LESSON NOTES

Beginner S1 #24
Who's A Picky Pole Then?

CONTENTS

Dialogue - Polish
Main
English
Vocabulary
Sample sentences
Vocabulary phrase usage
Grammar
Cultural insight

# 24
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DIALOGUE - POLISH
MAIN

1. (At the supermarket.)

2. Jan : Czy lubisz sok pomarańczowy?

3. Ewa : Nie, nie lubię soku pomarańczowego.

4. Jan : Czy lubisz zieloną herbatę?

5. Ewa : Nie, nie lubię zielonej herbaty.

6. Jan : To może lubisz ciemne piwo?

7. Ewa : Nie, nie lubię ciemnego piwa.

8. Jan : To co lubisz?

ENGLISH

1. (at the supermarket)

2. Jan : Do you like orange juice?

3. Ewa : No, I don't like orange juice.

4. Jan : Do you like green tea?

5. Ewa : No, I don't like green tea.

6. Jan : Maybe you like dark beer?

7. Ewa : No, I don't like dark beer.

8. Jan : What do you like, then?

VOCABULARY

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Polish English Class Gender

co what pronoun

zielony green adjective masculine

ciemny dark adjective masculine

herbata tea noun feminine

czy question particle particle

piwo beer noun neutral

lubić to like verb

sok pomarańczowy orange juice phrase masculine

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Po co? Jeśli będziesz czytać popularne magazyny,

dowiesz się z nich, co jest modne.
What for?
Reading trendy magazines will inform you as to
what is fashionable.

Co masz w kieszeni? Mam te objawy od trzech miesięcy i wciąż nie

wiem co to jest.
What do you have in your pocket?
I've had this symptom for three months, and I
still don't know what it is.

O czym mówisz? Co robisz?

What are you talking about? What are you doing?

Co lubisz robić w weekendy? Co czytasz?

What do you like doing on weekends? What are you reading?

Zielona żaba siedzi w wodzie. Owca je zieloną trawę.

The green frog is in the water. The sheep is eating the green grass.

ciemna piwnica Na dworze jest ciemno.

dark basement It's dark outside.

To biurko jest zbyt ciemne. Ten sweter jest zbyt ciemny.

This desk is too dark. This sweater is too dark.

Moja herbata jest zimna. Czy możesz jeść polskie jedzenie?

My tea is cold. Can you eat Polish food?

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 Czy mówisz po polsku? Czy jesteś zmęczona?

Do you speak Polish? Are you tired?

Piwo to jeden z najpopularniejszych alkoholi w Lubisz lody?

Polsce.
Do you like ice cream?
Beer is one of the most popular alcohols in
Poland.

Lubię lody czekoladowe. Lubię jeść słodycze.

I like chocolate ice-cream. I like to eat sweets.

świeżo wyciśnięty sok pomarańczowy robić sok pomarańczowy

freshly squeezed orange juice make orange juice

Tomek pije sok pomarańczowy. Kucharz robi sok pomarańczowy.

Tom is drinking orange juice. The chef is making orange juice.

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

herbata

Herbata means "tea" in English. It's a feminine noun that we use to name a hot drink that is one of the
most popular in Poland. Poles drink approximately one kilogram of herbata every year, which puts
Poland in the fifth place in the world. A place where we can buy tea only is called herbaciarnia, so you
can see that it derives from the noun herbata.

Let's go through a few examples of phrases and sentences with this noun.

For Example:

1. zielona herbata
"green tea"
2. czarna herbata
"black tea"
3. Proszę herbatę z cytryną.
"Tea with lemon, please."
4. Nie lubię zimnej herbaty.
"I don't like cold tea."

piwo

Piwo is a neuter noun that means "beer" in English. The name of this alcohol derives from a very old
Slavic word that meant "a drink." There are a few kinds of beers in Poland. Let's check a few examples.

For Example:

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 1. piwo bezalkoholowe
"non-alcoholic beer"

2. ciemne piwo
"dark beer"
3. mocne piwo
"strong beer"
4. piwo z nalewaka
"draft beer"

GRAMMAR
The Focus of This Lesson Is the Genitive Case.
Nie, nie lubię soku pomarańczowego.
"No, I don't like orange juice."

