COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

Police - The governmental department charged with the regulation and control of the affairs of
a community, now chiefly the department established to maintain order, enforce the law, and
prevent and detect crime. (French word)

COMPARATIVE - an estimate of relative likeness or unlikeness of two objects or event

GLOBALIZATION
- package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information, ideas and
authority.
- growing interpenetration of states, markets, communication and ideas.
- The process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort to form
and sustain a global economy.
- North Korea - non-globalized country
- Philippines - globalized country

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION to Law Enforcement

- law enforcers are expected to be the protector of the people…….unaccountable flow of
migration and open markets present new threats to state-based human rights regimes – great
challenge to law enforcement.
- Industry
- Culture

Threats to Law Enforcement

 increasing volume of human rights violations as evidence by genocide and mass killing
 conflict between nations
 Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism

TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM

1. Common Law Systems
- usually exists in English speaking countries of the world
- there is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence in which the public
trial is a main focal point
- also known as “Anglo-American Justice”
- followed by the Philippines
2. Civil Law Systems
- distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused and the
written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation
- also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice”
3. Socialist System
- distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender.
- known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in places such as Africa and Asia
4. Islamic System
- based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal traditions
- muslim/arab justice
- based on koran
- Shari’a Law

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

Continental - is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers are servants of
higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental countries like France, Italy and Spain.

Home Rule - the theory of police service which states that police officers are servants of the
community or the people. This theory prevails in England and United States. It is also the
police service which prevails in country with decentralized form of government. This is likewise
the police service theory that should prevail in the Philippines based on the existing laws,
concepts and principles.

CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE

a. Old police service - states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the number of
arrest made.

b. Modern police service - states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the absence
of crime. Adopted by the Philippines.

c. Deviance Control - is the modern police function which primarily involves the mission to
reinforce community values and laws. This was adopted by Germany, China and Japan.
- Deviance Act - an act against the norm. It can also be considered a crime or not.

d. Civil order control - is not organizationally separated from deviance control but is
performed by regular street police in the country of England and United States.

EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

 Praetorian guards - military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in
which the idea of policing said to have originated
 Officer de la Paix - a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police
Officer

1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

A. Tun Policing System

A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male
residents were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people.
About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used the Anglo-Saxon
System. Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a leader who was
known as the Tithingman. Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader of the 100 families
was named the reeve. Both the tithingman and reeve were elected officials. They possessed
judicial power as well as police authority.
B. Hue and Cry
A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a criminal by an
act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.

C. Trial by Ordeal
A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting
him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. (In present terminologies, it would mean
an employment of a “3rd degree.”) The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin
word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.”

2. Norman Period of Policing System

This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The Conqueror
(King of France). When he invaded and conquered England, a military regime of conquers and
dictators began and changed the concept of crime being committed against the state.

A. Shire-Rieve
Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was
divided into fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler called the Rieve (head-man or
lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55) military divisions in England are called shires. The
shire-rieve had absolute powers that no one could questions his or her actions.
Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each village to aid
the Rieve in his duties.
It became the source of the word Constable.
The term “Shire-Rieve” is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”

B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge

A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve
and tasked to travel through and hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of the division
of the police and judicial powers.

C.Legis Henrici (Laws of Henry I)

An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
 Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
 Policeman becomes public servant.
 The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called
“citizen’s arrest.”
 Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made
inquisition onto the facts of a crime and eliminate the “Anglo-Saxon Trial or “Trial by Ordeal
System.”

D.Frankpledge System
A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve
years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people

3. Westminster Period of Policing System

It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of the capital of
England, which at the time was Westminster. This period has the following features:
 Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in daytime
(ward) were defined
 Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace.

B. Statute of 1295
The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of
the gates of London during sundown.

C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361)

Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to
pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law. They handled felonies,
misdemeanors and infractions of city or village ordinances. This was later abolished about 75
years after.

D. Star Chamber Court (1487)

A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room set-up is formed in
a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the power to force testimony
from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges.

4.Keepers of the Peace

A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that required the
appointment of knights to keep the King’s peace by standing as guards on bridges and gates
while checking the people entering and leaving the cities and towns.

5.King Charles II of England (1663)

King Charles II passed an act which established or promoted the employment of
watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.

6.Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"

A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the Knights of the
Round Table forcing the King to sign the same with the following features:
 No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal judgment of his
peers.
 No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.
LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829
Henry Fielding
- appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow
Street Runners

Bow Runners
- a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by his brother John Fielding task to
catch thieves and robbers
identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal Crown
- made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the
volunteer constables and watchmen

1798
- Marine Police Force was established, salaried constables were being paid by local
magistrates.
- initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock workers, and was
responsible for preventing the theft of cargo.
- widely regarded as being the first modern police force in the world, in the sense that they
were not government controlled and were responsible for the prevention of crime.

LONDON 1829
Sir Robert Peel - appointed as Home Secretary in 1822

METROPOLITAN POLICE
- organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829)
- the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the City of
London Police and the British Transport Police)
- finest police force around the world.
- Peelers, Bobbies, Blue Devils

“TOTAL POLICING” - motto of London Metropolitan Police

Peelian Principle - “The Police are the Public and the public are the Police.”

