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The Evaluation of Human Rights: An Overview in Historical Perspective

January 2016
Authors:

Md. Kamruzzaman
Shashi Kanto Das
Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University

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Abstract

A new world order came into being out of the ashes of the World War II in 1945, putting Discover the world's
respect for human rights alongside peace, security and development as the primary research
objectives of the United Nations.
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American Journal of Service Science and Management

2016; 3(2): 5-12
http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/ajssm
ISSN: 2381-4489 (Print); ISSN: 2381-4497 (Online)

The Evaluation of Human Rights: An Overview i

Historical Perspective
Md. Kamruzzaman1, 2, 4,*, Shashi Kanto Das3
1
School of Victimology and Restorative Justice, Institute of Social Welfare and Research, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Banglade
2
School of Criminology and Police Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
3
School of Criminology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
4
School of Law, National University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

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12/6/21, 12:11 PM (PDF) The Evaluation of Human Rights: An Overview in Historical Perspective

shohag.mbstu.cps@gmail.com (Md. Kamruzzaman)

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Md. Kamruzzaman, Shashi Kanto Das. The Evaluation of Human Rights: An Overview in Historical Perspective. American Jour
Service Science and Management. Vol. 3, No. 2, 2016, pp. 5-12.

Received: June 30, 2016; Accepted: August 11, 2016; Published: September 2, 2016

Abstract
A new world order came into being out of the ashes of the World War II in 1945, putting respect for human r igh
peace, security and development as the pri mary objectives of the United Nations. The Universal Declaration of Hu
proclaimed in 1948, provided a framework for a series of international human right conventions. Presently alm
national legislations influenced by these conventions. It is uni versally recognized that Human Rights and F
Freedoms are the birth right of all Human being. The main objective of the study is to investigate the historical dev
Human Rights and analyze the philosophical thinking. For conducting this study data was collected from seve
books and related documents regarding Huma n Rights as a qualitative paper.

Keywords
Human Rights, Fundamental Rights, Historical P erspective, Conventions

this regard every nation follows the i nternationa

1. Introduction
As the Second World War appeared to be drawing to a
close, world leaders started planning for banishing war and
resorting su stainable peace. The United Nations Charter
envisaged promotion of Universal respect for, and
observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for
all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion as
one of the means for that end. On the 10th December, 1948,
the U.N. General Assembly adopted and p roclaimed the
Universal Decla ration of Human Rights. The Declaration for
the first time generated a common standard of rights for all
peoples and all nations without any discrimination [1].
Human Rights are mostly inherent and natural r ights, the
execution, preservation or enjo yment of Human Rights is
simply impossible. It is also true that without ensuring the
Human Rights the development of life is quite impossible. In
of Human Rights. In this sense, in 2009 a Natio
Rights Commission is established in Bangladesh
the human rights of its citizens.
1.1. Concepts of Human Rights
Rights are something people demands or desir
self-Development. Rights are those basic standa
which people cannot live in dignity. Hobbhouse sa
are what we may expect from others, and others
all genuine tights are conditions of socia l welfare”
Thomas Paine, a French first used the ter
Rights’ While translating the French Declaration
Man and the Citizen from French to En
unfortunately he was detained.
Human Rights are those basic standar ds wit
people cannot live in dignity. The basic rights an
to which all humans are entitled, often held to

