18/06/08

Spectrophotometers  

Video  –  Spectrophotometers

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Basic  Structure
• For  single  wavelength  measurement  
 

1.  MonochromaHc  light  to  the  sample  

2.  Signal  detected  
3.  Wavelength  scanned  for  spectrum  

Image  credit:  Fawce;  et  al.,  Chemistry  LibreTexts,  UC  Davis  

Basic  Structure
• For  single  wavelength  measurement  

• For  whole  spectrum  measurement  

1.  MonochromaHc  light  to  the  sample  

2.  Signal  detected  
3.  Wavelength  scanned  for  spectrum  

Image  credit:  Fawce;  et  al.,  Chemistry  LibreTexts,  UC  Davis  

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Broadband  Light  Source  

• Incandescent  lamp  
– Light  emi;ed  through  the  heaHng  of  a  filament  
Filament  

Surface  of  the  sun:  6000  K  

Atomic  spectrum  of  neon   Tungsten  lamp:  3000  K  

Image  credit:  OpenStax  University  Physics  Vol.  3.  OpenStax  CNX.    

Broadband  Light  Source  

• Incandescent  lamp  
– Light  emi;ed  through  the  heaHng  of  a  filament  

• Gas-­‐discharge  lamp  
– Light  emi;ed  through  the  atomic  emission  of  
ionized  gas  
Atomic  spectrum  of  neon  

Redrawn  from:  h;ps://www.asu.edu/courses/phs208/pa;ernsbb/  

PiN/rdg/opHcal/opHcal.shtml  

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Narrow  Band  Light  Source  

• Laser  (Light  AmplificaHon  by  SHmulated  
Emission  of  RadiaHon)  
 

Narrow  Band  Light  Source  

• Laser  (Light  AmplificaHon  by  SHmulated  
Emission  of  RadiaHon)  

• LED  (Light  Emi_ng  Diode)  

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Spectrometer  
Sample  emission  
Light  source  

grating
prism

Slit  
Polychromator  
Monochromator  

GraHng  
• Also  called  “diffracHon  graHng”  

Image  credit:  Parry-­‐Hill  et  al.,  Molecular  Expressions,  

The  Florida  State  University  Research  FoundaHon  

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GraHng  
• Also  called  “diffracHon  graHng”  

ConstrucHve  interference  when  the  path  

Path  difference  between  light  diffracted  
difference  between  the  2  waves  is  nλ  
from  neighboring  grids  𝒅(​𝐬𝐢𝐧⁠𝜽𝒊 −​𝐬𝐢𝐧⁠𝜽𝒎  )  
Image  credit:  Parry-­‐Hill  et  al.,  Molecular  Expressions,  
The  Florida  State  University  Research  FoundaHon  

GraHng  
• Also  called  “diffracHon  graHng”  

ConstrucHve  interference  when  the  path  

Path  difference  between  light  diffracted  
difference  between  the  2  waves  is  nλ  
from  neighboring  grids  𝒅(​𝐬𝐢𝐧⁠𝜽𝒊 −​𝐬𝐢𝐧⁠𝜽𝒎  )  
Image  credit:  Parry-­‐Hill  et  al.,  Molecular  Expressions,  
The  Florida  State  University  Research  FoundaHon  

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Interferometer  
StaHonary  mirror   When  Path  A  -­‐  Path  B  =  𝑛𝜆,  
construcHve  interference  occurs    
Path  A  

Fourier  Transform!  
Moving  mirror  

Path  B  

When  Path  A  -­‐  Path  B  =  (𝑛+​1/2 )𝜆,  

destrucHve  interference  occurs    

Interferometer  
StaHonary  mirror  

Path  A  

Fourier  Transform!  
Moving  mirror  

Path  B  

Spectrum!  

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Photodiode  and  PhotomulHplier

• Photodiode   • PhotomulHplier  
– Suited  for  strong  signal   – Suited  for  weak  signal  

Image  credit:  Asif  Shaik,  Physics  and  Radio-­‐Electronics    

CCD  and  CMOS  

Complementary    
metal–oxide–semiconductor  
Image  credit:  Hamamatsu  Photonics  

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CCD  and  CMOS  

Complementary    
Charge  Coupled  Device   metal–oxide–semiconductor  
Image  credit:  Hamamatsu  Photonics  

Take-­‐home  Message  

Proper  selecHon  of  instruments  is  

essenHal  for  studies  involving  different  
kinds  of  spectrophotometry!