‫ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ‬ ‫
‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫
‬
‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‬ ‫
‬
‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫
‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺃﺱ ﻭﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺃﺱ ﻭﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻠﺔ‬
‫
ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ‪Vertex‬‬
‫
ﻋﲔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬
‫
ﺍﳉﺒﻬﺔ ‪Front‬‬
‫
ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ‬
‫
ﺍﳋﺪ ‪Gena‬‬
‫
ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﺔ‬
‫
ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫
ﺍﻟﻔﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫
ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬
‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ‪ِantennae‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫
‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﺍﺥ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺬﻕ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻞ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬

‫ﻋﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺇﺫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ‪the three ocelli‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫
ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ )ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﺀﺓ(‪.‬‬

‫
ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﹰﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
oeil_compose

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٨

Queen head and worker head
‫
ر ا  ا‬
‫ اك‬
 !

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٩

 ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻗﺎﺭﺽ ﻻﻋﻖ‬
‫)‪(Chewing-lapping mouth type‬‬
‫
ﲢﻮﺭﺕ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻟﺘﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺣﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻭﻓﻜﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺿﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺮﺽ ﺣﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺡ‪.‬‬
‫
ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲡﻤﻌﻪ ﻭﺗﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫
ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺮﻃﻮﻡ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻖ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬

‫‪The mouthparts of a worker‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻗﺎﺭﺽ ﻻﻋﻖ‬ ‫
‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫
‬
‫ﻓﻜﲔ ﻋﻠﻮﻳﲔ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﻴﲔ ﺳﻔﻠﻴﲔ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺷﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺷﻔﺔ ﺳﻔﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫
‬
‫ﻣﻠﻤﺴﲔ ﺷﻔﻮﻳﲔ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺷﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪١١‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ‬
‫‪mandibles with tongue in the middle‬‬

‫
ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫
ﺍﻟﻔﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫
ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻒ ‪mandibles‬‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ‪mandible‬‬

‫
ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﻜﱪﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﻌﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ‪Maxilla‬‬

‫
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ‬
‫
ﻣﻠﻤﺲ ﻓﻜﻲ‬
‫
ﻗﻠﻨﺴﻮﺓ ‪-‬ﺟﺎﻟﻴﺎ ‪ -‬ﺧﻮﺫﺓ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ‪Maxilla‬‬

‫
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ‬
‫
ﻣﻠﻤﺲ ﻓﻜﻲ‬
‫
ﻗﻠﻨﺴﻮﺓ ‪-‬ﺟﺎﻟﻴﺎ ‪ -‬ﺧﻮﺫﺓ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬

 ‫ا غ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪١٧‬‬

 ‫'&‪ $%‬ا غ‬
‫
ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬
‫
ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻟﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻓﻄﺮﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫
ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﱃ ﻓﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ‬
‫
ﺍﳌﺮﺉ )ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ( ﲤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻓﺼﻮﺹ ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ‬
‫
ﻏﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ‪CC-CA‬ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﺉ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬

‫‪Endocrine organs‬‬ ‫ﻏﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬

‫
)‪corpora allata (CA‬‬

‫و  د ا  ا وي أو ا ‬
‫ا ي  ا ئ‬
‫
‪ "# $%‬ا غ‬
‫
‪%+‬م )‪#‬از ه‪%‬ن‬
‫‪juvenile hormone‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﲤﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫
‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﲑﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬
‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪١٩‬‬
 ‫ﻏﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ‪Endocrine organs‬‬

‫)‪corpora cardiaca (CC‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﱯ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﻣﻮﻱ ﻋﺼﱯ‬ ‫
‬
‫ﻭﳐﺰﻥ ﻹﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫
ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺦ ‪(PTTH) prothoracicotropic hormone‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﺮﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﻳﻮﺻﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻪ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﻼﺥ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﻼﺥ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ‪Moulting or ecdysone hormone‬‬ ‫
‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺴﻼﺥ ﺍﻟﲑﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﱃ ﻋﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫
‬
‫ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺤﻞ‬
‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬
 Exocrine organs ‫ﻏﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬

mandibular glands (‫
ا* د ا‬

hypopharyngeal glands (- ‫ ا‬+,' ‫
ا* د‬
salivary glands (- ‫
ا* د ا‬

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٢١

‫‪mandibular gland‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫
ﺗﺸﺒﺔ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺲ ﻭﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻜﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫
ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫
ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﳓﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻞ‬
‫
ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻫﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﻠﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻲ‬
‫
ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ heptanone‬ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻔﲑﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫
ﳍﺎ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﱪﺓ ﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮﻡ‬
‫‪Closeup of part of hypopharyngeal glands‬‬

‫
ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﲤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﱘ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺮﻳﻪ ﰒ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻲ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‬
‫
ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﻛﺄﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻲ‬
‫
ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﻧﺰﱘ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺮﺗﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﱃ‬
‫ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫
ﻻ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻥ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٢٣‬‬

‫‪salivary_hypopharyngeal‬‬
‫
ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻲ ﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ ﳓﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻞ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻲ ‪royal jelly‬‬
‫
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﲰﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻡ ﻟﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ‬
‫ﻛﺮﳝﻲ ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻴﻪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﻌﻢ ﻻﺫﻉ ﻭﻏﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮﻣﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫
ﺗﻐﺬﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺣﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﲑﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫
ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﰲ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﲑﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﱃ ﻣﻠﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺒﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬

