Math in the Modern World Sample : Portion of the population chosen for

study
Data Management - “Statistics”
- Is used in business or education. - Sample Size = n
- Also known as Statistics. - Sample Mean = x̄
- The science of collecting, organizing, - Sample Standard Deviation = s
presenting, analyzing and interpreting
numerical data to give more Types of Sampling Methods
meaningful information. - Helps ensure a Representative sample
of the process without having to
Data collect extreme amounts of data.
- The collection of observations on one - Population sampling : Point in Time
or more variables. Sampling. All the elements of
- The backbone of any experiment. population are visible at the time of
- Numerical Data are sets of values sampling.
that are measures of specific - Process Sampling : Sampling over
quantities or conducting surveys. time. All the elements of the
- Can simply be organized in tabular population are not visible at the time
form. of sampling, and keep flowing as the
- Can be arranged by their categories, process continues.
from highest to lowest value, or vice
versa. Sampling Methods
- Computer programs make it easier to 1. Population Sampling
handle data. - Simple Random Sampling
- Random Stratified Sampling
Quantitative or Numerical Variable 2. Process Sampling
- Describes the amount or number of an - Systematics Sampling
element of a sample or population - Subgroup Sampling

Discrete Simple Random Sample

- Takes on a countable amount. - All items have an equal chance of
Continuous being selected.
- Measured on a continuous scale. - The selection of one experimental unit
is not dependent on the selection of
Sampling another.
Population : All possible members - Always preferred but sometimes not
- “Parameter” practical.
- Population Size = N - Example : 100 calls randomly picked
- Population Mean = μ from ALL (say 5000) the calls
- Population Standard Deviation = σ recorded for last month.
 Central Tendency and Variability of Data

Measures of Central Tendency

- Mean
- Median
- Mode

Stratified or Clustered Random Sample Central Tendency

- Divide items into homogenous - Stated as the statistical measure

subgroups and select randomly from that represents the single value of

each group. the entire distribution or a dataset.

- The sample will effectively represent It aims to provide an accurate

the effect each group has on the total description of the entire data in the

variability. distribution.

- Example : 20 calls are picked in

random for each of the 5 TLs, from Mean

the calls recorded for last month. - A set of values or measurements is

the sum of all the measurements
divided by the number of
measurements in the set.
- Sometimes called the arithmetic
mean.
- If we get the mean of the sample, we
call it the sample mean and it is
Systematic Sampling denoted by x̄.
- Select every n sample from a
continuous flow of items. Mean for Ungrouped Data
- The sample will effectively represent
the variability of the process with
respect to time.
- Example : Picking the first candidate
coming out from the interview room at
the start of every hour to study
interview time.

Median
- is the value in the middle of a data
set, meaning that 50% of data points
 have a value smaller or equal to the - Allows a determination of how well an
median and 50% of data points have a individual score (or group of scores)
value higher or equal to the median. represents the entire distribution.
- Describes our distribution.

1. Low Variability - it means that you

can better predict information about
the population based on sample data.
2. Medium Variability
3. High Variability - means that the
values are less consistent, so it's
harder to make predictions.
Mode
- Is the value which occurs most Measures of Variability
frequently in a set of measurements - Variability can be measured with
or values. In other words, it is the a. Range
most popular value in a given set. b. Standard Deviation
c. Variance
- Variability is determined by measuring
distance.
- Remember central tendency

The Standard Deviation (SD)

Modes Standard = Average

- Unimodal : one mode Deviation* = distance from the mean

- Bimodal : two modes

- Trimodal : three modes - Approximately the average distance

- Multimodal : four or more modes of scores from the mean.

- Provides the most information.

Variability - Takes into account all scores in the

- Refers to how spread out a group of distribution.

data is. - Most commonly used measure of

- Measure how much your scores differ variability.

from each other.

