Review paper

Paper 1: Improved real-time force control for applying axial force to axially stiff
members
Introduction:
The paper discusses the importance of real-time testing in seismic performance evaluation tests,
particularly for component-level testing like axially stiff members. The authors argue that conducting
these tests in real-time is crucial to accurately evaluate the seismic performance of structures.
However, the current methods for real-time testing are not widely used due to challenges such as
control of axial forces and high costs.
Research Gaps:
The paper identifies several research gaps.
 There is a lack of understanding of how to apply axial forces in real-time with satisfactory
accuracy.
 There is a need for a new real-time force control method that does not require additional
sensors beyond the default ones available in a typical servo-hydraulic actuator.
 There is a need for a mathematical formulation for estimating the state of a test specimen
using displacement and force transducers in the actuator.
Research Questions:
The paper proposes several research questions.
 how can axial forces be applied in real-time with satisfactory accuracy?
 what is the performance of the proposed new force control method compared to existing
methods?
 how can the state of a test specimen be estimated using displacement and force transducers
in the actuator?
Methodology:
The paper proposes a new real-time force control method that does not require additional sensors
beyond the default ones available in a typical servo-hydraulic actuator. The method involves
integrating measured actuator displacement and force directly into the D-ATS force controller,
eliminating the need for additional sensors. The PR state estimator is incorporated to effectively filter
high-frequency noise in the measured actuator displacement and force, resulting in improved
estimation of velocity and force change rate. A velocity saturation block is also implemented to
suppress oil-column resonance, thereby enhancing the stability of the proposed force control
method.
Analysis:
The paper presents experimental validation of the proposed method. Zero axial force, constant axial
force, and earthquake-induced dynamic axial force control tests were performed. The results
substantiate that the proposed force control method offers quite satisfactory real-time force control
performance.
Outcomes:
The paper concludes that the proposed new force control method offers a convenient and cost-
effective way to apply axial forces in real-time to axially stiff members. This can significantly reduce
costs and effort when constructing a test setup.
Future Recommendations:
 The paper suggests that further research should focus on improving the accuracy of axial force
application in real-time. It also recommends exploring other potential sensors that could be used to
improve the force control accuracy in the existing D-ATS method.

Paper 2: Experimental study on the adjustments of servo steel struts in deep

excavations
Introduction:
The increasing density of rail transit networks in China's metropolitan areas has led to new
challenges in urban rail transit station foundation pit construction. These challenges include
increased excavation depths, decreasing distances between foundation pits and buildings or
structures, and stricter environmental deformation control requirements. The design and application
of servo steel struts, particularly for determining the designated values for strut axial forces, is
limited. This paper aims to address these issues by investigating the effects of servo steel strut
adjustments on diaphragm wall deformation and lateral earth pressure, as well as the impact of
dewatering prior to excavation on lateral wall deflection and the use of buttress retaining walls in
reducing ground settlement during construction dewatering.
Research Gaps:
The current literature lacks guidance on the design and application of servo steel struts, particularly
regarding the determination of 'designated values' for strut axial forces. There is also a lack of
research on the effects of servo steel strut adjustments on diaphragm wall deformation and lateral
earth pressure, as well as the impact of dewatering prior to excavation on lateral wall deflection and
the use of buttress retaining walls in reducing ground settlement during construction dewatering.
Research Questions:
1. What are the effects of servo steel strut adjustments on diaphragm wall deformation and lateral
earth pressure?
2. How does dewatering prior to excavation affect lateral wall deflection and the distribution of lateral
earth pressure?
3. What is the effect of using a buttress retaining wall in reducing ground settlement during
construction dewatering?
Methodology:
This paper will employ a combination of field tests, laboratory-scale experiments, and computational
modeling to investigate the effects of servo steel strut adjustments, dewatering prior to excavation,
and the use of buttress retaining walls on soil properties and infrastructure performance. The data
collected will be analyzed to determine the relationships between these factors and their impact on
soil deformation, infrastructure stability, and overall project performance.
Analysis:
The results of the analysis will provide insights into the optimal design and application of servo steel
struts, as well as the best practices for controlling soil deformation during excavation and reducing
ground settlement during construction dewatering. The findings will also highlight any potential risks
or limitations associated with these methods and suggest future research directions.
Outcomes:
 The study will provide detailed information on the effects of servo steel strut adjustments,
dewatering prior to excavation, and the use of buttress retaining walls on soil properties and
infrastructure performance. The results will help guide the design and application of these
techniques in future projects, ensuring more efficient and effective construction practices.
Future Recommendations:
Based on the findings of this study, future recommendations include:
1. Further research on the optimal design and application of servo steel struts to improve their
effectiveness in controlling soil deformation during excavation.
2. Investigation into alternative methods for controlling soil deformation during excavation, such as the
use of geotechnical solutions or advanced construction techniques.
3. Development of guidelines for estimating and adjusting strut axial forces in order to improve their
effectiveness in controlling soil deformation during excavation.
4. Research on the long-term performance and maintenance requirements of servo steel struts and
other soil-supporting systems used in urban rail transit station foundation pit construction.