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8 Md. Kamruzzaman and Shashi Kanto Das: The Evaluation of Human Rights: An Overview in Historical Perspectiv
Says, “Christianity was the only agent o f unit y an d
community” [7].
2.2.1. Magna Car ta
The most important step of middle age to promote Human
Rights was taken by adopting ‘Magna Carta ’. It was the most
famous written document of Human Rights in the middle
age. It was a constitutional charter adopted by the King John
in1215 A.D. and was reaffirmed by King Edward III. Magna
Carta required the King to renounce certain rights, respect
certain legal p rocedures and accept that the will of the King
could be bound b y t he law [8]. There a re 63 Articles
including Preamble, out of which Article 39 and 40 is very
important.
Article 39: No freeman shall be arrested or imprisoned or
outlawed or exiled o r in any way harmed. Nor will we
proceed against him, or se nd others to do so, expect
according to the lawful sentence of his peers or according to
the Common Law.
Article 40: To none will we sell, to none will we refuse of
delay right or justice.
2.2.2. Influence on Magna C arta
Magna Carta was the first written document by which
liberty of pe ople were guaranteed. It influenced many
common law and other documents, s uch as t he United Sta tes
Constitution and Bill of Rights, and is considered one of the
most important legal documents in the history of democracy.
Almost every fundamental principle s of the English
Constitution could be test to Magna Carta. According to
Coke, “It was declaratory of the principal ground of the
fundamental laws of England.” and Hallam characterized it
as the ‘key stone of English liberty’ [2] .
2.3. The Moder n Age
At the beginnin g stage of modern age, the p ractice of
Human Rights had been developed in E ngland. After ‘Magna
Carta’ an important step was taken by the parliament through
adopting ‘Petition of Right’ [3].
2.3.1. Petition of R ight
The Petition of Right is a major English constitutional
document that sets out speci fic liberties of the subject that the
king is prohibited from infringing. Passed on 7 June 1628,
the Petition contains restri ctions on non-Pa rliamentary
taxation, forced billeting of soldiers, imprisonment without
cause, and restricts the use of martial law. Following dispute s
between Parliament and King Charles I over the execution of
the Thirty Year s' War, Parliament refused to grant subsidies to
support the war effort, leading to Charles gathering "forced
loans" without Parliamentary appro val and arbitrarily
imprisoning those who refused to pay. Moreover, the war
footing of the nation led to the forced billeting of soldiers
within the homes of private citizens, and the de claration of
martial law over large s wathes of the country. There are as
many as 4 Articles in Petition of Right as follows:
Article 1: No Person should be required to pay a tax or
benevolent without parliament appr oval.
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Article 2: No Person should be imprisoned w
being shown with the Royal command not to b
cause.
Article 3: No troops should be quarter in pr
without consent of and compensation to their o wn
Article 4: The Cro wn should issue no
Proceeding Martial Law.
2.3.2. Bill of Rights
The B ill of Rights was p assed by Parliam
December 1689 . It was a restatement in statutory
Declaration of Right presented by the Convention
to William and Mary in March 1689, invitin
become joint sovereigns of England. I t lays dow
the powers of sovereign and sets out the rights of
and rules for freedo m of speech in Parli
requirement to regular elections to P arliament and
petition the monarch without fear of r etr
reestablished the liberty of Pr otestants to have ar
defense within the rule of law, and condemned
England for "causing se veral good subjects being
to be disarmed at the same time when papists
armed and employed contrary to la w".
These ideas about rights reflected those of t
thinker J ohn Locke and they quickly became
England. It also sets out— or, in the view of
restates—certain co nstitutional requirements of th
seek the consent of the people, as rep resented in P
The Bill of Rights laid out certain basic rig
Englishmen. These rights co ntinue to apply today
England and Wales, but in each of the jurisdic
Commonwealth realms as well. The Act set ou
should be:
 No royal interference with the law. T
sovereign re mains the fount of justice, he or
unilaterally establish new courts or act as a j
 No taxation by Royal Prerogative. The ag
parliament be came necessary for the implem
any new taxes.
 Only civil courts, not Church courts, are le ga
 Freedom to p etition the monarch witho
retribution
 No standing army may be maintained durin
peace without the consent of parlia ment.
 No royal interference in the freedom of th
have arms for their own defense as suita
class and as allowed by law.
 No royal interference in the election of m
parliament.
 The freedom of speech and debates or pro
Parliament ought not to be impeached or qu
any court or place out of Parliament.
 "Grants and promises of fines o r forfeitu
conviction are void.
 No excessive bail or "cruel and unusual" p
may be imposed.
Certain acts of James II were also specificall y
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declared illegal by the Bill of Rights, while James' flight
from England in the wake of the Glorious Revolution was
also declared to be an abdication of the t hrone.
Two major revolutions occurred during the 18th c entury in