IMPORTANT DATES
 1833 - Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by
the Metropolitan Police with controversial use of force.
 1836 - The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control.
 1838 - incorporates Marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the Metropolitan Police
and the disbandment of the Bow Street Office and other Offices. These were all agreed
and put into effect.

Administration Policing Principles of London Metropolitan Police

1.Stable and effective civil police under government control
2.Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency
3.Fast distribution of crime news to the police is essential.
 Commissioner - highest rank in the Metropolitan Police
 Police Constable - lowest rank

Contributions of the French in Policing

 Assigning house numbers
 Installing street lights
 Use of police ambulances
 Use of warrant card and ID signifying the authority to arrest
UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM
TYPES OF US POLICE

1. Municipal Police = includes village, township, city and country police departments, sheriff
departments.
Types of Local Police
a.Country Sheriff = in charged with the operation of county jail, civil function such
as service of eviction notices and other court orders and police responsibility.
b. City Police = most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in
matters that occur in an incorporated municipality.
2. State Police = includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on state wide law
enforcement
3. Federal Police = agencies operated by federal government at the national level

Some Federal Agencies Having Police Functions

a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes
1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) = investigates all violations of
federal law except when the enforcement authority was given to other specific federal
agency
2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) = concerned with investigation
of counterfeiting, forging or altering of any of the money or other securities of the U.S. It is
also in charged of the protection of the president and his family, and of the executive
mansion grounds
3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) = investigated all violations of federal law
relating to prohibited drugs
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) = investigates all
violations of immigration and naturalization laws, patrol boarders to prevent surreptitious
entry of aliens,

b. Protection of the National Revenue

1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = investigation of violations of
income tax laws
2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = violations of internal revenue
laws
3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs = investigates smuggling
activities and enforces customs and navigation laws.
4. Private Police = additional police protection made by employing sworn officers through
contract when they are not officially on duty

Two Basic Forms of Private Police

1. Proprietary Police = when a person wish to receive service, he hires and security
personnel directly
2. Contract Security = services of an independent security company
U.S. Police Agencies
 New York City = it is where the first full time police force was organized in the United
States
 New York Police Department = the largest police force in the United States
 Texas Ranger = police force originally created in response to colonization
 Boston Police Department = first local modern police department established in the
United States
 Pennsylvania State Police = the first state police agency established
 Los Angeles Police Department = police force that hired the first female police officer
named, Alice Stebbins Wells

The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure. Although
the large and varied number of federal, state, and local police departments and sheriff's
office have different ranks, a general model, from highest to lowest rank, would be:
 Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff
 Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy
Superintendent/Undersheriff
 Inspector/Commander/Colonel
 Major/Deputy Inspector
 Captain
 Lieutenant
 Sergeant
 Detective/Inspector/Investigator
 Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal
CANADA
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
= colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force”
= is the national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in the
word being a national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. It is founded in 1920
by the Merger of Royal Northwest Mounted Police(1873) with the Dominion Police (1868).
= headed by the Commission under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety Canada.

Commissioner = highest rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

Police Constable 4th Class = lowest rank

AUSTRALIA
Australian Police = a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement organization, taking
strong lead in the fight against 21st century crime.
Commissioner = highest rank
Constable = lowest rank

HONGKONG
Hong Kong Police Force
= is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the
world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate with a modern policing system.
It was formed on 1 May 1844.in 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter
to the Hong Kong Police Force for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming
them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Following the transfer of sovereignty, the Force
is once again named the Hong Kong Police Force

Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin

Structure HKPF
The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by two deputy
commissioners:
Deputy Commissioner – Operations = supervises all operational matters including
crime and
Deputy Commissioner – Management = is responsible for the direction and
coordination of force management including personnel, training, and management services.

Motto = We Serve with Pride and Care

The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into Six Regions:

 Hong Kong Island
 Kowloon East
 Kowloon West
 New Territories North
 New Territories South
 Marine Region

The Force Headquarters (Management) is made up of five departments:

 Operations & Support
 Crime & Security
 Personnel & Training
 Management Services
 Finance, Administration and Planning

Hong Kong Police College = is responsible for all matters relating to training within the
Hong Kong Police except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training. Training
provided by the Police College includes recruit and continuation training, crime investigation
training, police driver training and weapon tactics training. The information technology
training, command training, local and overseas management training, some specialist
courses and periodic courses on firearms and first aid are also provided by the Police
College.

Service Quality Wing = is responsible for spearheading initiatives to improve services

provided to force customers both external and internal. The wing comprises three branches:
Performance Review, Research and Inspections and Complaints and Internal Investigations
(C&II)

Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II) = includes the Complaints Against Police
Office (CAPO) oversees the investigation and successful resolution of all complaints made
both externally and internally against members of the force.

Entry Requirements to HKPF

Nationality
Must be a permanent resident of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and have
lived in Hong Kong for at least seven years.