Paper 3: Investigation of the Axial Force Compensation and Deformation

Control Effect of Servo Steel Struts in a Deep Foundation Pit Excavation
in Soft Clay
Introduction:
The paper discusses the use of hydraulic servo steel struts in controlling deformation in foundation
pits. The authors argue that compared to ordinary steel struts, hydraulic servo steel struts are better
at controlling deformation in foundation pits. However, there are still some issues with their
application, including the lack of a definite design method for the set axial force of the hydraulic
servo steel strut, the need to investigate how to optimize its design based on its working mechanism,
and the impact of the axial force adjustment of the hydraulic servo steel strut on the adjacent
support. The paper also discusses the potential benefits of using a hydraulic automatic servo control
system to control the axial force of the steel struts and deformation during pit excavation.
Research Gaps:
The paper identifies three main research gaps.
 There is a lack of a definite design method for the set axial force of the hydraulic servo steel
strut.
 The actual axial force typically exceeds the design axial force during the application process
of a hydraulic servo steel strut, leading to an increase in the internal force of the diaphragm
wall. Future studies should investigate whether the reinforcement setting of the diaphragm
wall should be adjusted accordingly in the design stage.
 The working mechanism of the hydraulic servo steel strut is currently based on a single strut,
but the deformation effect of the foundation pit is affected by the entire support system.
Therefore, it is important to study the influence of the axial force adjustment of the hydraulic
servo steel strut on the adjacent support and propose a new servo adjustment method based
on the support system.
Research Questions:
 The paper raises several research questions.
 How can the design method for the set axial force of the hydraulic servo steel strut be
optimized?
 What is the impact of the axial force adjustment of the hydraulic servo steel strut on the
adjacent support?
 How does the working mechanism of the hydraulic servo steel strut affect the deformation
effect of the foundation pit?
Methodology:
The paper uses a comparative analysis of the deformation control effect of hydraulic servo steel
struts and ordinary steel struts in pit excavation based on measured data. The authors also propose a
new hydraulic servo steel strut system with a working mechanism that simultaneously controls axial
force and displacement to control deformation of a foundation pit excavated in soft soils.
Analysis:
The analysis shows that compared to ordinary steel struts, hydraulic servo steel struts have a better
control over foundation pit deformation. However, there are still some issues with their application,
such as the need for further research on their design method and their impact on adjacent support.
Outcomes:
The results show that a new hydraulic servo steel strut system with a working mechanism that
simultaneously controls axial force and displacement can effectively control deformation of a
foundation pit excavated in soft soils. The comparison analysis also shows that hydraulic servo steel
struts have a better control over foundation pit deformation than ordinary steel struts.
Future Recommendations:
The paper suggests that future studies should focus on optimizing the design method for the set
axial force of the hydraulic servo steel strut, investigating how to adjust the reinforcement setting of
the diaphragm wall according to the actual axial force during its application, and studying the
influence of the axial force adjustment of the hydraulic servo steel strut on the adjacent support. The
authors also recommend further research on introducing a new servo adjustment method based on
the support system.

Paper 4: Support Axial Force Servo System in Deep Excavation Deformation

Control
Introduction:
This paper focuses on the control of deep excavation deformation, particularly in areas adjacent to
subway lines. The authors propose a new method using steel support axial force servo systems
(AFSA) to control the deformation of deep excavations. This method aims to ensure the safety and
stability of structures adjacent to subway lines during construction.
Research Gaps:
The current literature lacks a comprehensive study on the control of deep excavation deformation in
areas adjacent to subway lines. There is also a lack of research on the application of AFSA in this
context.
Research Questions:
1. What are the challenges in controlling deep excavation deformation in areas adjacent to subway
lines?
2. How effective is the proposed method of using AFSA in controlling deep excavation deformation in
areas adjacent to subway lines?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using AFSA compared to other methods for
controlling deep excavation deformation in areas adjacent to subway lines?
Methodology:
The authors propose a new method using AFSA to control deep excavation deformation in areas
adjacent to subway lines. They conduct several experiments and analyze the results to evaluate the
effectiveness of their method. They also compare their method with other methods for controlling
deep excavation deformation in areas adjacent to subway lines.
Analysis:
The results show that the proposed method using AFSA is effective in controlling deep excavation
deformation in areas adjacent to subway lines. The method has several advantages over other
methods, including higher efficiency and better safety performance. However, there are also some
limitations and challenges associated with the use of AFSA, such as high cost and complexity.
Outcomes:
The proposed method using AFSA has been successfully applied in a real-world project involving a
deep excavation adjacent to a subway line. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility
of this method for controlling deep excavation deformation in areas adjacent to subway lines.
Future Recommendations:
The authors recommend further research on the application of AFSA in other contexts, such as
highways and airports, to explore its potential benefits and limitations. They also suggest developing
more efficient and cost-effective solutions for controlling deep excavation deformation in areas
adjacent to subway lines.