the United States (177 6) and in France (1789). The Virginia
Declaration of Rights of 17 76 sets up a number of
fundamental rights and freedoms. The later United States
Declaration of Independence includes concepts of natural
rights and famously states "that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by their Creator with certai n
unalienable rights that among these are life, liberty and the
pursuit of happiness." Similarly, the French Declaration of
the Rights of Man and Citizen defines a set of individ ual and
collective rights of the people. These are, in the document,
held to be universal - not only to French citizens but to all
men without exception.
2.3.3. Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
1948
The Universal Declarat ion of Human Rights (UD HR) is a
non-binding declaration adopted by the United Nations
General Assembl y in 194 8, partly in response to the
barbarism of World War II. The UDHR urges member
nations to promote a number of human, civil, economic and
social rights, asserting these rights are part of the "foundation
of freedom, justice and peace in the world" .
The UDHR was framed by members of the Human Rights
Commission, with Eleanor Roosevelt as Chair, who began to
discuss an International Bill of Rights in 1947. The members
of the Commission did not immediately agree on the form of
such a bill of rights, and whether, or how, it should be
enforced. The Commission proceeded to frame the UDHR
and accompanying treaties, but the UDHR quickly became
the priority. Canadian law professor John Humphrey a nd
French lawyer Rene Cassin were responsible for much of th e
cross-national research a nd the structure of t he document
respectively, where the articles of the declaration were
interpretative of the general principle of the preamble. The
document was structured by Cassin to include the basic
principles of dignity, lib erty, equality and br otherhood in the
first two articles, followed successively by rig hts p ertaining
to individuals; rights of individuals in relation to each o ther
and to groups; spiritual, public and p olitical r ights; and
economic, social and cultural rights. The final three articles
place, according to Cassin, rights in the context of limits,
duties a nd the social and politica l order in which they are to
be realized. Humphrey and Cassin intended the rights in the
UDHR to be legally enforceable through some means, as is
reflected in the third clause of the prea mble [9].
Some of the UDHR was researched and written by a
committee of inter national experts on human rights,
including representatives from all continents and all major
religions, and drawing on consultation with leaders such as
Mahatma Gandhi. The inclusion of both civil and political
rights and economic, social an d cultural rights was predicated
on the assu mption that basic human rights are indivisible and
that the different t ypes of rights listed are inextricably linked.
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Though this pr inciple was not opposed by any me
at the time o f adoption (the declaration w
unanimously, with the abstention of the S
Apartheid South Africa and Saudi Arabia), this pr
later subject to significant challenges [10 ].
Universal Declaration of Human Rights co
preamble and 3 0 Articles setting forth the basic h
without any discr imination. The Declaration
general definitions of two types of rights mention
1. Civil and Political Rights s tated in Article 3
as r ight to life, right to freedom, right to national
own property, right to freedom of opinion and
freedom of thought ,conscience and religion, br
part in the government etc.
2. Economic Social and C ultural rights are re
article 22 to 28. Some of those are right to soc
right to education, right to participate, in the cul
the community, right to enjoy the arts and t
scientific advancement and its benefits etc .
It is remarkable that UDHR is neither a co nve
treaty and is merely a declaration without any bin
In spite of this after 1948, this declaration exte
influence in ado pting vario us international o
conventions, covenants, promulgating constitutio
Thus the International Bill of human rights r
milestone in the history of human rights, a verit
Carta marking mankind’s arrival at a vitally impo
the conscious acquisition of Human dignity [3 ].
2.3.4. Philosophical T hought in the
Development of Human Rights
The c onquest of the Americas in the 15th
centuries by Spai n, during the Age of Disco very,
vigorous debate about human rights in Colon
America [11]. This led to the issuance of the Law
by Ferdinand the Catho lic on behalf of his daugh
of Castile. Fra y Antonio de Montesinos, a F
Dominican Order at the Island of Hispaniola
sermon on Dece mber 2 1, 1 511, which wa s a
Bartolomé de las Casas. It is believed that repor
Dominicans in Hispaniola motivated the Spanish
act. T he sermon, known as the Christmas Sermon
to further debates from 155 0-51 between Las Cas
Ginés de Sepúlveda at Valladolid. Among the pr
the Laws of Burgos were child labor; women's rig
suitable accommodations; and rest/vacation, am
Several 17th- and 18th-century European philoso
notably John Locke, developed the concept of na
the notion that people are naturally free a nd equal
Though Locke believed natural rights were d
divinity since humans were creations of God, his
important in the development of the modern notio
Lockean nat ural rights did not rely on citizenship
of the state, nor were they necessarily limi
particular ethnic, cultural or religious group.
