Epithelium

Squamous
● Transport of gas
Columnar
● Single - simple - digestive tract
● Multiple - stratified
● Main function to protect the cell
● Permeable for necessary nutrients but barriers to bacteria
● Good at absorbing nutrients from the small intestine
Cuboidal
● Cube shape
● Offers secretion by producing active fluid (hormone)
● Absorption of active or passive transport
● Excrete harmful product
● Covering for several organs, protection for damage
● Seen in glands/ renal tubes
Transitional
● Round simple but appear stratified
● Special type - ureters/ urethra
● Primary function is to be extremely
● Most resistant to pressure
● Protected from decifation
● Toxic waste are also prevented from entering
● Can change shape Allow organs to stretch size

Connective tissue
● Binds structure together to form a framework, to protect against disease
● Able to reproduce but not as rapid as epithelial cells

Loose connective tissue

● Allows tissue to play its role in binding tissue

Dense connective
● Cellular matrix is densely packed with fibers
○ Regular : tendons/ligaments - parallel and provide tissue with high direction to
stress
○ Irregular : 3d network
Cartilage Connective tissue
● Found in shark skeleton
Bone connective tissue
● Glamylin
Adipose connective tissue
● Energy storing connective tissue
 ● Cionsists of adipocytes
● extracellular matrix that is made up of few collagen fibers

Blood connective tissue

● Extracellular matrix
○ Blood plasma
● Consists of water and solutes
● Red blood cell , white blood cell, plateletes

Muscular Tissue
● Ability to shorten or contract in order to produce
● Sometimes called muscle fibers
○ Arranged by connective tissue

Smooth muscle
● Walls of hollow organs
● Contractions are involuntary
● Arrangement of cell- allows contraction / relax as needed
● Alimentary canal -

Cardiac Muscle
● Short branched striated
● Composed of 3 layers
○ Miyocardium - pump of heart
● Involuntary
Skeletal muscle
● Long cylindrical fiber
● Attach to and moves by relaxing contracting in response to voluntary

Nervous tissue
● Found in brain and spinal cord
● Allow brain to communicate with your body
● Cell body contains nucleus / organelles
● Axon terminal

Integumentary system
● Made up of several organs such as hair nails skin
● Primary function is to protect the body
● Skin is also associated with other body system

Parts of the skin

● 3 layers
 ○ Epidermis - outermost layer of the skin, created by layers of keratin, that can
withstand outer environment
○ Dermis -
○ Hypodermis - glands that secrete protective
● Epidermis
○ Statum lucidum - feet
○ Granulosoum -
○ Spinosum - thickest layer of the epidermis , composed of basal cells keratin cites
○ Stratum basale- innermost layer of epidermis, contains common shape of -
responsible for skin color
■ Releases melanin depending on the environment
● Skin
○ Physical protection - prevents bacteria from entering the prevents IUV rays
○ Thermoregulation - sweat
● Vitamin d synthesis]\
○ Essential nutrient and can get from other sources
○ Vitamin 1 /2
○ D2 - food (fatty fish) d3- salmon / sun
○ UV light
■ Causes sun burns
■ When it comes into contact with skin it creates d3
○ Calcium absorption
○ Lower vitamin d
■ Higher chance of heart disease
■ Depression

● Nail
○ Main function to protect the soft tissue of the fingers from injury
○ Increases the precision of movements and enhancing sensation
○ Nail fold
■ Fold of the skin over the edge of the skin, higher risk of trauma, ingrown
○ Nail matrix
■ Pushes the nail plate adding new keratin
○ Nail bed
■ Where blood is
○ Cuticle
■ Minor support to the nail plate, translucent
● Hair
○ Protects your skin
○ Traps particles like dust around eyes and ears
○ Each of hair grows from its own individual hair follicle
○ Continually push and divide
○ They arrange themselves into 6
○ Melanocites - melanin which gives hair color
 ○ Shape of hair follicle determine hair shape
○ Hair shaft that can be seen above, contains keratin
■ Same material that skin nail is composed of
■ Consists of 3 layers
○ Cuticle
■ Hair protective layer, overlapping cell but facing downward, smooth and
flat,. Protects from damage
○ Cortex
■ Forms pigment of hair
■ Keratin filaments
■ Depends largely on the cuticle
○ Medulla
■ Present with thicker hair, innermost layer of hair and consists soft thin
transparent cell

Common skin
● Acne
○ Cause - excess oil production , bacteria, excessive hormone production, dairy
products, stress
○ Prevent - sunscreen, moisturizer
○ Treatment - prescription and nonprescription treatment
● Athlete’s foot
○ Skin on the foot, becomes itchy
○ Tight’s shoes
○ Prevent keeping the feet dry
○ Treatment : antifungal medication
● Eczema
○ Makes skin red and itchy
○ External irritant
○ Prevent : reducing stress, avoid trigger and long bath
○ Treatment: medication, therapy
● Psoriasis
○ Genetic condition like eczema
○ No prevention
○ Over the counter ointments
● Wart
○ Common warts are small and often on fingers/hand
○ Human papilonavirus
○ Avoid direct contact with warts, proper hygiene
○ Strong peeling medicine, lacer treatment

● Integumentary system is very active

○ Skin interacts with immune system
○ Digestive - synthesizes vitamin d, and helps absorb calcium
 ○ Cardiovascular - helping conserve/release heat by blood vessel
○ Nervous - nerve impulses from environment
○ Musculoskeletal -
○ Endocrine - vitamin d acts as hormone
○ Respiratory - filter of
○ Urinary - kidney maintain

Pure substance
● Include water