‫‪salivary gland‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫
ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ‬
‫
ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﻠﻂ ﻣﻊ ﻗﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ ﻟﻴﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٢٦‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ‪Thorax‬‬
‫
ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺙ ﻋﻘﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺪﳎﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫
ﲢﻤﻞ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻻ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬
‫
ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪(Prothorax ,mesothorax and metathorax‬‬ ‫)‬
‫)‪(Pro , Meso , Meta‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰﻭ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺘﺎ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬

 ‫ا‪/‬ر‪$‬ــــ‪,‬‬
‫
‪ 5,%‬ا‪ 4‬ر ‪ 232‬أزواج‬
‫‪ 8‬ا‪7‬ر‪6‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ا‪7‬ر‪ 6‬ا‪(7‬‬
‫‪&= >? 9‬ون ا;‪-:‬ر‬
‫‪ .١‬ا‪7‬ر‪ 6‬ا‪@A:‬‬
‫; ‪,' 9 6%‬رات‬
‫‪ .١‬ا‪7‬ر‪ 6‬ا! (‬
‫‪E  : 9 6%‬ب ا ح‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬

Closeup of hairs on the thorax of a worker

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٢٩

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫
'ن ‪: 8‬‬
‫
ﺍﳊﺮﻗﻔﺔ‬
‫
ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺬ‬
‫
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ‬
‫
ﻣﻨﻈﻒ ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ‬
‫
ﺭﺳﻎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻱ‬
‫
ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻎ‬
‫
ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫
ﻭﺳﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬

‫‪hind leg‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫
ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫
ﺍﳊﺮﻗﻔﺔ‬
‫
ﺍﳌﺪﻭﺭ‬
‫
ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺬ‬
‫
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ‬
‫
ﺳﻠﺔ ﺣﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺡ‬
‫
ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ‬
‫
ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻎ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٣١‬‬

pollen_basket

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٣٢

rake_press rake_press

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٣٣

‫ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﰲ ﳓﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻞ ‪The wings‬‬

‫
ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺯﻭﺟﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٣٤‬‬

 ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺷﺒﻚ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ‪wing_hooks‬‬

‫
ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺷﺒﻚ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﻃﻴﻒ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳜﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻲ ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﻃﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﺒﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﺀ ﲰﻴﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬
‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٣٦‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻦ ‪The Abdomen‬‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٣٧‬‬

circulatoire

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٣٨

circulatoire_coupe

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٣٩

digestif_coupe

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٤٠

digestif_plan

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٤١

nerveux_coupe

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٤٢

nerveux_plan

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٤٣

respiration_coupe

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٤٤

larves_coupe

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٤٥

‫ا?ة ا‪(5G9‬‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٤٦‬‬

tracheal2

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٤٧

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٤٨‬‬
ganglia_fatbody

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٤٩

ganglion.sized

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٥٠

intestine1.sized

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٥١

‫ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺾ‬

‫ﻛﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻢ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺩﻉ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻏﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻢ‬

‫ﺁﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺴﻊ‬
‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٥٢‬‬
‫‪Proventriculus‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ‬

‫‪ 2+‬ا ‪1‬ة ‪:‬‬

‫أو  ا ‪ 24%+‬وه" ‪8$‬ء ‪546‬‬
‫= ا ‪<+‬ة ا ;‪ 25:‬ا‪ 25/‬وا ‪,4 "9‬‬
‫‪1 =5‬ة ا ‪ ,1‬وا ‪<+‬ة ا ;‪25:‬‬
‫ا ‪>?%‬‬

‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﱰﻉ ﺣﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﰲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻖ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻞ ﻭﺗﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﺰﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٥٣‬‬

‫‪Honey stomach‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻞ‬
‫
ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳊﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻖ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﱪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﰒ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻖ‪.‬‬
‫
ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺍﱃ‬
‫ﻋﺴﻞ‬
‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٥٤‬‬
‫‪sting gland‬‬ ‫ﻏﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﻊ‬
‫
‪ J I 6%‬د ‪(GE‬‬
‫و‪ J‬د = ‪%‬‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٥٥‬‬

sting1.sized

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٥٦

‫‪ M‬ا ‪Sting KL‬‬
‫
ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺇﲡﺎﺓ ﺳﻨﻦ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺪﺧﻮﳍﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻬﺎ‬

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٥٧‬‬

 strup

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٥٨

‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٥٩‬‬
‫ ا ا ي‬ ‫د‪ .‬أ ‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬
tracheal2

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٦١

intestine1.sized

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٦٢

Ovaries of a laying worker 2

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٦٣

Ovaries of a laying worker
‫ ا*;ت‬NO P(5‫
ا‬
-Q‫اا‬

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٦٤

Ovaries of a laying worker2

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٦٥

ovary of laying queen
,R   NO P(5‫ا‬
L-‫ا‬

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٦٦

spermatheca laying queen
‫ت‬R‫(ا‬,‫دع ا‬L
,R   NO %?5‫ا‬
L-‫ا‬

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٦٧

Spermatheca cover of laying queen

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٦٨

the sting, the venom gland, and
muscles controllinging the gland

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٦٩

the Y shaped one the matur
eggs
TQ?‫ ا‬G(‫
 ا‬
 5 P(5‫ =?ة ا‬NO
L-‫ ا‬,R

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٧٠

Semen collection
%?5‫ت ا‬R‫(ا‬,‫ ا‬K56

‫آ& *&ض‬W‫ ا‬8
$( ‫ ا‬NO 9‫! ا‬:‫ا‬
‫ ت‬5  (?4‫ا‬

‫ ا ا ي‬  ‫ أ‬.‫د‬ ٧١