Renewable Energy

Dr. Mohd Khairunaz Bin Mat Desa

Room 4.04
khairunaz@usm.my
Ext : 5873
Solar Energy- Introduction

The Sun – one of many stars, the closest

to earth. This lifespan began roughly 4.6
billion years ago and will continue for
about another 4.5 – 5.5 billion years. Turn
into white dwarf when its supply of
hydrogen, helium depleted.
Solar Energy- Introduction
Solar Energy- Introduction
infrared radiation makes up 49.4%

visible light provides 42.3%

Ultraviolet radiation slightly above 8%

Solar Energy- Introduction
infrared radiation makes up 49.4%
-Contribute to heating

visible light provides 42.3%

-light use to convert to
electricity by PV

Ultraviolet radiation slightly above 8%

-highest energy in spectrum but can
be used by PV, UV light use to kill
virus and pathogen.
Solar Energy- Introduction
Emission spectra of different light
sources: (a) incandescent tungsten
light bulb; (b) fluorescent white light
bulb; (c) energy efficient light bulb;
(d) white LED light bulb; (e) blue LED
light bulb; (f) black LED light bulb;
(g) morning sunlight; (h) midday
sunlight; (i) sunlight at sunset; and
(j) comparison of sunlight at midday
(red), morning (yellow) and at
sunset (green).

CRI index? How the quality of artificial

light in compare to sunlight.
Solar Energy- Introduction

The solar radiation on earth

surface is less than what in
space. PV module on satellite
receive more energy.

How do we measure sun

radiation intensity?
Solar Energy- Introduction
How do we
Sun Radiation Power measure it?
Meter

Watt/m2
Solar Energy- Introduction
How do we
measure it?

Watt/m2

Lux meter
Lux meter measure light
output only
Solar Energy- Introduction
Two main usages of sun radiation;

Heating/drying
applications (infra red
heat)

Lighting/Daylight
(visible light)
Solar Energy- Introduction
Direct Sunlight Provide Heat Energy
 Solar Energy- Introduction
Sunlight Provide Heat Energy

Vacuum tube collector

Heat Piper collector

Low temperature water heater up to 90 ℃.

Solar Energy- Introduction
Sunlight Provide Heat Energy

Heat Pipe water heater main components.

 Solar Energy- Introduction
Sunlight Provide Heat Energy

FIGURE 1-2
The plumbing diagram
of the rooftop solar
energy system.

Heat Pipe water heater diagram of operation.

 Solar Energy- Introduction
Concentrated Heat Energy- High Temperature

Archimedes burns ship using mirrors Magnifying class concentrated sun radiation
 Solar Energy- Introduction

Solar Thermal power station using concentrated mirrors.

 Solar Energy- Introduction

Solar Thermal power station using concentrated mirrors.

 Solar Energy- Introduction
Direct sun energy application-Daylighting

Large windows on building to allow sunlight Skylight on rooftop, special tint can be applied
to blocked infrared right that contribute to
heat.
 Solar Energy- Introduction

Daylighting on building save electricity requirement for lighting.

 Solar Energy- Introduction

Daylighting design to maximize light for residential homes and buildings.

Solar Energy- Introduction

Light Tube- Collect sunlight and channel to

dark areas that require illumination. Using high
reflective material such as fiber optic.
Solar Energy- Introduction

Light tube design in residential and building.

 Solar Energy- Introduction

Heating and lighting energy of a building can be reduced by

utilizing solar radiation toward more efficient building.
Policy toward Zero Energy Building
Solar Energy- Introduction

Heating/during
applications

Electricity

Conversion of
Lighting sun radiation
into electricity-
photoelectric
effect.
Distribution of sun radiation in Malaysia, red colour showing high concentration of sun radiation.
 Solar Energy- Introduction
infrared radiation makes up 49.4%

visible light provides 42.3%

-only this part of light got to convert
to electricity….why?

Ultraviolet radiation slightly above 8%

Photoelectric- Conversion of light into electricity by Photovoltaic Panel/Module

 Solar Energy Introduction

1. Why efficiency of Solar cell is low = 20% only ??

2) What is the available types of Photovoltaic panels and modules?

3) What effect the IR region of solar radiation have on PV modules/panels?

 Solar Cell Fundamental

1. Photovoltaics Fundamental
2. How PV cell operate.
3. Silicon Solar Cell Fabrication
4. Silicon Panel/Module Fabrication
Solar Cell Fundamental
Solar Cell Fundamental

SiO2
Solar Cell Fundamental
 Solar Cell Fundamental

Two types
1) Mono Silicon
2) Multicrystalline/Polycrystalline
 Solar Cell Fundamental

Two types
1) Mono Silicon
2) Multicrystalline/Polycrystalline
 Solar Cell Fundamental

What so special of Silicon?

1) Abundance materials.
2) Basic material for semiconductor devices and equipment.
3) Electronics revolution.
 Solar Cell Fundamental
Doping process
 Solar Cell Fundamental
Doping process

P-type
Doping with
group 3 such
aluminum
 Solar Cell Fundamental
Doping process

P-type N-type
Doping with Doping with group
group 3 such 5 such
aluminum Phosphorous
Solar Cell Fundamental

Combine this two material, P type and N

type silicon, you get solar cell.
 Solar Cell Fundamental

Depletion Region

Diode Characteristic
 Solar Cell Fundamental

Depletion Region

Diode Characteristic
 Solar Cell Fundamental

Depletion Region

Diode Characteristic
 Solar Cell Fundamental

0.7V

Depletion Region
 Solar Cell Fundamental

Depletion Region

“Diode can also be turn on by light”

 Solar Cell Fundamental

Depletion Region

“Diode can also be turn on by light”

 Solar Cell Fundamental

Depletion Region

“Diode can also be turn on by light”

 Solar Cell Fundamental

Depletion Region

“Diode can also be turn on by light”

Solar Cell Fundamental
 Solar Cell Fundamental

Series resistance in a solar cell has three causes: firstly, the movement of
current through the emitter and base of the solar cell; secondly, the contact
resistance between the metal contact and the silicon; and finally the resistance
of the top and rear metal contacts.
 Solar Cell Fundamental

Significant power losses caused by the presence of a shunt resistance, RSH, are typically due
to manufacturing defects, rather than poor solar cell design. Low shunt resistance causes
power losses in solar cells by providing an alternate current path for the light-generated
current. Such a diversion reduces the amount of current flowing through the solar cell
junction and reduces the voltage from the solar cell. The effect of a shunt resistance is
particularly severe at low light levels, since there will be less light-generated current.
Solar Cell Fundamental
Solar Cell Fundamental
Solar Cell Fundamental
Solar Cell Fundamental
Solar Cell Fundamental
Solar Cell Fundamental
Solar Cell Fundamental
 Solar Cell Fundamental

1) Assume a 6-foot by 3-foot solar panel is oriented so that it has a maximum solar
insolation of 1,000 W/m2 . What is the peak power delivered to the panel (3.048 feet = 1
1.meter)?
 Solar Cell Fundamental

2) Assume a solar cell produces 0.6 V at peak sunlight. If a total of 12 V needed, what is
the minimum number of solar cells required and how must they be connected?