Solution

12TH PHYSICS - CBSE - BOOK - 1 TEST

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(d) Zero
Explanation: Electric field is zero at all points inside a hollow charged conducting sphere.
2.
(b) increases
Explanation: The work done against the force of repulsion in moving the two charges closer increases the potential energy of
the system.

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3.
(b) 54 × 10-6 J

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Explanation: W = qV = 6 × 10-6C × 9 V = 54 × 10-6 J
4. (a) E1 + E2
Explanation: The equivalent emf of two voltages in series with the cathode of one connected to the anode of the other is equal
to the sum of the emfs.

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Therefore
E = E1 + E2

5.
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(d) radius is 1mm and the length is 80 m

Explanation: As we know that,
l
R∝ 2
r

Hence, wire with maximum length and minimum radius will have highest resistance.
ina

6.
(b) 0.1 Ω
Ig G
Explanation: S =
am

I−Ig

−3
10 ×10 10
= = = 0.1Ω
−3 99
(100−1)×10

→
7. (a) ∮ B⃗ . ds = 0
Sw

Explanation: Since magnetic monopoles do not exist, flux entering the closed surface is equal to flux leaving the surface.
Hence net magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero.
8.
(b) the resistance of the coil
dφ
Explanation: Because induced e.m.f. is given by E = −N dt

9.
(b) 226 V
Explanation: ε 0 = N BAω = 30 × 1 × 400 × 10
−4
× (1800 ×
2π

60
)

= 226 V
10.
(c) 2 A
Explanation: Here, Np = 140; Ns = 280 and Ip = 4 A
Np
140
∴ Is = Ip × = 4 × = 2A
Ns 280

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11.
(c) ω = LC
1

Explanation: At resonance,
XL = XC
1
ωL =
ωC

2 1
ω =
LC
1
ω =
√LC

12.
(c) [ E⃗ = E 0
^ ⃗ ^
i , B = B0 j ]

Explanation: S ⃗ = E⃗ × B⃗ = E 0
^ ^ ^
i × B0 j = E0 B0 k

13. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Resultant of electric intensity at O due to B and C is equal and opposite to that due to A.

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14.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Explanation: Current will not flow only when two bodies are at the same potential. When their charges are the same, their

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potentials may be different. Hence, the current may flow in this case.
15.
(c) A is true but R is false.

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Explanation: Due to the change of flux, the anticlockwise current is induced in the coil which opposes the motion of the
magnet and so a < g.
16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
an
Explanation: An em wave carries momentum. When it falls on a surface, it exerts pressure called radiation pressure.
Section B
17. Work done in moving a unit positive charge along an infinitesimal distance δ l,
ray

|El | δl = VA − VB = V − (V + δV ) = −δV
δV
or E = − δl

i. The electric field is in the direction in which the change in electrostatic potential decreases most. (This conclusion comes due
to the negative sign of the above expression)
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ii. Magnitude of electric field is given by the change in the magnitude of electrostatic potential per unit displacement normal to
the equipotential surface at the point.
18. Given / = 3.0 cm = 0.03 m, I = 10 A,
θ = 90°, B = 0.27 T
am

∘
F = I lB sin θ = 10 × 0.03 × 0.27 × sin 90

= 8.1 × 102 N
The direction of the force is given by Fleming's left hand rule.
Sw

OR
It is an example of magnetic field due to current in a wire of infinite length.
μ0 I −7
4π× 10 ×90
B= =
2πr 2π×1.5
180 −7 −5
= × 10 = 1.2 × 10 T
1.5

Applying the right hand thumb rule, we find that the magnetic field at the observation point is directed towards south.

19. Paramagnetic Substance Diamagnetic Substance

A diamagnetic substance is feebly repelled by a

A paramagnetic substance is feebly attracted by magnet.
magnet.

For a diamagnetic substance, the intensity of

For a paramagnetic substance, the intensity of magnetization (I = M/V =
magnetization has a small negative value. i.e. I = -
magnetic moment/volume) has a small positive value. i.e. I = +ve
ve
Example - Aluminium, Chromium etc
Example - Antimony, Bismuth etc
20. The self inductance of a coil is equal to the induced emf set up in the coil, when the current passing through it change at the unit
rate.