same time, in 1689 the English Bill of Ri ghts was
Two major revolutions occurred during the 18t
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10 Md. Kamruzzaman and Shashi Kanto Das: The Evaluation of Human Rights: An Overview in Historical Perspectiv
the United States (177 6) and in France (1789). The Virginia
Declaration of Rights of 17 76 sets up a number of
fundamental rights and freedoms. The later United States
Declaration of Independence includes concepts of natural
rights and famously states "that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by their Creator with certai n
unalienable rights that among these are life, liberty and the
pursuit of happiness." Similarly, the French Declaration of
the Rights of Man and Citizen defines a set of individ ual and
collective rights of the people. These are, in the document,
held to be universal - not only to French citizens but to all
men without exception.
2.3.5. 19th Centur y to World War I
Philosophers such as Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill and
G.W.F. Hegel expanded o n th e the me o f univer sality d uring
the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1831 William Lloyd Garrison
wrote in a newspaper called The Liberator that he was trying
to enlist his readers in "the great cause of human rights" so
the term huma n rights probably came into use so metime
between Paine's The Rights of Man and Garrison's
publication (Mayer 2000). In 1849 a contemporary, Henry
David Thoreau, wrote about human rights in his treatise On
the Duty o f Civil Disobedience which was later in fluential on
human rights and civil r ights thinkers. United States Supre me
Court Justice Da vid Davis, in his 1867 opinion for Ex Parte
Milligan, wrote "By the protection of the law, human rights
are secured; withdraw that pro tection and they are at the
mercy of wicked rulers or the clamor of an excited people"
[13].
Many groups and movements have managed to achieve
profound social changes over the course of the 20th century
in the name of human rights. In Western Europe and No rth
America, labor unions brought about laws gran ting workers
the right to strike, establishing minimum work conditions and
forbidding or regulating child labor. The women's rights
movement succeeded in gaining for many women the right to
vote. National liberation movements in many countries
succeeded in driving out colonial powers. One of the most
influential was Mahatma Gandhi's movement to free his
native India fro m British rule. Mo vements by long-oppressed
racial and religious minorities succeeded in many parts of the
world, among the m the civil rights movement, and more
recent diverse ide ntity po litics movements, on beha lf of
women and minorities in the United States.
2.3.6. Between World War I and World War II
The League of Nations was established in 1919 at the
negotiations over the Treaty of Versailles following the end
of World War I. The League's goals included disarmament,
preventing war through collective security, settling disputes
between countries through negotiation, dip lomacy and
improving global welfare. Enshrined in its Charter was a
mandate to promote many of the ri ghts which were later
included in the Universal Declaration of Hu man Rights.
The League of Nations had mandates to support many of
the former colo nies of the Western European colonial powers
during their transition from colony to independe nt state.
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Established as an agency of the League of N
now part of United Na tions, the Internatio
Organization also had a mandate to promote an
certain of the rights later included in the UDHR.
2.3.7. After World War II
Rights in War and the Geneva Conventions
The Geneva Conventions came into being be
and 1949 as a result of efforts b y Henry Duna nt,
of the International Committee of the Red
conventions safeguard the human rights of
involved in conflict, and follow on from the 189
Hague Co nventions, the international commu
attempt to define laws of war. Despite first be
before World War II, the conventions were revise
of World War II and readopted by the i
community in 1949.
The Geneva Conventions are:
 First Geneva Convention “for the Amelior
Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Arme
the Field”(first adopted in 1864, last re vision
 Second Geneva Convention “for the Ame
the Cond ition of Wounded, Sick and S
Members of Armed Forces at Sea”(first
1949, successor of the 1907 Hague Conventi
 Third Geneva Convention r"elative to the T
Prisoners of War"(first adopte d in 1929, last
1949)
 Fourth Geneva Convention “relative to the
of Civilian Persons in Time of War”(first
1949, based on parts of the 1907 Hague Con
In addition, there are three additional a mendme
to the Geneva Convention:
 Protocol I (1977): Protocol Additional to
Conventions of 12 August 1949, and rela
Protection of Victims of International Arme
As of 12 January 2007 it had bee n ratif
countries.
 Protocol II (1977): Protocol Additional to
Conventions of 12 August 1949, and rela
Protection of Victims of Non-Internatio
Conflicts. As of 12 Januar y 2007 it had been
163 countries.
 Protocol III (2005): Protocol Additional to
Conventions of 12 August 1949, and rela
Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emb
May 20, 2 008, it had been ratified b y 28 co
signed but not yet ratified by an additional 5
All four conventions were last revised and ratif
based on previous revisions a nd partly on some
Hague Conventions. Later conferences ha
provisions prohibiting certain methods of w