So far in our Beginner series we've been dealing with three grammatical cases: the nominative,
accusative, and instrumental case. In this lesson, we would like you to get familiar with another case that
we frequently use in the Polish language: the genitive case.

Genitive Singular of Nouns and Adjectives

As we mentioned above, the genitive case is one of the grammatical cases that we use most often in the
Polish language. Its main role in a sentence is to mark a direct object after a negated verb. There are
some good examples in our dialogue to illustrate this rule.

For Example:

1. Nie lubię soku pomarańczowego.

"I don't like orange juice."

Since the verb lubię ("I like") is negated, nie lubię ("I don't like"), the direct object, which in our case is
soku pomarańczowego, appears in the genitive case.

For Example:

1. Nie lubię zielonej herbaty.

"I don't like green tea."

Again, the direct object zielonej herbaty ("green tea") is in the genitive case because of the negated verb
nie lubię ("I don't like").

On the other hand, if a direct object appears after a verb in the positive form (a verb that is not
negated), it will require the accusative case.

For Example:

1. Czy lubisz sok pomarańczowy?

"Do you like orange juice?"

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Since the verb lubię ("I like") is in its positive form, the direct object, sok pomarańczowy, appears in the
accusative case.

For Example:

1. Lubię zieloną herbatę.

"I like green tea."

Again, since there is no negation before the verb, the direct object, zieloną herbatę, needs to be in its
accusative form.

To sum it up, verbs in their positive form require a direct object in the accusative case, whereas negated
verbs are followed by a direct object in the genitive case.

Important:

There are some verbs, however, such as uczyć się ("to learn"), słuchać ("to listen"), or potrzebować ("to
need"), that will always take the genitive case only regardless of whether they are negated.

You will simply have to memorize these verbs.

For Example:

1. Uczę się języka polskiego.

"I am learning the Polish language."

2. Nie uczę się języka polskiego.

"I am not learning the Polish language."

In both sentences, the phrase języka polskiego appears in the genitive case.

Let's now have a look at the genitive singular endings for nouns and adjectives.

Genitive Singular of Nouns

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 Genders Nominative Singular Genitive Singular Endings in Genitive

masculine animate brat ("brother") brat-a -a for masculine

kot ("cat") kot-a animate nouns that end
in a consonant in the
kolega ("friend") koleg-i nominative
-i for masculine
animate nouns with the
dentysta ("dentist") dentyst-y stem ending in the
consonants -k and -g
-y for the masculine
nouns that end in -a in
the nominative

masculine inanimate stół ("table") stoł-u -a or -u endings for

telefon ("telephone") telefon-u masculine inanimate
ser ("cheese") ser-a nouns
komputer ("computer") komputer-a

feminine siostra ("sister") siostr-y -y for feminine nouns

lampa ("lamp") lamp-y with the stem ending in
książka ("book") książk-i a hard consonant
pani ("ma'am") pan-i -i for feminine nouns
with the stem ending in
a soft consonant (-ś, -ź,
-ć, -ń, -j) and the
consonants -k and -g

neuter mleko ("milk") mlek-a -a for all neuter nouns

kino ("cinema") kin-a except the ones ending
morze ("sea") morz-a in the syllable -um
gimnazjum ("gymnasium") gimnazjum

Note: Masculine animate nouns (those referring to people or animals) in the genitive case always take
on the ending -a. Masculine inanimate nouns can take on two endings, either -u or -a. There are some
rules as to when to use the ending -u or the ending -a.

For example, nouns naming tools, currencies, or parts of the body will take on the -a ending. However,
the rules aren't always so clear, so we simply recommend that you memorize the genitive forms of
masculine inanimate nouns. Neuter nouns have one ending in the genitive case only, and it's the ending
-a. Feminine nouns and masculine animate nouns that end in -a in the nominative case can take on the
ending -y if the stem ends in a hard consonant, or they can take on the ending -i of the stem ends in a
soft consonant.

Genitive Singular of Adjectives

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Genders Nominative Singular Genitive Singular Endings in Genitive

masculine animate dobry brat ("good dobr-ego brata -ego

brother")
gruby kot ("fat cat")
miły kolega ("nice friend")
wysoki dentysta ("tall
dentist")
grub-ego kota
mił-ego kolegi -iego after the
wysok-iego dentystę consonants -k and -g

masculine czarny stół ("black table") czarn-ego stołu -ego

inanimate stary telefon (" old star-ego telefonu
telephone") dobr-ego sera -iego after the
dobry ser ("good drog-iego komputera consonants -k and -g
cheese")
drogi komputer
("expensive computer")

feminine dobra siostra ("good dobr-ej siostry -ej

sister") zdrow-ej matki
zdrowa matka ("healthy dług-iej książki -iej after -k and -g
mother") wysok-iej pani
długa książka ("long
book")
wysoka pani ("tall
ma'am")

neuter dobre mleko ("good dobr-ego mleka -ego

milk") nowoczesn-ego kina
nowoczesne kino -iego after -k and -g
("modern cinema") now-ego gimnazjum
nowe gimnazjum ("new
gymnasium") głębok-iego morza
głębokie morze ("deep
sea")

Note: Masculine and neuter adjectives in the genitive case take on the ending -ego or -iego (-iego if the
stem ends in the consonants -k or -g). Feminine adjectives in the genitive case always take on the ending
-ej or -iej, (-iej if the stem ends in the consonants -k and -g).

Let's show you some examples with the genitive case.

For Example:

1. Nie czytam książki.

"I am not reading a book."
2. Nie znam tego miasta.
"I don't know this city."
3. Ona nie pije czarnej kawy.
"She doesn't drink black coffee."
4. Nie kupiliśmy nowego samochodu.
"We didn't buy a new car."

5. Oni uczą się języka polskiego.

"They are learning the Polish language."

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In the first four examples, the verb is negated. That's why the direct object in those sentences has to
appear in the genitive case. In the last example, the verb uczyć się always takes on the genitive case, so it
doesn't have to be negated for the direct object to be in the genitive case.

Now let's compare both the accusative and genitive forms in the sentences below:

Accusative Genitive

Lubię wodę mineralną. Nie lubię wody mineralnej.

"I like mineral water." "I don't like mineral water."

Mam małego psa. Nie mam małego psa.

"I have a little dog." "I don't have a little dog."

Oglądam telewizję. Nie oglądam telewizji.

"I watch television." "I don't watch television."

Znam język angielski. Nie znam języka angielskiego.

"I know the English language." "I don't know the English language."

---------------------- Oni uczą się języka hiszpańskiego.

"They are learning the Spanish language."

Genitive Questions

The questions that we use with the genitive case are kogo ("who") when asking for people and czego
("what") when asking for objects.

For Example:

1. Czego nie lubisz?

"What don't you like?"

2. Kogo nie lubisz?

"Who don't you like?"

CULTURAL INSIGHT
Going to Party With Poles? Prepare to Drink a Lot!

As we mentioned before, Poles like drinking alcohol. The most popular are definitely vodka and beer. If
you go to Poland and get new friends, you can be sure that they will take you out drinking. But beware!
Poles drink vodka by shots, especially men, so if you're not strong with alcohol, you better choose some
different drinks. There are many kinds of vodka in Poland, but the most popular would be for sure
Absolwent, which has the highest sale rates in the country. Żubrówka, which in English is called "Bison
Vodka" or "Bison Grass Vodka," because every single bottle has the grass inside and a very unique taste
thanks to the brewing of the bison grass. And some luxurious brands, which are also famous abroad,
are Belvedere and Chopin.

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When it comes to beer, there's a great variety of producers, brands, flavors, and amounts of alcohol.
Polish beers usually have around six percent alcohol, but it's possible to buy beer with eight to nine
percent alcohol too. The most popular are Żywiec, Okocim, Lech, Warka, and flavored beers like Gingers
(ginger flavor) or REDD's (apple or cherry flavor).
What about non-alcoholic beverages? Poles drink lots of coffee, usually one to two cups a day, and tea.
People usually drink both drinks with sugar, and many people add milk to coffee and lemon to tea.
In supermarkets, you can find a huge variety of juices and fizzy drinks; among the most popular would
be for sure Coca-Cola and Pepsi. In recent years, more and more Poles have begun buying bottled
mineral water and soda.

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