- Provides a quantitative measure of Measures of Relative Position

the degree to which scores in a - It is a way for us to compare values

distribution are spread out or coming from different data sets with

clustered together. each other. It allows us to scale a

data set and its distribution so that
we can meaningfully compare the data
 with itself or with
proportionally scaled data sets. This
focuses on the relative position of a
data value within a data set which is
why they are called measures of
location or measures of position.
3 Basic Measures of Relative Position
- Z Score (a.k.a. Standard Score)
- The Percentile (and their percentile
rank)
- Quartiles
Z Score (a.k.a. Standard Score)
- Tells us how far a certain data is from
the mean of the set, it takes after
the standard deviation’s unit.
- It is used to re-scale a data set and
its distribution so we can meaningfully
compare it with others.
The Percentile (and their percentile rank)
- This means dividing the whole set into
100 equal parts. Thus we’ll have 99
division/dividing marks and
denotes the percentage of
located up to that certain value. Each
of the division marks within the
distribution is what’s called
percentile. It is expressed as,
other - Percentile of X = number of data
points less than X/Total number of
data points x 100
Quartiles
- The quartiles are values that divide a
list of numbers into quarters. Each
quartile is the specific point marking
the division between each quarter
after a data set has been ordered.
Each quartile is named Q1, Q2, and
Q3.
Where:
Q1 = splits the lowest 25% of the sorted data
Q2 = Median=splits the lowest 50% of the
sorted data
Q3 = splits the lowest 75% of the sorted
data
each
data
the
Characteristics
- Bell-Shaped
- Mean=Median=Mode
The Standard Normal Distribution (Z)
- The Mean (μ) = 0
- Standard Deviation (σ) = 1
Probability
- Is a field of mathematics that deals
with chance.
- The likelihood of an event occurring
An experiment is an activity in which the
results cannot be predicted with certainty.
Each repetition of an experiment is called a
trial.
Examples : Tossing a coin and Rolling a die
An Outcome is a result of an experiment
Terminologies
- We expressed Probability
NUMERICALLY.
An event is any collection of outcomes, and a
simple event is an event with only one possible
outcome.
Sample Space
- Is the set of all possible outcomes of
the experiment.
Experiment : Tossing a coin
Sample Space (S) : S = {H,T}
Events (E) : The event that a head will occur.
E = {H}
Experiment : Dice (6 outcomes)
Sample Space (S) : S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Events (Even Numbers) : E = {2,4,6}
Probability
Probability of an event happening = Number
of ways it can happen/Total numbers of
outcomes
Example: the chance of rolling a “4” with a die
Number of ways it can happen : 1 (there is
only 1 face with a “4” on it)
Total number of outcomes: 6 (there are 6
faces all together)
So the probability = ⅙
Correlation and Regression
Correlation - describes the strength of a
linear relationship between two variables.
Regression - tells us how to draw the straight
line described by the correlation.
Linear Correlation - Decagon
a. Negative Linear Correlation - As x - Undecagon/Hendecagon
increases, y tends to decrease. - Dodecagon
b. Positive Linear Correlation - As
increases, y tends to increase. - Polygons are either simple or complex.
c. No Correlation A simple polygon has only one
d. Nonlinear Correlation boundary and never crosses over
itself while a complex polygon
Introduction intersects itself.
- Geometric shapes have fascinated - Polygons are either concave, convex. A
many people throughout history in the convex polygon has no angles pointing
fields of art, science, engineering, inward. More precisely, no internal
interior designing, and many other angles can be more than 180°. It is a
professions. Mathematicians have concave.
constructed ideal representations of
these shapes and developed methods
in obtaining the measurement of
lengths (one-dimension), areas
(two-dimension), and volumes
(three-dimension).

Recognizing and Analyzing Geometric

Shapes
- A polygon is a two-dimensional shape
with straight sides. It can be
classified according to the number of
its sides, such as a three-sided shape - Polygons are either regular or
called triangle and four-sided shape irregular. If all angles are equal and
called quadrilateral. Others are all sides are equal. It is regular;
pentagon, heptagon, hexagon, and so otherwise, it is irregular.
on.