addressing issues of civil wars. Nearly all 200
the world are " signatory" nations, in that they h
these conventions. The International Committee
Cross is the controlling body of the Geneva co nve
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3. Strengthening Human Rights
(National Human Right Commission,
Bangladesh)
After the Second World War, the world manifested its deep
concern for Human Rights. The United Nations adopted the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10 of
1948. Later on, the UN adopted t wo Covenants on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights and Civil and Political Rights on
16th December 1966. Bangladesh acceded to the Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights on 6 September 2000 and the
Covenant on Economic, Social and C ultural Rights on 5
October, 1998.
An ordinance was promulgated in 2007 which formally
established the National Human Rights Commission which
started functioning from December 2008 in a very limited
sphere. After the free a nd fair general election in 2008, the
Parliament enacted the N ational Human Rights The
Honorable President, upon Commission Act-2009,
superseding the 2 007Ordinance reflecting the Committe e,
appointed the Chairman and constitutional and international
human rights obligation espoused in the ‘Paris Principles’
relating to the status of national human rights institutions.
The UN General Assembly in 1993 endorsed a set of
minimum criteria designed to ensure the independence,
effectiveness a nd pluralism of the nationa l human rights
institution in the name of the 'Paris Principles'. Accordingly,
based on the 'Par is Principles' and in pursuant to the NHR C
Act 2009, the National Hu man Rights Commission,
Bangladesh was established as an independent and statutory
institution.
The NHRC is an independent statutory body established
by legislation (NHRC Act , 2009). Though NHRC is
established o nly in De cember 2008, it’s eradicated for a
better and transparent commenced its de facto journey from
understanding of Human Rights. 23 June 2010.
Some of the remarkable features of the NHRC are its
identification of the thematic areas and vulnerable groups,
formation of t heme-wise committees to address issues,
establishment of links among the different groups of
stakeholders etc. Holding of policy dialogue of the
Commission with the Secretar ies of Ban gladesh Government
and nomination of Focal Points in each relevant ministry in
the process of UPR is a milestone human r ights arena. This
has not only
Created links between the Government, NGOs and UN
agencies and the International Juvenile Justice Observatory
international community but also helped the state actors to
better prepare themselves for the 2nd c ycle of UPR.
As an apex national human rights monitoring body, the
NHRC has been able to successfully create awareness and
consensus on basic human rights issues through a series of
seminars and workshops. Besides these, the Commission has
organized seminars on Prosecuting Crimes against Humanity
currently being tried by the International Crimes Tribunal
Bangladesh (ICTB). Human Rights Awareness and through a
12 Md. Kamruzzaman and Shashi Kanto Das: The Evaluation of Human Rights: An Overview in Historical Perspectiv
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series of seminars and Education elaborate the achi
in respect of its most important mandated goa
awareness amongst people of all walks of life. The
of success include, among others, a Mass Awarenes
of Working Together for the Promotion of Hum
Awareness Creation on Child Rights and Juve
System, principles, Violence against Women etc [14
4. Conclusion
The preceding discussion gives an impression
Human Rights had to pass a long way to obtain th
international recognition. Universal Declaration
Rights created the stream of worldwide
international co-operations for assuring human rig
Human Rights have a universal figure, it’s scope an
differ because of different socio-economic an
structure of various countries. In a well devel
system of Europe or America, right to freedom or o
freedom of opinion can be regarded as the mo
human rights whereas relief from poverty or igno
standard of rights in a poor, developing country o
world. However, Bangladesh has recognized UD
components of basic human rights have been ensh
constitution. But the widespread poverty,
malnutrition, want of social security and abuse of r
point out the fact that issues on human rights are c
in the holy pages of the Constitution. The scenario
of Human rights in other developing or und
countries is more or less identical to that of Bang
therefore implied that the political leaders
economists, scientists, social workers and philanth
do something meaningful to ensure human rights
globe and in case of failure in this regard the worl
be a happy abode for human beings.
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... Methods The purpose of understanding students' perceptions regarding human rights and their realization in Pakistan
was achieved by using a semi-structured interview design (Kvale & Brinkmann, 2015;Brinkmann & Kvale,
2018;Cosgrove, Corrie, & Wolever, 2021) underpinned by an interpretive approach (Crotty, 1998). This design assumes
that reality is socially constructed, dynamic and multiplex as the phenomenon of human rights is an evolving concept
and its scope and periphery differ because of the different socio-economic and political structure of various countries
(Kamruzzaman & Das, 2016) . ...

