed body of water as a function of time and water depth. As
a result, the change in heat storage can be computed.
Name :Kristina Mae O. Dumogho
Yr. & Section: BSCE-3B
CEC 9

Discuss the factors affecting evaporation and evaporation estimation:

 Physics of evaporation

Evaporation is the transformation of water from a liquid to a gas or vapor. The process is the
major route for water to return to the water cycle as atmospheric water vapor from the
liquid state. Because it is related to vapor pressure, when the surface of a liquid warms up,
the extra energy is sufficient for it to vaporize.

 Factors affecting evaporation

There are four primary factors that affect the rate of evaporation; temperature, surface
area, wind, and humidity.

Temperature

The wet clothes dry faster on a hot sunny day because of the high temperature. When the
temperature is high, the kinetic energy of the water particles increases, leading to the
quicker conversion of liquid water into its gaseous state.This explains why hot water
evaporates more quickly than cold water.

Surface Area

In which one of the two situations will the water evaporate quickly? The water in the bowl
will evaporate much faster than in the glass because the larger surface area gives more
space for the water particles to evaporate.This is again due to the larger surface area of the
spread-out wet clothes, leading to faster water evaporation.

Wind

The water vapor in the surrounding air will move away from the clothes by the wind, leading
to faster water evaporation from wet clothes.

Humidity

Why is it that high humidity makes you feel even hotter on a hot day? Humidity is a measure
of the amount of water vapor in the air.We already sweat on a hot day; however, if it is
windy, we feel cooler because of the evaporation of the sweat. However, sweat evaporates
more slowly in high humidity because there is already a lot of water vapor in the
surrounding air.The slower evaporation rate reduces the potential for evaporative
cooling.This is why the wet clothes will not dry up quickly when there is high humidity in the
surrounding air.
 Measurements of different factors for evaporation

Temperature

When the temperature of the liquid (water, in this case) is increased, it results in an increase
in the kinetic energy of the individual molecules that constitute the liquid. This increase in
energy makes it easier for the liquid molecules to overcome the intermolecular forces of
attraction (that holds the liquid together) and escape into the atmosphere as a gas. It can be
noted that the temperature of the surrounding can also contribute towards faster
evaporation since hot environments can transfer their heat to the liquid.

Surface Area

Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, which implies that the process only occurs at the
surface of the liquid. During evaporation, the molecules of the liquid that are present at its
surface overcome the intermolecular forces of attraction to break away from the liquid and
escape into the atmosphere as a gas (or vapour).

Liquids are known to not have any definite shape – they assume the shape of their
container. Therefore, the greater the surface area of the container (or the greater the
surface occupied by the liquid), the greater the number of liquid molecules present at the
surface. The larger the number of liquid molecules are at the surface, the larger the number
of molecules that will break away from the liquid and become a gas at a given point of time,
which contributes to an increase in the rate of evaporation.

Wind

Evaporation increases the humidity of the atmosphere that immediately surrounds the
liquid. This humid air takes some time to dissipate into the rest of the atmosphere. The
presence of a breeze, a powerful wind, or some other form of air circulation can speed up
this process and make the environment of the liquid less humid. Therefore, by decreasing
the humidity of the liquid’s surrounding, a powerful breeze or wind can increase the rate at
which the liquid evaporates.

Humidity

There is a limit to how much water vapour the atmosphere can hold. This limit is
proportional to the temperature (which implies that hot air can hold more water vapour
than cold air). Evaporation can be viewed as an equilibrium process through which the
amount of water vapour in the atmosphere reaches an equilibrium with the amount of
water in the surface of the liquid. Therefore, the greater the amount of water vapour in the
atmosphere over the liquid, the slower the rate of evaporation. Also, it can be noted that an
increase in temperature with constant humidity will contribute to an increase in the rate of
evaporation since hot air can hold a greater amount of water vapour.
 Available methods and procedures for estimating evaporation from open water

Two methods are recommended for estimating open water evaporation, empirical factors
and the equilibrium temperature method

Empirical factors method

This method is based on applying factors to convert ‘standard’ evaporation data, for grass,
into estimates of open water evaporation. Empirical factors have been produced for two
evaporation data sets, MORECS grass potential evaporation (PE) and PETCALC by calculating
the average monthly factor between these evaporation data and measured values Made.