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 The SI unit of self inductance is henry.
Self inductance of a long solenoid:
Consider a long solenoid of length l number of turns N and radius. Suppose current I flows though it. Magnetic field set up in the
μ NI
coil is B = 0

But ϕ = Li
2
N ×μ N I μ N IA
0 0
ϕ = =
l l
2
ϕ μ N A
∴ Self inductance L = I
=
0

21. a. i. -z direction
ii. YY' direction / Y direction
b. i. Electromagnetic waves do not require any medium to propagate.
ii. Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature.
Section C
22. Electric flux: The electric flux may be defined as the number of electric lines of force crossing through a surface normal to the

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surface. It can be measured as the surface integral of the electric field over that surface, i.e.
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
ϕ = ∫ E ⋅ ds̄

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s

Electric flux ϕ is a scalar quantity.

Now to calculate the electric flux passing through the square of side d, draw a cube of side d such that it completely encloses the
charge q. Now by using Gauss's law.

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Total flux through the all the six surfaces of a cube is given as
total charge enclosed
ϕ total =6×ϕ square face = ϵ0
q
⇒ 6ϕ square = ϵ0
q
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⇒ ϕ square face =
6ϵ0

Hence the flux through the square of side d with charge q at a distance d/2 directly above the head is q/6ϵo.
If a charge is now moved to the distance d from the center of square and side of the square is doubled, then electric flux remains
unchanged because electric flux in a closed surface depends only on the amount of charge contained inside the closed surface and
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is independent of the distance of charge.

23. a. V = 100V and C= 900 pF thus the charge on the capacitor is
Q = CV = 900 × 10-12 F × 100 V = 9 × 10-8 C
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The energy stored by the capacitor is

= ( ) CV2 = ( ) QV
1

2
1

= ( ) × 9 × 10-8C × 100 V = 4.5 × 10-6 J

1

b. Now the capacitor is disconnected and is connected to another 900 pF capacitor.

In the steady situation, the two capacitors have their positive plates at the same potential and their negative plates at the same
potential. Let the common potential difference be V′. The charge on each capacitor is then Q′ = CV′. By charge conservation,
= 2.25 × 10-6 J
Q
Q′ = 2
. This implies V′ = V

2
. The total energy of the system is = 2 × 1

2
′
Q V = 1

4
QV

Thus in going from (a) to (b), though no charge is lost; the final energy is only half the initial energy.
There is a transient period before the system settles to the situation (b). During this period, a transient current flows from the
first capacitor to the second. Energy is lost during this time in the form of heat and electromagnetic radiation.
OR
a. Si unit of the capacitor is farad. When a charge of one coulomb, produces a potential difference of one volt between the plates
of a capacitor, the capacitance is one farad.
Q
Q = CV ⇒ C = V

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 When Q = 1 coulomb, V = 1 volt
1 farad = 1 coulomb

1 volt

b.

Electric field on the inside of the parallel plate capacitor due to one of the plates is given by:-E1=σ/2ϵ . Total Electric field
0

es
between the plates of the capacitor is given by E = 2E1 = Q/A∈0
Qd
∴ V = Ed = Aε0

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Q ε0 A
Capacitance, C = V
=
d

c.

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In series combination, charge on each capacitor is same
Let it be Q,
ray

Q
V1 =
C1

Q
V2 =
C2

Q
Vn =
Cn

V = V1 + V2 + V3 + ... + Vn
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Q Q Q Q
V = + + + … +
C1 C2 C3 Cn

V 1 1 1 1
= + + + … +
Q C1 C2 C3 Cn

1 1 1 1 1
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⇒ = + + + … +
C C1 C2 C3 Cn
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24.

