PractlceTests

Fourtestsfor the InternationolEnglish

Language Teaching System

PETER
MAY

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Contents
Introduction 4
IETIS Factfile 6

Test I 10
Listening 10
Academic Reading 18
AcademicWriting 32
Speaking 36
Improve your skills key 39

Test2 42
Listening 42
Academic Reading 50
AcademicWriting 64
Speaking 6B
Improve your skills key 71

Test 3 74
Listening 74
Academic Reading BO
AcademicWriting 92
Speaking 95
Improve your skills key 97

Test4 9B
Listening 98
Academic Reading 103
AcademicWriting 115
Speaking 117

Explanatoryk y 119
Samplewriting answers 166
Sampleanswersheets 174
lntroduction
Thisbook containsfour completepracticete'itsfo,
IELTS (the lnternationalEnglishLanguageTesting
System), coveringthe Listening,
AcademicReading,
AcademicWritingand Speakingmodulesin each
test.lt is intendedfor useeitheras part of a
classroompreparationcoursefor the examor for
self-studyat home.
Test1 and Test2 containextensiveadviceand
thoroughtrainingfor allthe most common question
types usedin the exam.Theexplanatorykey edition
alsocontainsexplanationsfor why answersare
correct.ltis recommendedthat self-studystudents
usethe explanatorykey edition.
IfLTSPractic*Tests
How to usethis book
Beginby readingthis Introduction,referringto each
componentof the book in turn.Thenreadthe
helpfuladviceon eachmodule in the IELTS Factfile
on pages6-9.
The next step is to work throughTests1 and 2.Toget
the most from the trainingthey contain,follow this
specialprocedure:
. Beforebeginningeachexamtask,readthe
Strategieswhich describehow to approachit.
. Then answerthe questions in lmproveyour skills.
Rememberto checkyour answersto these,which
are locatedat the end of eachtest.
. Finally,
attempt the examtask,makinguseof the
skillsyou havelearned.
In Tests3 and 4, you can apply the skillsyou have
developed.Any of the testscan alsobe done under
examconditions,includingTests1 and 2, provided
you leavethe Strotegiesand lmproveyourskil/suntil
afteryou finish.
lf usingthe explanatorykey edition,you can also
checkyour answersand reviewquestionswhich you
found difficult.
Exam training
Strategies
Tests1 and 2 coverthe most common IELTS task
types and their main variations.TheStrategiesgive a
seriesof clearinstructionson how to approacheach
tasktype,from analysingthe questionto expressing
your answers.
ForeachWritingtask in Tests1-3,theseare divided
into Questionand CompositionStrategies:
QuestionStrategiesshow you how to interpret the
questionand plan your essay.ForWritingTask1 you
alsolearnhow to processvisualinformationquickly,
while for WritingTask2 you find out how to choose
your approachto the topic.
CompositionStrategiesfocus on how to write your
including content,organization,
essay, appropriate
language,linkingdevices,and style.
Improve your skills
Foreachtaskin Tests1 and 2,there is alsoat least
one Improveyourskillsfeature.Theseput the
into practice,helpingyou developthe skills
Strategies
you needto tackleexamquestions. Forexample,the
exercisemay checkyour understanding of the
instructionsor may askyou to predictanswers
beforeyou listenor read.
Beforeyou go on to the examtaslqyou shouldcheck
your answersin the lmproveyour skillskey at the end
of eachTest.
Explanatory key
Youcan usethe explanatorykeyto confirmor find
out why particularanswersare correct.In the caseof
multiple-choice,matchinglists,and other question
typesin which thereareseveraloptions,it also
explainswhy someare incorrect.
Forthe Listeningmodule,thenotesmay alsodraw
your attentionto the'prompt':the word or phrase
you hearwhich tellsyou that the answerto a
particularquestionis comingsoon.Therelevant
extract.fromthe scriptoccursimmediatelyafterthe
explanations for eachset of questions.
Words,
phrasesor sentencesrelatingto eachanswerare in
bold in the script.
Samplewriting answers
Thissectioncontainssampleanswersto all tasksin
the writing modules.These arewritten by students,
so it shouldbe rememberedthat thereare always
differentwaysof approachingeachone.All the
sampleanswersareaccompaniedby comments
made by an experiencedIELTS Examiner.These
commentsarea usefulguideto the main strengths
and weaknesses of eachessay.You mayfind it
helpfulto look for examplesof positiveand negative
pointsin theseand to think about them when you
are planningand writing similaressaysof your own.
The tests
Thefour testswithin this book areat IELTS
exam
level.Theycontaina rangeof topicsthat are
representative
of the IELTS for
examination.Topics
Readingand Writinghavebeenchosento reflectthe
Academicmodulesfor thoseskills.
Tests1 and 2 arefocusedon examtraining,but all
four testscan alsobe usedunderexamconditions.
Youwill require:
. a quiet placeto wor( freefrom interruptions
. writing materials
. a CD-player
. a clockor watchto ensureyou keepto the time
allowed
Forthe Listeningmodule,playit throughto the end,
without a pause,and write your answers.When the
recordingends,stop writing and don't listenagainto
any part of it.ThelisteningmodulesforTests3 and 4
havebeen recordedto be usedin this way.Forthe
other modules,keepstrictlyto the time indicated.
The IERS examination
The academicversionof the IELTS examination
assesseswhetheryou are readyto begina university
coursein English.ltis widely recognizedfor courses
in countriesaroundthe world.
Taking the exam
Thereare IELTS testscentresin over 105countries,
whereit can be takenon a numberof possibledates
eachyear.Candidates shouldhavea good levelof
Englishand be agedat least16.lt is advisableto find
out well in advancewhat scoreis neededto entera
universityor other institution.
Candidates takethe Listening,Readingand Writing
modulesallon one day,withthe Speakingmodule
eitheron the sameday or within a week of these
three.Twoweekslater,eachcandidatereceivesa Test
ReportForm.Thisshowstheir scorefor eachmodule
on a scalefrom 1 to 9,aswell asan averageoverthe
four modules.
As with all other examsof this kind,thetest scoreis
validfor two years.Candidates can repeatthe exam
afterthree months,althougheachtime you take
IELTSyou haveto sit all four modules.
Specialfacilitiesand provisionsare availablefor
disabledcandidates, for exampleif they sufferfrom
visualor hearingdifficulties,
or if they havea specific
learningdifficulty.
Forfurther informationon all aspectsof the exam,
seethe IELTS Handbookor contactCambridgeESOL,
the BritishCouncil,or IDPEducationAustralia.
lntroductian
IELTSFactfile
The examis dividedinto four modules,taketrin the followingorder.