Paper 5: Retaining Structure Deformation Characteristics of Long and Narrow

Type Deep Foundation Pit in the Expansive Soil
Introduction:
The paper focuses on the construction of deep excavations in areas with expansive soils, specifically
in conditions where the expansion of the soil is affected by rainfall. The study aims to understand
and analyze the behavior of the soil during excavation, and to propose measures to control the
deformation of the soil.
Research Gaps:
The paper identifies several research gaps.
 there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the impact of rainfall on the expansion of
expansive soils.
 there is a need for more detailed analysis of the deformation mechanism of expansive soil
during excavation.
 there is a lack of effective control measures for the deformation of expansive soil during
excavation.
Research Questions:
The paper proposes several research questions.
 how does rainfall affect the expansion of expansive soil during excavation?
 what is the deformation mechanism of expansive soil during excavation?
  what are the effective control measures for the deformation of expansive soil during
excavation?
Methodology:
The methodology used in this paper includes field observations, laboratory tests, numerical
simulations, and theoretical analysis. The authors conducted field observations to collect data on the
behavior of expansive soil during excavation. Laboratory tests were conducted to simulate the effect
of rainfall on the expansion of expansive soil. Numerical simulations were used to analyze the
deformation mechanism of expansive soil during excavation. Theoretical analysis was used to
propose control measures for the deformation of expansive soil during excavation.
Analysis:
The analysis results show that rainfall significantly affects the expansion of expansive soil during
excavation. The deformation mechanism of expansive soil during excavation involves both shear
stress and tensile stress. The control measures proposed in this paper include timely pouring slab,
adjusting the excavation depth, and controlling the water content of the soil.
Outcomes:
The outcomes of this study include a better understanding of the impact of rainfall on the expansion
of expansive soil during excavation, a detailed analysis of the deformation mechanism of expansive
soil during excavation, and effective control measures for the deformation of expansive soil during
excavation.
Future Recommendations:
The paper suggests that further research should be conducted to improve the accuracy of the
simulation model and to develop more effective control measures for the deformation of expansive
soil during excavation. It also recommends that more attention should be paid to the impact of other
factors, such as temperature and humidity, on the expansion of expansive soil during excavation.

Paper 6: Application of axial force compensation for steel support system in

practical project
Abstract
This paper mainly discusses how to apply axial force compensation to solve the problem that the steel support
system cannot adjust the support axial force in real time in foundation pit engineering in practical projects. By
setting up the axial force compensation system, the problem can be solved perfectly and efficiently, and the
real-time control and adjustment of the axial force of the support and the guarantee of stability can be realized.
The study also confirmed the important role of an axial force compensation system consisting of jacks
distributed in the foundation pit in controlling the deformation of the foundation pit and monitoring the internal
forces.
Method
The method proposed in this paper is to solve the problem that the steel support system cannot adjust the
support axial force in real time in foundation pit engineering by setting up an axial force compensation system.
This system consists of jacks distributed in the foundation pit, which can effectively control the deformation of
the foundation pit and monitor the internal forces.
Conclusion
The conclusion of this paper is that by setting up the axial force compensation system, the problem that the
steel support system cannot adjust the support axial force in real time in foundation pit engineering can be
perfectly and efficiently solved. This method can not only realize the real-time control and adjustment of the
axial force of the support and the guarantee of stability, but also effectively control the deformation and
internal force monitoring of the foundation pit.
 My Suggestions:
I read out all of these papers While each papers contributes valuable insights, the real-time force
control method appears more innovative and potentially transformative for future research and
practical applications in dynamic testing scenarios. Researchers may find it beneficial to explore
and build upon this method for enhanced efficiency and cost-effectiveness in axial force
application.

1. What is the purpose of the displacement-based force control method using the adaptive time series
compensator?
2. How does the D-ATS method accurately evaluate the seismic performance of structures?
3. What are the limitations or areas that require further development for the D-ATS method?

References
1. Zhang, S. M., Jia, X. M., Yuan, T. K., Liu, W. G., & Jun, Y. (2014). Application of axial force
compensation for steel support system in practical project. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 477,
503-508.
2. Guo, L. N., Hu, B., Li, F. C., & Xu, H. (2013). e study on axial force of steel shotcrete protective
structures on deep foundation pit in Wuhan subway. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and
Engineering, 9(6), 1386-1393.
3. Di, H., Jin, Y., Zhou, S., Zhang, X., Wu, D., & Guo, H. (2023). Experimental study on the
adjustments of servo steel struts in deep excavations. Acta Geotechnica, 1-15.
4. Cho, C. B., Chae, Y., & Park, M. Improved real‐time force control for applying axial force to axially
stiff members. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics.
5. Di, H., Guo, H., Zhou, S., Chen, J., & Wen, L. (2019). Investigation of the axial force
compensation and deformation control effect of servo steel struts in a deep foundation pit
excavation in soft clay. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2019, 1-16.
6. Jia, J., Xie, X. L., Luo, F. Y., & Zhai, J. Q. (2009). Support axial force servo system in deep
excavation deformation control. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 43(10), 1589-1594.