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Biology File Project File
Biology File Project File
Common Disease in
Human Body
CLASS:12
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that original and genuine
work has been carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and related data
collection and investigation has been
completed sincerely and satisfactorily by
Ritisha Rajput of class 12th of Venus Public
School regarding her activity:
“Common Disease in Human Body”
Acknowledgement
I am overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to
acknowledge my depth to all those who helped me to put
these ideas, well above the level of simplicity and into
something concrete.
Contents
Introduction
Types of diseases
Modes of transmission
Viral diseases
Bacterial diseases
Protozoon diseases
Conclusion
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION :
A disease is a condition of the body or a
part of it in which functions are disturbed
of maligned. Diseases may also be defined
as morphological, physiological,
psychological disturbance in the body or
body parts caused by some external
agencies which may be non-parasitic e.g.
deficiency of nutrients or may be Cars fie
caused by causes, bacteria, fungi etc. The
term disease means DIS- or discomfort. In
short it can be defined as 'disease is
disorder of body'.
SOURCES OF DISEASES
The reservoirs of human diseases are:
a) Air: It is reservoir of pathogens of
many diseases like, measles,
tuberculosis, diphtheria etc.
b) Food and Water: These are reservoir
of pathogens of many diseases like,
cholera, polio, typhoid, roundworm,
tapeworm etc.
c) Soil: It is a reservoir of pathogen of
tetanus diseases.
d) Animals: These are those living
organisms which spread the pathogens
from also called reservoir host.
TYPES OF DISEASES :
Diseases are broadly classified into two
categories:
A. Congenital Diseases :
Diseases present since birth and are
caused due to defective development of
inheritance e.g. congenital heart
diseases, haemophilia, colour blindness
etc.
B. Acquired diseases :
Diseases developed after birth. They are
further classified as-
a) Communicable diseases
b) Non-Communicable diseases
MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES :
The diseases are transmitted from the
reservoirs of infection to the healthy persons
the following ways:
1) Direct transmission: The pathogens are
transmitted from an infected person or
healthy person directly without an
intermediate agent. It occurs in following
ways-
a) Contact with soil e.g., tetanus.
2. Indirect transmission: The pathogens of
some diseases are carried through some
intermediate agents. It occurs in following
ways:
a) Air borne diseases.
b) By unclean hands and fingers.
VIRAL DISEASES
1. RABIES
Rabies a fatal viral disease that is transmitted
to human beings by bite of rabid dog or cat.
A number of wild animals also carry the virus,
e.g. Jaundice wolves, foxes, bat, monkeys,
rabbit etc.
Symptoms: Rabies is 100% fatal disease. It is
characterized by high fever and pain
contraction of muscles of throat and chest. The
patient feels restless, has choking feet and
finds difficulty in taking even liquid food. He is
afraid of water, so called hydrophobia.
Prevention:
Dogs should be vaccinated with anti-rabies
vaccine.
Rabid animal should be killed, if it shows
excessive salivation and tries seeking isolation.
Control: There is no treatment until now.
AIDS
Aids stands for acquired immune deficiency
syndrome. It is caused by HIV (Human
immune-deficiency virus). It was firstly
detected in June 1981 in USA. This virus
weakness the human body's immunity or self
defense mechanism. Hence the aids virus
reduces the natural immunity of the human
body; therefore, the body saving AIDS
becomes prone to many other infections.
Modes of transmission:
It spreads through sexual contact with an
infected person carrying AIDS virus.
It spread though the transfusion of blood
infected with AIDS virus.
BACTERIAL DISEASES
TYPHOID
Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhoid
bacteria, commonly found in interterm of
man. This is common is age group of 1-15
years. Every year about 2.5 million people
suffer from typhoid.
Modes of transmission:
Contaminated food and water and house flies.
Symptoms: It is characterized by-
Headache and rise in body temperature.
Lesions of intestinal mucosa.
Rose coloured rash on the upper
abdomen.
Prevention:
Underground disposal of human faces.
Typhoid is diagnosed by widal test.
Control: Antibiotics can treat the diseases.
PROTOZOAN DISEASES
MALARIA
Malaria is more common in tropical and
subtropical countries,
especially in Africa and Asia. It is estimated
that about 300 million people are infected
with malaria every year and more than 2
million people die annually due to this
diseases.
Causes: Malaria is caused by the toxins
produced in the human body by the malaria
parasite Plasmodium. Presence of malarial
parasite can be checked by blood test.
CANCER
It is the uncontrolled and unwanted growth of
cells.
Causes:
1. No definite cause has been arrived at so far.
However, it is found that body has proto-
oncogenes.
2. Heavy smoking and alcoholism.
3. Chewing of tobacco.
4. Consistent irritation of skin or repeated
injury at the same point. Cancer is a kind of
tumorous growth.
Filariasis:
Pathogen: Filarial worm
Mode of transmission: Bites of mosquitoes -
Aedes and Culex.
Symptoms
1. Fever
2. Collection of endothelial cells and
metabolites in the wall of lymph vessels.
3. Swelling takes place in certain parts of the
body like legs, breasts & scrotum
Prevention and cure
1. Mesh doors and windows in the house to
check the entry of mosquitoes. be properly
covered.
2. The water collected in tanks or other articles
should
3. Sprinkling of kerosene in ditches, etc.
CONCLUSION :
The diseases caused by intrinsic sources
are called organic or metabolic diseases
like cardiac failure, kidney failure, diabetes,
allergies, cancer etc and the diseases
caused by extrinsic factors are
Kwashiorkor, obesity, Night blindness,
scurvy etc. Some diseases are also caused
by micro-organisms due to unbalanced diet
such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi,
protozoan’s, worms, etc.; environmental
pollutants, tobacco, alcohol and narcotic
drugs are also an important extrinsic
factors which upset human health.
BIBLIOGRAPHY :
https://en.wikipedia.org
NCERT textbook class XII
www.khanacademy.com
Lab manual