AYYUB KHAN ERA

WRITTEN BY:
MALAIKA RIZWAN

INTRODUCTION:
 Born on May 14,1907 in Rehana village near Haripur Hazara Pakistan.
 Studied at Aligarh University.
 Joined the Army of British Colonial powers in 1926.
 Commission in British army in 1928.
 Promoted to the post of Col. In 1934.
 Promoted to major general in 1948.
 Fought in World War || as commissioned officer,
 In 1950 became first Pakistani to lead Pakistan Army as Commander-in-
Chief.
 Ayub khan took over the control of the country in 1958 and became Chief
Martial law administrator.
 Soon after Ayub khan declared himself as president of Pakistan.

Martial Law by Ayub Khan

 The government of Pakistan was unpopular and political situation was
chaotic.
 Political Instability.
 Constitutional crises.
 On 7 October 1958 Martial law was declared by Ayub Khan.
 Ayub Khan removed Iskander Mirza and took over the office as
president of Pakistan on 27 Oct 1958.
 Ruled for ten years up to 23 March,1969.
 Ayub Khan's era is known as “Decade of Development”
How Golden Was Ayub Khan's Era.?
 A few steps were taken to introduce reforms which included: Land
reforms, Industrial reforms, educational reforms, and change of capital
and so many other reforms were done by Ayub.

Remedies/reforms/actions
All those reforms can be divided into three main groups.
1.Domestic policies/reforms
2.Foreign policies/reforms
3.Constitutional policies/reforms

Domestic Reforms
 Agricultural reforms.
 Green revolutions.
 Land reforms.
 Industrial reforms.
 Education reforms.
 Health reforms.
 Shifting capital.
 Nonparties basis elections.
 Settlement of refugees.
 Basic democracies
Some are as follows.

LAND REFORMS:
 A land reforms commission appointed in 1958.
 The Commission submitted its report in three months, by suggestion of
commission it was announced.
Main Features of Land Reforms:
 No person would own more than 500 acres of irrigated or 1000acres of
un-irrigated land.
 The resumed land would be offered to existing tenants for sale.
 Ayub's land reforms attempted to enhance the status of tenants.
  Tenants could not be ejected without payment of appropriate
compensation.

INDUSTRIAL REFORMS:
Ayub khan introduced industrial reforms to give a boost to the economic
productivity.
According to policy following steps were taken.
 Focus on agriculture-based industries.
 Priority of Ayub's administration was to achieve the rapid rate of
economic growth and develop Pakistan's industrial growth.
 Emphasized on private sector.
 In February 1959, Government announced a new Industrial policy. The
main emphasis was put on the utilization of raw materials available in the
country to benefit the small and medium scale industries.
 Heavy engineering, sugar, fertilizer, cement and textile industries were
established.

EDUCATIONAL REFORMS:
 Ayub khan appointed a commission on education in December 1958.
 It was assigned with the job of reviewing the existing educational system
which Pakistan inherited from British rulers.
 The commission recommended reorientation of curricula at all levels.
 Making primary education was compulsory and free up to 8th class.
 Three years degree courses were recommended.
 Special concentration was given to opening of technical educational
institutions.

CHANGE OF CAPITAL:
 Ayub extremely disliked Karachi climate; both political and weather.
 He heavily depended on army support of continuance in office.
 He strongly desire to move capital to Rawalpindi where he would be
close to the army Head Quarters.
 Everyone was agreed to built a new capital.
 In June 1959 government departments started shifting to Rawalpindi.
 In February 1960 new capital was named Islamabad.
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS:

Constitution of 1962
 ·On 17th February 1961 Ayub khan appointed commission to report on
future political framework for the country.
 ·The commission was headed by former chief justice; Justice Shahabad-
ud-din and had ten other members five each from East Pakistan and West
Pakistan, composed of retired judge’s lawyers educationist and
Industrialist.
 ·The report of constitution commission was presented to President Ayub
Khan on 6 May 1961.In January 1962 president and his cabinet approves
the draft of the constitution.
 ·It was promulgated by President Ayub Khan on 1stMarch 1962 and
finally came into effect on 8 June1962.
Elections of 1965:
 Presidential elections were held in 1965.
 Ayub Khan was nominated by a new party, the convention Muslim
League, which he had helped from.
 There were five opposition parties all agreed to support Mohtarma Fatima
Jinnah.
 Ayub khan won the elections against Fatima Jinnah.
 It is believed that had the elections been held via the direct method
Fatima Jinnah would have won.
 The importance of this election lay in the fact that a woman was
contesting the highest political office of the country.
 The orthodox religious political parties, including Jamaat-e-Islami led by
Moulana Maudodi, which had repeatedly declared a woman could not
hold the highest office of Muslim country.
 There were riots in Karachi and East Pakistan in which 20 people were
Killed.

FOREIGN REFORMS:
 War of 1965 with India [17 days long].
 Treaty of Tashkent 1966/
 membership of RCE
 visit to USA successful relations
  Indus water treaty 1960
Some are as follows.
War of 1965:
 Pakistan Army started operation Gibraltar in Kashmir and in the reaction
of this Indian army attacked Pakistan.
 Pakistan army won the war by giving many sacrifices.
Tashkent Treaty:
 This treaty was signed by President Ayub Khan and Indian prime
minister Lal Bahadur shastri.
 The aim of this treaty was to cease fire in 1965 war.
 Pakistan president Ayub Khan ended the17 day war between Pakistan and
India.

Overall impact of reforms:

•Uni cameral system provided a strong base for decision making.
•Basic democrats provided a great help to start developmental works.
•Presidential type of govt removed all constitutional crisis, arose in the past.
So considered as great successes of Gen.Ayub khan.

Challenges of Gen.Ayub Khan

 Political crisis between East & West Pakistan.
 Intervention of politicians.
 Poor economic conditions
 Constitutional crises.
 Law and Order situation.
 In efficient educational system.
 Overall progression of the country.
FAILURES OF AYUB KHAN:
 Ayub Khan was powerful military ruler, but he did many mistakes on this
whole issue.
 During the war of 1965 east Pakistan raised the voice that west Pakistan
left them alone to kill from the cruel Indian army.
 This destroyed their confidence over our army and government.
 The Indian aggression in 1965 war had implications for the economy,
because of this the growth rate of economy slowed down to 3.1% the
lowest in ten years period.
 The whole of west Pakistan was made in one unit, with which the small
provinces were not happy.
 Increasing pressure from Z.A Bhutto.
 Allegations of Corruption and nepotism.
 Criticism of his son's and family wealth.
 Increasing price of sugar.

Conclusion:
 Man of great determination but lacking the quality of listening toothers.
 He always did what he thought better in the light of his own experience.
 His regime can be characterized with some developments, but he could
not maintain the national harmony among the distant
provinces of Pakistan.