Equilibrium temperature method

Heat storage in the water has a significant influence on the seasonal evaporation rates from
a water body, reducing rates during the spring and summer and enhancing them during the
autumn and winter. The equilibrium temperature method addresses the issue of heat
storage by calculating a time series of changes in heat storage, which can then be included in
a model of evaporation (such as the Penman-Monteith equation). This enables a time series
of open water evaporation to be calculated which incorporates an estimate of the heat
stored in the water. The equilibrium temperature method uses the concept of an
equilibrium temperature and an associated time constant. The equilibrium temperature is
the temperature, towards which the water temperature is driven by the net heat exchange,
i.e. when the water is at equilibrium temperature the net rate of heat exchange is zero. It
allows the temperature of a well-mixed body of water to be calculated as a function of time
and water depth. Thus the change in heat storage can be calculated.
Name :MIKI O. RULOMA Date:05/02/23
Yr. & Section: BSCE-3A

CEC 9 HYDROLOGY
Discuss the factors affecting evaporation and evaporation estimation:

Physics of evaporation

Evaporation is the process by which molecules in a liquid spontaneously become gaseous

and escape the liquid state, whereas evaporites are mineral precipitates that accumulate in and
around an increasingly saline residual brine that has reached supersaturation with respect to a
specific mineral salt or salts. Because water molecules in the liquid phase are constantly
moving, they will collide. They transfer energy to one other in varied degrees depending on
how they collide. In this environment of molecular motion, evaporation is a simple matter of
solution kinetics and a reaction to variable degrees of heat absorption at the molecule scale.

Factors affecting evaporation

The rate of evaporation is influenced by four major elements.

Temperature

Because of the high warmth, damp garments dry faster on a hot sunny day. When the
temperature rises, the kinetic energy of the water particles rises, resulting in a faster
conversion of liquid water into gaseous water. This explains why hot water evaporates faster
than cold water.

Surface area

Which of the two scenarios will cause the water to evaporate quickly? Because the larger
surface area of the spread-out wet clothes provides more space for the water particles to
evaporate, the water in the bowl will evaporate much faster than in the glass.

Wind

The wind will drive the water vapor in the surrounding air away from the garments, resulting
in faster water evaporation from wet clothes.

Humidity

Why can high humidity make you feel hotter on a hot day? Humidity is a measure of the
amount of water vapor in the air. On a hot day, we already sweat; but, if it is breezy, we feel
cooler since the perspiration evaporates. However, because there is already a lot of water
vapor in the surrounding air, sweat evaporates more slowly in high humidity. The slower
evaporation rate reduces the potential for evaporative cooling. This is why wet clothes do not
dry quickly when there is high humidity in the surrounding air.

Measurements of different factors for evaporation

Temperature

When the temperature of the liquid rises, so does the kinetic energy of the individual
molecules that make up the liquid. This boost in energy makes it easier for liquid molecules to
overcome the intermolecular forces of attraction and escape as a gas into the atmosphere. It
should be remembered that the temperature of the surrounding environment can also
contribute to rapid evaporation because hot environments can transmit heat to the liquid.
Surface Area

Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, which means that it only occurs at the liquid's surface.
During evaporation, the molecules of the liquid present at its surface overcome the
intermolecular forces of attraction to break away from the liquid and escape into the
atmosphere as a gas. As a result, the higher the container's surface area , the greater the
number of liquid molecules present at the surface.

Wind

Evaporation raises the humidity of the atmosphere surrounding the liquid. It takes some time
for the humid air to evaporate into the rest of the atmosphere. A breeze, a strong wind, or
some other sort of air circulation can speed up this process and make the liquid's environment
less humid. As a result, a strong breeze or wind can accelerate the rate at which the liquid
evaporates by decreasing the humidity of the liquid's surroundings.

Humidity

The amount of water vapour that the atmosphere can store is limited. This limit is
proportional to temperature. Evaporation can be thought of as an equilibrium process in
which the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere equals the amount of water on the
liquid's surface. As a result, the higher the concentration of water vapour in the atmosphere
above the liquid, the slower the rate of evaporation. It should also be mentioned that a rise in
temperature with constant humidity contributes to an increase in the rate of evaporation since
hot air can hold more water vapour.

Available methods and procedures for estimating evaporation from open water

Two methods are recommended for estimating open water evaporation, empirical factors and
the equilibrium temperature method

Empirical factors method

This method is based on applying factors to convert ‘standard’ evaporation data, for grass,
into estimates of open water evaporation. Empirical factors have been produced for two
evaporation data sets, MORECS grass potential evaporation (PE) and PETCALC by
calculating the average monthly factor between these evaporation data and measured values
Made.

Equilibrium temperature method

Heat storage in the water has a significant influence on the seasonal evaporation rates from a
water body, reducing rates during the spring and summer and enhancing them during the
autumn and winter. The equilibrium temperature method addresses the issue of heat storage
by calculating a time series of changes in heat storage, which can then be included in a model
of evaporation (such as the Penman-Monteith equation). This enables a time series of open
water evaporation to be calculated which incorporates an estimate of the heat stored in the
water. The equilibrium temperature method uses the concept of an equilibrium temperature
and an associated time constant. The equilibrium temperature is the temperature, towards
which the water temperature is driven by the net heat exchange, i.e. when the water is at
equilibrium temperature the net rate of heat exchange is zero. It allows the temperature of a
well-mixed body of water to be calculated as a function of time and water depth. Thus the
change in heat storage can be calculated.