The drift velocity is the average velocity that a particle, such as an electron, attains in a material due to an electric field. It can also
be referred to as axial drift velocity.
When a conductor is subjected to an electric field E, each electron experiences a force
F = - eE, and free electron acquires an
acceleration, a= F/m = - eE/m ... (i)
where, m = mass of electron, e = electronic charge and E = electric field.
Free electron starts accelerating and gains velocity and collide with atoms and molecules of the conductor. The average time
difference between two consecutive collisions is known as relaxation time of electron and
τ1 + τ2 +…+ τn
¯
¯
τ̄ =
n
...(ii)
where, τ , τ . . . . τ are the average time difference between 1st, 2nd, ...nth collisions.
1 2 n

∴ v1, v2, ... vn, are velocities gained by electron in 1st, 2nd, ..., nth collisions with initial thermal velocities u1, u2, ..., un,

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 respectively.
∴ v1 = u1 + aτ1

Similarly,
v2 = u2 + aτ2

⋮ ⋮ ⋮

vn = un + aτ2

The drift speed vd may be defined as

v1 + v2 +…+ vn
vd =
n

( u1 + u2 +…+ un )+a( τ1 + τ2 +…+ τn )

vd =
n
( u1 + u2 +…+ un ) a( τ1 + τ2 +…+ τn )
vd = +
n n

vd = 0 + aτ [∵ Average thermal velocity in n collisions = 0]

v = −(eE/m)τ [from Eq. (i)]
d

This is the required expression of drift speed of free electrons in a conductor in a presence of voltage source.

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25. The force, on a wire of length l, carrying a current I , in a magnetic field B⃗ , is given by F ⃗ = I lB sin θ
= ⃗
I l × B
⃗

For a rectangular loop, placed as shown, in a magnetic field B⃗ ,

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|Force on arm BC| = |Force on arm DA| = I lB sin θ
where, θ = angle between side BC and B⃗
These two forces add up to zero as they are collinear (along the axis of the coil) and act in opposite directions.
ray

|Force on arm AB| = |Force on arm CD| = IbB

These two equal and opposite forces are not collinear. The perpendicular distance between their lines of action is, as shown,
a
2 ×
2
sin θ = a sin θ
∴ Torque acting on the coil, has a magnitude τ ,
ina

where,
τ = (lbB) × (a sin θ) = IABsin θ (A = ab = area of the coil)
In vector form,
⃗ ⃗
τ ⃗ = IA × B
am

−→
But I A = m⃗ , as given
⃗
∴ τ ⃗ = m⃗ × B

26. a. Magnetic moment, M = N I A = 2000 × 4 × 1.6 × 10 −4

= 1.28 Am2
Sw

−
→
The direction of M is along the axis of the solenoid in the direction related to the sense of current via the right handed screw
rule.
b. The magnetic field is given to be uniform. So, the force on the solenoid is zero.
Torque, τ = M B sin θ = 1.28 × 7.5 × 10 sin 30 −2 ∘

−2 1
= 1.28 × 7.5 × 10 × J = 0.048 J
2
→
The direction of the torque is such that the solenoid tends to align the axis of the solenoid (magnetic moment vector) along B .
27. i. Suppose a rod of length 'l' moves with velocity v inward in the region having uniform magnetic field B.
Initial magnetic flux enclosed in the rectangular space is ϕ = |B|lx
As the rod moves with velocity −v = dx

dt

Using Lenz's law,

dϕ d dx
ε= − = − (Blx) = Bl (− )
dt dt dt

∴ ε = Blv

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 ii. Suppose any arbitrary charge 'q' in the conductor of length 'l' moving inward in the field as shown in figure, the change q also
moves with velocity v in the magnetic field B.
The Lorentz force on the charge 'q' is F = qvB and its direction is downwards.
So, work done in moving the charge 'q' along the conductor of length l
W = F.l
W = qvBl
Since emf is the work done per unit charge
W
∴ ε= = Blv
q

This equation gives emf induced across the rod.

28. i. A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction between the two circuits which is linked by a common magnetic
flux. (Alternatively-an emf is induced in the secondary coil when the magnetic flux, linked with it changes with time due to a
(time) changing magnetic flux linked with the primary coil).
ii. Laminations are thin, making the resistance higher. Eddy currents are confined within each thin lamination. This reduces the
net eddy current.

