ATP-HORMONES-VITAMINS

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 ATP drives cellular work:
ATP, ________________________, main
energy currency of cell.
ATP is a complex molecule, nucleotide.
ATP consists of,
 ______________________

 ______________________

 ______________________

 Chemical addition of a phosphate group

to ADP ( making ATP) is called
_______________.
 The removal of a phosphate group from
ATP by hydrolysis is called
___________________. (Energy is
released)

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  ATP is a ________________________ for the cell.
 ATP can not ______________________ and each cell produce their own ATP.
 ATP can not be _______________.

ATP H2 O

ADP Pi

Energy from Energy for cellular

catabolism (_________, work (_____________,
energy-releasing energy-consuming
processes) processes)

_________________  ________
 ________  ________
 ________  ________
 ________
 ________
 ________

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 Hormones: are organic compounds that regulate metabolism and cell functions. Their
structure can be aminoacid, protein or steroid. In animals, they are released in to blood by
the organs of endocrine system. In plants, formation of the root, stem, leaf, flower and
development of fruits are all regulated by hormones. Low or high amount of hormones may
cause malfunctions.

VITAMINS: Vitamins are essential nutrients for the regulation of many different functions
of the body. They are important for the formation of tissues, blood cells, genetic material,
hormones and chemicals for the nervous system. They are necessary for the body, growth,
health, physical and emotional balance.

 Vitamins are organic compounds, made up of ___,___,___ and ___.

 Vitamins are produced by _______________ but they can not be produced by _________.

 In our body, we can directly use some vitamins taken by nutrition, but some of them are

taken as “___________________”, and then we convert them to original vitamin molecules.

 Vitamins are small molecules, they can pass through _______________ without ________.

 Vitamins don’t give __________________!

 They help enzymes as ___________ to regulate reactions, metabolism and body health.

 Vitamins are required in the diet in _____________________.

 Vitamins are grouped into two categories: ____________________ and _______________

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Water-Soluble Vitamins: Excess of water soluble vitamins excreted in urine,they

should be taken daily. Except B12, others are not stored, hence lack of water soluble vitamins

can be determined in a short time.

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Vitamin B: a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism.

Benefits of Vitamin B:

 Stimulate the immune system

 Form red blood cells

 Improve memory

 Enhance mood

Lack of Vitamin B Diseases:

 Pellagra

 Beriberi Disease

 Anemia

 Fatigue

 Loss of Appetite

Vitamin C: a class of water-soluble vitamins that prevent and treat scurvy.

Benefits of Vitamin C:

 Counter fatigue

 Increase collagen production to protect bones, muscles and skin

 Reduce melasma and freckles

Lack of Vitamin C Disease:

 Scurvy (sailors disease)

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Fat-Soluble Vitamins: Excess of fat soluble vitamins can be stored in liver.
Overdoses of fat soluble vitamins can be toxic.

Vitamin A:

Benefits of Vitamin A includes,

 Lowers the cancer risk

 Supports immune system
 Reduces the risk of acne
 Supports bone health

Lack of Vitamin A Diseases:

 Night Blindness

Vitamin D: is a group of fat-soluble vitamin.

Benefits of Vitamin D:

 Strengthening immune system

 Bone metabolism
 Function of the cardiac muscle
 Protection of blood vessels
 Muscle function

Lack of Vitamin D Diseases:

 Rickets/Osteaomalacia

 Osteoporosis

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 Vitamin E:

Benefits of Vitamin E includes,

 Skin Protection
 Cancer prevention
 Cholesterol reducer
 Hormone regulation
 Antioxidant
 Immune boosting

Lack of Vitamin E Diseases:

 Hair loss
 Vision loss
 Muscle weakness
 Decreased sex drive
 Stomach Problems

Vitamin K:

Benefits of Vitamin K includes,

 Improves bone health

 Fights cancer
 Supports hearth health
 Supports brain function
 Regulates blood clotting

Lack of Vitamin K Diseases:

 inability of blood clotting

Probiotic bacteria in large intestine play important roles in a wide range of

biological processes of their host. They are also able to

synthesize vitamin K and most of the water‐soluble B vitamins. Healthy

diet increases the number of these ‘good’ bacteria. It's a good idea to

avoid or limit foods packed with added sugar. If you need further

information about ‘How the food you eat affects your gut’, you can

watch video via QR code. 8