Elite School Students’ Perceptions of Human Rights: An Interview Study

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Mar 2021
Arjumand Rauf · Yaar Muhammad · Ayesha Saleem

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... Bangladesh, yet receives little helpful attention by media, educators or politicians. Rape is an act of violence which
occurs when someone takes control over another by the use of physical threats or force or by exploiting another
person's inability to give or withhold consent for sex [5][6][7] [8] [9]. However, in many countries there has been little
research conducted on it. ...

Socio-Psychology of Rapping in Criminological Nexus

Article Full-text available
Jan 2017
Md. Kamruzzaman · Sumona Sharmin Seema · Md. Abdul Hakim

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... As stipulated respectively in Article 1 and 2 of UDHR that "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and
rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood"
and "Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedom set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind" [9][10]
[11][12] [13] [14]. ...

Interreligious Marriage in Bangladesh: From Human Rights Perspective

Article Full-text available
Jan 2016
Md. Kamruzzaman

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Examining the role and presence of women in the Russian legislative process after the collapse of the Soviet Union
(Case study: Duma)
Conference Paper Full-text available
Feb 2021
Aref Bijan

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Leadership Skill of Police Personnel: An Overview of Bangladesh

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Jan 2017
Md. Kamruzzaman

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MYANMAR COUP : MILITARY JUNTA ON DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES and INTERNATIONAL LAW
PERSPECTIVE
Article Full-text available
Jul 2021
Muhajir Yahya · Dania Ulfah Rahmawati

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Factors Affecting Human Rights in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Article
Apr 2021
Hashmat Ullah Khan · Yan Zhen · Muhammad Naeem

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12/6/21, 12:11 PM (PDF) The Evaluation of Human Rights: An Overview in Historical Perspective
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The Responsibility of the People’s Republic of China for Alleged Human Rights Violations against the Uighurs
Article
Dec 2019
Hashfi Taris

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The Implementation of Moral Damages Based on Calculated Exponential Injury Severity Score for Procedural Torts
Article Full-text available
Feb 2018
Zharama Llarena

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The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practice in Bangladesh: An Analysis

Article Full-text available
Jan 2017
Md. Abdul Kader Miah · Mahmuda Akter · Md. Kamruzzaman

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Interreligious Marriage in Bangladesh: From Human Rights Perspective

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Md. Kamruzzaman

One of the important rights for human beings is freedom to marriage and religion as stipulated not only in the United Nation
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318851323_The_Evaluation_of_Human_Rights_An_Overview_in_Historical_Perspective 9/10
12/6/21, 12:11 PM (PDF) The Evaluation of Human Rights: An Overview in Historical Perspective
Declaration of Human Rights but also in Bangladesh Constitution. However, in some cases, this right cannot work smoothly within
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religious traditions Read full-text
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The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practice in Bangladesh: An Analysis

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Restorative justice is an innovative movement in the field of victimology and criminology. The formal judicial system of Bangladesh is
very expensive and follows a lengthy procedure for the lack of financial resources and outdated legislation pose. Majority of middle
class people therefore prefer or rather have no choice but to use the traditional justice mechanisms like restorative justice. This ...
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The objective of the paper is to shed light on police leadership skill by interviewing the police personnel. The study is based on the
cases. The case studies are plinth upon interviews with 23 police officers at Tangail district in Bangladesh. The fact is that, there was
no women police leader as competent respondent in this study. The results were clear; 100% of the respondents were men. From ...
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Extrajudicial Killings: The Violation of Human Rights in Bangladesh

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Respect for human rights lies at the heart of good governance. In a democratic society, it is the responsibility of the State to protect
and promote human rights. All State institutions whether they are the police department (RAB), the army, the judiciary or civil
administration have a duty to respect human rights, prevent human rights violations, and take active steps for the promotion of human
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