Types of Polygons
- Triangle
- Quadrilateral
- Pentagon
- Hexagon
- Heptagon
- Octagon
- Nonagon
 - A solid is the geometry of a - Non-polyhedra (if any surface is not
three-dimensional space, the kind of flat) are solids with curved surfaces,
space we live in. It is called or a mix of curved and flat surfaces,
three-dimensional or 3D because such as spheres, cylinders, cones and
there are three dimensions: width, torus.
depth, and height. - Platonic Solids is a convex polyhedron
- Solids have properties, such as volume whose faces are all congruent, convex
(think of how much water it could regular polygons. None of its faces
hold) and surface area (think of the intersect except at their edges, and
area you would have to paint). it has the same number of faces that
meet at each of its vertices. There
Regular Polyhedrons are five platonic solids.
- Tetrahedron
- Cube
- Octahedron
- Dodecahedron
- Icosahedron

- Prism is a polyhedron whose sides are

all flat. It has the same cross section
all along its length, and its shape is
polygon. All the prisms are classified
as either regular prisms because the
cross section of each is a regular
polygon or irregular prism because its
cross section is an irregular polygon.

- There are two main types of solids

namely: polyhedra and
non-polyhedra.
- A polyhedron (they must have flat
faces) is a solid made of flat
surfaces; each surface is a polygon,
like the platonic solids, prisms, and
pyramids.
- Cone is made by rotating a triangle. freeform shapes or organic shapes.
The triangle has to be a right-angled For example, the shape of a tree is
triangle and it gets rotated around irregular or organic.
one of its short sides. The side it
rotates around is the axis of the cone. Geometric Shape
It has a flat base and has one-curved 1. Polygon
side. Because of its curved surface. It a. Simple or Complex
is not a polyhedron. b. Concave or Convex
- Cylinder is a three-dimensional solid c. Regular or Irregular
object bounded by a curved surface 2. Solid
and two parallel circles of equal size a. Polyhedra
at the ends. The curved surface is b. Non-polyhedra
formed by all the line segments c. Platonic
joining corresponding points of the 3. Prism
two parallel circles. Because of its 4. Pyramid
curved surface, it is not a polyhedron. 5. Cone
- Sphere is a perfectly round object in 6. Cylinder
a three-dimensional space. It is 7. Sphere
non-polyhedron because the surface is 8. Torus
completely round. It is perfectly
symmetrical with no edges or vertices. Transformation
All the points on the surface are the - A transformation converts one
same distance from the center. geometric shape into another.
- Torus is a solid formed by revolving a - These transformations fall into two
small circle along a line made by categories:
another circle. It has no edges or
vertices and therefore, it is not Rigid Transformation
polyhedron. - Rigid transformations that do not
change the shape or size of the
preimage.

Non-Rigid Transformation
- Non-rigid transformations change the
size but not the shape of the
preimage.
- Geometric shapes are also classified
with respect to their regularity or
Translation
uniformity. A Regular shape is usually
- A translation is a transformation that
symmetrical such as a square, circle,
moves every point in a figure the same
etc. Irregular shapes are
distance in the same direction.
asymmetrical. They are also called
 - A geometry translation is an isometric
transformation, meaning that the
original figure and the image are
congruent.

Glide Reflection
- A glide reflection is the figure that
Rotation
occurs when a pre-image is reflected
- A rotation is a transformation in
over a line of reflection then
which the object is rotated about a
translated in a horizontal or vertical
fixed point. The direction of rotation
direction (or even a combination of
can be clockwise or anti-clockwise.
both) to form the new image.

Reflection
- A reflection is a transformation
representing a flip of a figure.
Dilation
- Figures may be reflected in a point, a
- Dilation is a transformation, which is
line, or a plane. When reflecting a
used to resize the object. Dilation is
figure in a line or in a point, the image
used to make the objects larger or
is congruent to the preimage.
smaller.
Shear
- A transformation in which all points
along a given line remain fixed while
other points are shifted parallel to by
a distance proportional to their
perpendicular distance from.