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iii. For maximum sharing of magnetic flux and magnetic flux per turn to be the same in both primary and secondary.
Section D

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29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
When an insulator is placed in an external field, the dipoles become aligned. Induced surface charges on the insulator establish a
polarization field E⃗ in its interior. The net field E⃗ in the insulator is the vector sum of E⃗ and E⃗ as shown in the figure.
i 0 i

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On the application of external electric field, the effect of aligning the electric dipoles in the insulator is called polarisation and the
field E⃗ is known as the polarisation field. The dipole moment per unit volume of the dielectric is known as polarisation (P )⃗ . For
i

linear isotropic dielectrics, P ⃗ = χE⃗ , where χ = electrical susceptibility of the dielectric medium.
ray

(i) (d) Glass

Explanation: Glass
(ii) (c) The centre of gravity of electrons and protons do not coincide.
ina

Explanation: A polar molecule is one in which the centre of gravity for positive and negative charges are separated.
(iii) (a) comb polarizes the piece of paper
Explanation: comb polarizes the piece of paper
(iv) (c) HCl
am

Explanation: In polar molecule the centres of positive and negative charges are separated even when there is no
external field. Such molecule have a permanent dipole moment. lonic molecule like HCl is an example of polar
molecule.
Sw

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

A magnetic field can be produced by moving charges or electric currents. The basic equation governing the magnetic field due to
a current distribution is the Biot-Savart law. Finding the magnetic field resulting from a current distribution involves the vector
product, and is inherently a calculus problem when the distance from the current to the field point is continuously changing.
According to this law, the magnetic field at a point due to a current element of length dl ⃗ carrying current I, at a distance r from the
⃗ ⃗
μ0 I(dl × r )
element is dB = 4π 3
.
r

Biot-Savart law has certain similarities as well as difference with Coloumb's law for electrostatic field e.g., there is an angle
dependence in Biot-Savart law which is not present in electrostatic case.
(i) (b) perpendicular to both dl ⃗ and r ⃗
Explanation: According to Biot-Savart's law, the magnetic induction due to a current element is given by
μ ⃗
⃗ 0 Idl × r ⃗
dB =
4π r3

→
this is perpendicular to both dl and r ⃗

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 (ii) (a) decreases as 1

r2

Explanation: From Biot-savart's law

μ0
dB = i.e., dB ∝
4π
Idl

2
1

2
r r

(iii) (d) zero

μ0 i μ0 i
Explanation: B = 2π
⋅
r
−
2π
⋅
r
=0
(iv) (d) The magnetic fields are equal
Explanation: The magnetic fields are equal
Section E
31. i. Electric dipole moment: The strength of an electric dipole is measured by the quantity of electric dipole moment. Its
magnitude is equal to the product of the magnitude of either charge and the distance between the two charges.
or Electric dipole consists of equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance.
Electric dipole moment, p = q × 2a
It is a vector quantity. In vector form, it is written as p ⃗ = q × 2a⃗p^ where the direction of 2a⃗p^ is from a negative charge to a

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positive charge.
The electric field of the dipole at points on the equatorial plane:

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The magnitudes of the electric field due to the two charges +q and -q are given by,
q 1
∣ ⃗ ∣
E +q = ⋅
∣ ∣ 4πε0 2
(r + a )
2
ray

q
⃗ 1
|E − q| = ⋅
4πε0 (r2 + a2 )

∣ ⃗ ∣ ∣ ⃗ ∣
E +q = E −q
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣

The direction of ∣∣E⃗ +q ∣

∣
and
∣
∣
⃗
E −q
∣
∣
are shown in the figure. The components normal to the dipole axis cancel out. The
ina

components along the dipole axis add up

∴ Total electric field
⃗ ^
E = − (E+q + E−q ) cos θp

[Negative sign shows that field is opposite to p]

am

−2qa
⃗
E =
3/2
...(i)
2 2
4πε0 (r + a )

At large distances (r >>a) this reduces to

−2qa
⃗
E = ^
p
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4πε0 r3

q
∣ ⃗ ∣ 1
E +q = ⋅
∣ ∣ 4πε0 2 2
(r + a )

q
⃗ 1
|E − q| = ⋅
4πε0 2 2
(r + a )

∣ ⃗ ∣ ∣ ⃗ ∣
∴ E +q = E −q
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣

∵ p ⃗ = 2qap
^

−p ⃗
⃗
∴ E =
3
4πε0 r

ii. Equipotential surface due to electric dipole :

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 The potential due to the dipole is zero at the line bisecting the dipole length. Equipotential surfaces are that at every point of
which electric potential is the same.
32. Applying Kirchhoff's law to the mesh ABDA,
-101 - 5g + (I - I1)5 = 0
3I1 − I + Ig = 0 ....... (i)

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ass
Again, applying Kirchhoff's second law to the mesh BDCB,
- 5Ig - 10(I - I1 + Ig) + 5(I1 - Ig) = 0
3I1 - 2I - 4Ig = 0 ...... (ii)

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Applying Kirchhoff's second law to the mesh ABCEA,
-10I1 - 5(I1 - Ig) - 10I + 10 = 0
3I1 + 2I - Ig = 2 ....... (iii)
an
Adding (i) and (iii), we get
6I1 + I = 2 ....... (iv)
Multiplying (i) by 4 and adding in (ii), we get
ray

15I1 - 6I = 0......(v)
Solving equations (iv) and (v), we get
4
I1 =
17
A = 0.235 A
So, current in branch AB is 0.235 A
ina

Putting the value of I1 in equation (v) and simplifying, we get

Total current, I = 10

17
= 0.588 A
Putting the values of I and I1 in equation (iii) and simplifying, we get
am

2
Ig = A = −0.118A
17

The negative sign indicates that the direction of current is opposite to that shown in figure above
So current in branch BD is -0.118A
Sw

4 2
Current in branch BC is (I1 - Ig) i.e. 17
− (−
17
)

i.e. 6

17
or 0.353 A
Current in branch AD is (I - I1)
10 4 6
i.e. ( 17
−
17
)A i.e. 17
A or 0.353 A
Current in branch DC is (I - I1 + Ig)
6 2 4
i.e. 17
+ (−
17
)A or 17
A or 0.235 A

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33. i. In a series LCR circuit shown,

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From the phasor relation, voltages VL + VR + VC = V, as VC and VL are along the same line and in opposite directions, so

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they will combine in single phasor (VC + VL) having magnitude |VCm - VLm|. Since voltage V is shown as the hypotenuse of
a right-angled triangle with sides as VR and (VC + VL), So the Pythagoras Theorem results as :
2 2 2
Vm = V + (VCm − VLm )
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R

Vm
2
= (Im R)2 + (Im XC - Im XL)2

Vm
2
= Im 2(R2 + (XC - XL)2)
ray

Now current in tire circuit :

Vm
Im =
2 2
√( R + ( XC − XL )

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Vm
ina

2 2
Im = as Z = √[ R + (XC − XL ) ]
Z
am
Sw

As phasor 1 is always parallel to phasor VR, the phase angle ϕ is the angle between VR and V and can be determined from
figure.
V −V
Cm Lm
tan ϕ =
VRm

XC − XL
tan ϕ =
R

ii. Resonance frequency is defined as the frequency at which the impedance of the LCR circuit becomes minimum or current
in the circuit becomes maximum. It is shown as: VCm = VLm and XL=XC
1
f0 =
2π √LC

OR
a. Drawing the two graphs the graph shows the variation of capacitive resistance with frequency and inductive resistance with
frequency.

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 The two graphs are as shown

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b. Drawing the phaser diagram
(the current leads the voltage by an angle θ where 0 < θ <
π
Cl
. The required phaser diagram is as shown.
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)
2
ray
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am

[Here, θ = tan −1
[
1

ωCR
]

c.
i. In device X:
Sw

Current lags behind the voltage by π

∴ X is an inductor.
In device Y:
Current in phase with the applied voltage.
∴ Y is resistor.

ii. We are given that

220
0.25 =XL

220
or XL = 0.25
Ω = 880 Ω
Also 0.25 = 220

XR

∴ XR =
220

0.25
Ω = 880 Ω
For the series combination of X and Y,
−−−−−−−−
–
Equivalent impedance = √X 2
L
+ X
2
R
= (880√2)Ω

∴ Current flowing 220

A = 0.177 A
880√2

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