For Inspector
Academic Requirements
 Hong Kong degree, or equivalent; or
 An accredited Associate Degree from Hong Kong tertiary institution / A Higher Diploma

Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin

 from a Hong Kong polytechnic / polytechnic university, or a Diploma from a registered
post-secondary college awarded after the date of its registration, or equivalent; or
 A pass in two subjects at Advanced Level in the Hong Kong Advanced Level
Examination (2A) plus three other subjects at Grade C or above in the HKCEE (3O), or
a combination of results in five Hong Kong
 Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 3 in New Senior
Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained with Distinction” in Applied Learning (ApL)
subjects (subject to a maximum of two ApL subjects) and Grade C in Other Language
subjects, or equivalent.

For Police Constable

Academic Requirements
Five passes or above, which may include Chinese Language and English Language,
in the HKCEE, or a combination of results in five Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary
Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 2 in New Senior Secondary (NSS) subjects,
“Attained” in Applied Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a maximum of two ApL subjects)
and Grade E in Other Language subjects, or equivalent.

Selection Processes For Inspector

 Written Examination
 Extended Interview
 Psychometric Test
 Final Interview Board
 Physical Fitness Test
 Integrity Checks and Medical Examination
 Appointment
Selection Processes for Police Constable
 Physical Fitness Test
 Group Interview
 Psychometric Test
 Final Interview Board
 Basic Law Test
 Integrity Checks and Medical Examination
 Appointment

RANKS OF HKPF
Commissioner of Police (CP)
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) Superintendent of Police (SP)
Chief Inspector of Police (CIP)
Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
Inspector of Police (IP)
Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
Station Sergeant (SSGT)
Sergeant (SGT)
Senior Constable (SPC)
Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin
Police Constable (PC)

TAIWAN
TAIWAN POLICE FORCE
= is the unified police force of taiwan
= under the supervision of NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY which is directly under the
MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
= under effective civilian control

FUNCTIONS
1) to maintain public order,
2) to protect social security,
3) to prevent all dangers, and
4) to promote the welfare of all people.

TYPES OF POLICE FORCE IN TAIWAN

1. Administration Police = are generally referred to those who are required to wear
uniforms to carry out duties of household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding, duty officer,
and reserves.
2. Traffic Police = the primary duties of the Traffic Police are to keep traffic order, to
ensure traffic safety, to prevent traffic accidents, and to smooth traffic flow.
3. Special Police = are those who are responsible for protecting the Central Government,
establishing contingent plans and assisting local and specialized police units in
maintaining public order.
4. Criminal Investigation Police = the primary duties of the criminal investigation police
are to prevent and detect crimes.
5. Specialized Police = main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and public
facilities like railways, highways, airports, harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan.

RANKS OF TAIWAN POLICE FORCE

Police Supervisor Rank Supreme (Police General)
Police Supervisor Rank One
Police Supervisor Rank Two
Police Supervisor Rank Three
Police Supervisor Rank Four (Superintendent General)
Police Officer Rank One (Senior Superintendent)
Police Officer Rank Two (Superintendent)
Police Officer Rank Three (Senior Inspector)(Captain)
Police Officer Rank Four (Inspector)(Sub-Lieutenant)
Police Rank One
Police Rank Two
Police Rank Three
Police Rank Four

MYANMAR
Myanmar Police Force
= formally known as The People's Police Force (Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup Pwe)
= established in 1964 as independent department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It was
reorganized on 1 October 1995.
There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional State/Division
Police Forces
Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin
Each State and Divisional Police Force consist of four components
 Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force
 Office of the Commander of the District Police Force
 Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force
 Police Stations

TRAINING CENTERS
1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force
2. No.1 Police Training Depot = undertakes Basic Training Course for Police Sergeant
for 2 years; Warrant Officer and Police Sergeants Course for 12 Weeks; and Basic
Training Course for Constables for 6 Month
3. No. 2 Police Training Depot = undertakes only Basic Training Course for Constables,
which normally takes around 6 months to complete.

INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM

Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara Republika Indonesia)
= is the official police force of Indonesia
= organized 1946
= also known as Polri

Markasbesar/Mabes = name of the headquaters of Indonesian National Police located in

KebayoranBaru, South, Jakarta, Indonesia

POLRI TERRITORIAL FORCES

1) Kepolisian Daerah or polda = provincial police
2) Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil = regional police
3) Kepolisian Resort or Polres = city police
4) Kepolisian Sector or Polsek = sub-district police

SPECIAL BRANCHES
1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB)
= the most militarized trained to deal with mass demonstrations
= paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization operations and providing
security for VIP and vital facilities
2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) = received special anti-riot training
3. Sea and Air Police = responsible patrolling the airspace
4. Plainclothes Unit = assigned in conducting investigations
5. Maritime Police = responsible in protecting the territorial sea
6. Anti-Terrorist Unit = trained in counter-terrorism
7. Forensics = in-charged of laboratory examination of evidence

POLICE RECRUIT VOLUNTEERS

At least sixth-grade education and should pass the competitive examination.
After 3 years, personnel with junior secondary diploma could enter into training to become
NCO.

RANKING SYSTEM OF POLRI

Police General = equivalent of Director General of PNP
Second Bhayangkara = equivalent of police officer 1 of the PNP

Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin