C

YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id
DEFORMATION
 FORCE The
of change of
rate momentum is called
force
:

TIE

id
shear 4 A stretch ← 0--0 →

sh
Io

Ra
Bending Deformation Compress
←

10*1
← → →

an
'

Buckling I ↳ Twist 10×01

sh
⇐. ⇐

EI } {

Ka
☒ : ii

by
'

4-

ics
- -

µ;
-

ys
Ph
to the
- - - -

length application of force

¥w
EXTENSION due
:
Change in

Li
n =
If -

" ↳
n = + ve a = -
ve

E
Inc
length in
length

E
in dec
AT
C
N
LE
. .

EL
C
EX
M
G
IN

:{
U

of proportionality
HOOK 's
SS

Within the limit F

RS

LAW -
✗ N
PU
R

,
FO

{
F- kx
LA

the directly proportional

forceextension applied is
ER

-
N
RT
PA

extension
C

to the F
force x
R

: :
U

.
YO

k constant (
"
)
spring Nm
:

Spring constant about

Ñ#
-

tells the
-

the
of body .

it is to that
i. e. how
difficult stretch or
compress
Value of both material
body .
k depends upon ,
design of object and .
 32g §
400 Nmm " that
Kk ! 4% NIMMI of force
means 400N
! -
i
is needed to stretch the
spring by

id
1- !

sh
mm

Ra
More value

FIFA

an
B
-

! A the
spring
otwnsrimam
→ "' when

sh
qq.gnefiminohzatmy.me

Ka
.

by
ics
Hook 's law in The
also understood in
spring

ys
can be is

Ph
400N
the similar induced
force III I
of i.e 400N
-

way
.
.
.

H
the extension in the
directly
r
is
spring 400N

E
proportional to the induced force

E
AT
C
N
,

LE
EL
C
within the limit
of proportionality EX
M
-
G
.
IN

f- IN
U
SS
RS
PU

A
alma
R

a
FO

For the
LA

extension B
same value
of
ER
N

,
RT
PA
C

the in than
force B is more
R

-
U
YO

B the
stiffer spring
-

in A so is
'
'
" B
with
greater k .

x - - - - -

;
- - - - - -

i
,
FB . . . .

;
A

i i i
i i
i
i i Fa - - - - .

, ,
i t 9 I 9

Fa F
,
f- IN K HIM
 constant
dm a • B
Ot A :

spring is same so Fax and

valid
F -
-
ku is a
equation

id
•

sh
A
the

Ra
B that spring constant
-

A.
changes
:
curve
says
→

an
F is to
so no
longer proportional a But

sh
.

still The

Ka
F- ka- is valid .
value
of k

by
is now
diff

ics
.

,
the
spring constant beyond limit
ofthe

ys
O f- IN decreases

Ph
it
proportionality as
get increment deform
easier to
The
the
spring For . same in
force ,

increment in extension is more than

before !

E
E
( LOP )
AT
C
N
LE
EL
PROPORTIONALITY LIMIT ( EL)
C
LIMIT OF VS ELASTIC
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS

F- IN EL
PU

a
R
FO

Fax
LA

LOP The till which The 9

point F
ER

:
-

x LOP
-
N

.
RT

'
•
PA
C

straight
'

graph is line
R

! "R¥^%
U
YO

"

the which
permanent !
point beyond
µµy
EL :

deformation occurs .

;
,
>

xlm
 ^ ^ ^
FIN FIN FIN EL
Lop .

LOP LOP

¢
• o
'

i v

id
i

sh
u

:
i.

Ra
.

an
'

. T

sh
i
i

Ka
'
- I 7
.
r
g g

by
Hm Hm xp Hm

ics
still returns
If force is applied till LOP applied beyond
is

ys
,
as
If force

Ph
object returns to original EL is not crossed EL
, permanent deformation
length occurs .

E
^
FIN
POTENTIAL ENERGY ( strain Energy ) gang

E
ELASTIC
AT
C
Lop
.

N
LE
EL
E RE Fxs tbh
C
F- O EX
A
M
-

¢
-
- -_
;
-
G
IN

45mm uriexlended i 2
U

Ott
SS

( T)
:
RS

= "
PU

'
L
, " i
R

!
FO

%rme÷→F
LA

A -

ixxxe
ER

-
N
RT

2
PA
C

EPE
tgfx ;
^
R

=
U
YO

i
work done in Elastic
on
=
Gain i
s
Potential nlm
the
spring Energy
Definition AREA UNDER =
ELASTIC POTENTIAL
F x GRAPH ENERGY
Energy stored in a body due to -

deformation
 " ^
FIN mm Area to be
-- - - - - - - - - - - - -
is
supposed
graph and
/

LOP • , between the

U l

id
extension axis

sh
!

Ra
an
'
4
EPE is
{
Fx
applicable
-_

sh
Ka
- I s s

by
LOP The graph
Hm EIN vpiil the as

ics
curves
beyond that
Beyond

ys
.

Ph
top, use area under !
^
graph
FIN EL
.

EPE Fx F ka
ENERGY
{
LOP NON RECOVERABLE as so
-
-
- -
-
.

E
↳ Potential
Elastic
Energy

E
AT
C
N
LE
EL Izlkxln
t
to
permanent EPE
"

C
stored due EX
M
=
G
IN

heat
U

Lost
deformationthe
SS
RS

as
PU

.
R
FO

EPE
from I Kaz
LA

body
-
ER

-
N

' l S
RT

2
PA
C

xp HIM
R
U
YO

FIN
A
The
FE
Fz
the kz
of
-

Beyond
;
value
- - - - -

graph
¥
Lop as curves K, -

:
.
,
-
, .

"

constant
"

k K calculated
is
longer is by i .
no .

F
,
- -

-9
.

at !
,

ratio F and
point graph NO GRADIENT
'

of any l i
n on .

,
Xi
Nz NIM
SPRINGS IN SERIES

id
in both
When attached series
springs experience

sh
:B:{ Fit
⇐ ⇐ .

?÷±i¥¥
TEE.tn#:niss::aesIthni:m...m

Ra
"

an
sh
Ka
. constant As a result
•
.
,

by
tf
the total extension the combination inc
of
-

ics
.

. .
. .

f
. .
- .
"

combination
The behave like
soft spring

ys
→ a

Ph
x. ,
so The constant combination
spring of dec .

,q,
- - . .
- - -

Total Extension Combination

t
.

of

E
E X Xi kn

E
7L K3 + Xz -17cg
AT
C
+ t
XT t K2 T = - - - -

N
=
,

LE
EL
F I Kimi ar Spring ) Kt
C
ka ktxtx Xr na
EX
so or
M
x
- - -

as
-
- -
- G - . . .

↳ no
IN
U

of springs
SS

k
RS
PU

-
R
FO

Total constant
of combination
LA

÷=i÷t÷t¥ spring
ER
N
RT
PA
C

÷ .÷+÷+÷ ÷
R
U

.
YO

+
.
. . -

( similar springs )
"

all
'
'

Ii ii. +
kits if springs were
of same k

In
""
÷ feisty
'
For
.
.
or
. .

no .

of springs
 SPRINGS IN PARALLEL
When attached
c.

springs are in

id
is
parallel the
applied force
-

sh
I£
a .

Ra
diacvwidgdoueamoanoh.IM
attached
" " " springs

an
i'

sh
.

of ) equal

Ka
As the values
springs are
•

Lt

by
" "

K l similar the
of springs

ics
,

I
force equally

ys
is divided
among

Ph
±,

204mm
Gg
F 100N K
springs
-

e¥
-
-
-
.

?
find a → applied force
F- kn
-
.
-

Fspring
←
-
-
FI

E
force in
of springs

E
100=20 xn n →

AT
C
no

N
LE
.

EL
( spring ) C spring !
5mm I EX each
M
a -
- G
IN
U

5 such
SS

if springs attached
RS

were in
PU
R
FO

Fak
LA

Fak
parallel F Kk KAI
ER

o
-
-
N
RT

.
PA
C

An =
I 2C
R
U
YO

§ § § Egg
n
the overall extension
of system
the
- -

5g
nk
-1--7 an
tmm An
Ent if I
spring was
kn
-
-
- = -
=

Ll
.

attached
They are
working as
5×20=100 Nmm '
l
"
#
of springs
-
.

•
 id
sh
Ra
--

an
x x

sh
Ka
by
2K

ics
q

ys
Z 2K

Ph
K N 31 41
J Z
z
e 31 a
1- 5 " 4
1.33K

E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

o
Tilney spring parallel main
,
Uni team extension .

cilmi ziad extension

Jitney spring series
o
main a
,
STRESS ( O ) Pressure -
-

force applied
The
force per
unit cross sectional area .

surface area

id
→ Stress tells about
-

the distribution of

sh
inside the force induced

Ra
Stress
tone body .
-
-

an
F cross-sectional area

sh
F-

Ka
SI unit :
Pascal 1Pa ) O =

by
A ''

ics
;

surface&

ys
'

Ph
.

"

area -

STRAIN ( E) cross sectional area i

.

"
The
change
in
length per are same .
CROSS SECTIONAL

E
unit length

E
AREA
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
OR EX
percentage \
M
G
IN

The ratio
U

of in
length
SS

change strain
RS
PU

:
R
FO

original length
LA

to C- %
surface
'

az×loo
s
ER

area
-
-
-
N
RT
PA
C

pettersson
R
U
YO

E =
I SI Unit : NO UNIT

4fL
mmlm -4mm Et 8%
I
-

2×100
n
-
.
-
=

initial length L -
. 5cm
 \

YOUNG 'S MODULUS ( E) .

stress and strain
The ratio stress to helped in
making
of strain .

id
the
quantities

sh
E I stress Pascals

Ra
SI Unit 1Pa )
independent of
= :
=

an
C- strain design

sh
.

Ka
by
E O ÷ E e.g Young 's Modulus
-
.

ics
-

I of around
Young 's modulus

ys
E -

I steel is once
÷

Ph
A L
2004Pa .
is also
independent of
design i. e .
it is a

E = FL 01Pa MATERIAL PROPERTY

-
n

E
An

E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
Area (V )
C
Area
Izbh
Axl
EX
Iz Fay
M
-
- -
-
-
-

o
G
IN

-
.

To
find
U

I
SS

out the value C- O

RS

-
'
PU

=
l -
R
FO

Young 's of
LA

Area
Modulus 2

Straintneyya
of
'
ER

-
N

,
RT

body from graph

PA
C

i E Volume
Iz E.
R

=
U
YO

, .

value O & E A
Take
of !
Area under O E
graph
Ie
and E
-

apply
-

o
y
-

.
,
° E tells strain
E
energy
density i. e .

energy
per unit
stored volume
 id
✓

sh
•

Ra
an
sh
Ka
by
ics
2 3 4 5-

ys
Ph
E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
3×108=6×109 100--51 '

Of
E
C
0-05
EX
songs
• =
M
= G
.
IN
U
SS

O 05
RS
PU

-
R
FO

✓
LA

=
IT r2h
ER
N

5×1-20-31211 )
RT

Strain ?
Strained ITI
PA
C

Area V
Energy
-
•
R

- -
=
U

-
YO

volume
d- 5.0×10-3 strain V 1.96×10 -5ms
Energy Ax Vol
-
-

m
-

= .

L Im strain
Energy (12×0.05×3×18) ( c. 96×10-5 )
-
- -
-

strain Energy :
147J
 determine
Experiment to
Young 's Modulus EIN
^
E FL
.
-

- O =

*
- -

id
wire C- An i

sh
marker !

Ra
DF
I
pulley M -

, -

/
K ← o
-

an
,
I i
D) L

sh
l "

, ,

Ka
' l
E F
'

I
=

o
* - -
-1

by
- - - - -
-

meter rule Li A
tf K

ics
>

Klm

ys
Load

Ph
n -
-

tf -
Li for an
average
value
of Fin
tf
,

F- W
determine the
gradient
mg
- =

E
E
gradient I

E
-

AT
C
-

N
LE
EL
01Pa initial length of A
C
EX
M
= G
IN

1) °
U
SS

wire
RS
PU

"

peplos
R

YOM
FO

( determine exp ) ( meter measuring tape )

LA

before
rule or
ER
N

.
RT
PA
C

sectional wire
A
of
"
cross area
R

gradient
-
U
YO

'
is

wire
°
A =

Itza
d : dia
of
.
1 Micrometer Screw
"
''
Gauge )
'
Note d from diff points on wire

E and determine
⑥ d RECT
an
average .

APPROACH
 material
F- x
graphs of different

id
FIN FIN FIN

sh
" "

Ra
"
Breaking point
'

an
sh
've
wad

Ka
by
7
'M
Load

ics
ys
Ph
7 7 7

DUCTILE MM BRITTLE Hm POLYMERIC dm

( metal wires ) (
glass )

E
E
FIN
AT
C
FIN

N
LE
EL
A A

C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

7 7
RUBBER Alm PLASTIC Nm
( polythene )
STRESS -
STRAIN GRAPH OF DUCTILE MATERIAL
UTS
01Pa a
stress )

id
•
UTS ( Ultimate Tensile
Breaking
'

sh
Ra
+
EL Point The maximum stress
-

that

an
Lop N a material can endure

sh
Ka
before failure .

by
necking

ics
,

ys
Ph
" eking
E F ←
→ F

F -
0--0 → F

E
E
0=0 → F
AT
C
F

N
←

LE
IT
EL
C
EX
M
G
neck
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO

Formation
LA

of neck in
ER

a a
N
RT
PA

material due
C

to excessive
R
U
YO

strain .
 -
turned to heat and
FINN iii. FINN
,
EL
,

I
, raises
temp the
l
'

I 1 of the body as

id
it
; ; permanently

sh
i

Ra
t
deforms
t
, .

an
I l

sh
l l

Ka
l l

L ! s

f ! s

by
alm alm

ics
Workdone
workdone
by

ys
on

Ph
stretching the the
spring
-

as

it
spring relaxes .

>
Maximum work

E
Hmmm
'

that be done

E
AT
C
can

N
LE
EL
" it
C by spring
EX
as
M
G a
IN

tmrw after
U
SS

contracts
.→
F
RS

%mm¥q
PU
R
FO

elastic
LA

crossing
ER
N
RT

limit
PA

!
C

stopped
R
U

.
YO

no more

contraction !