LiStening In eachsectionyou will heara recording.The

four sectionsbecomeprogressively
30 minutes more difficultand eachrecordingis playedonce only.Thereare pausesto divide
the recordinginto smallerparts.Foreachpart you needto answera seriesof
questionsof one type.

Section Numberof items Texttype Tasktypes

1 10 socialor transactional completingnotes,table,senten(
tenceS,
conversation(2 speakers) diagram,flow chart or summary
2 10 talk or speechon socialneeds short-answerquestions
(1 speaker)
variouskindsof multiple-choice
3 10 conversationin educational questions
context (2-4 speakers)
labellingpartsof a diagram
4 10 talk or lectureon topic of
classification
generalinterest(1 speaker)
matchinglists
sentencecompletion
correctino
ecting notes

Tips and hints . Readthe questionsbeforeeachsectionof the recordingbegins.

. Usethe pausesto preparefor the next set of questions.
. Studythe instructionsto find out what you haveto write and where.
' Usethe exampleat the beginningof the first sectionto familiarizeyourself
with the sound,the situation,and the speakers.
' Keeplisteningall the time,lookingonly at the questionsthat relateto the part
being played.
' Rememberthat the topicsare non-technicaland no more difficultfor you
than for studentsof other subjects.
. Answerquestionsin the orderthey appearon the QuestionPaper- they
normallyfollow the orderof informationin the recording.
. You havesometime afterthe tape endsto transferyour answersto the
AnswerSheet- checkyour grammarand spellingasyou do so.
' Theremay be a varietyof Englishaccentsand dialects,so practiselisteningto
speakersfrom differentplacesand backgrounds.

6 Practic*Tests
'[LTS
AcademicReading
60 minutes
Thethree passages contain2000-2750words in total and becomeprogressively
more difficult,but they are alwayssuitablefor non-specialist
readers.lf any
technicalterms are used,they will be explainedin a glossary.While
the number
of questionsfor eachpassagemay vary,thereare alwaysforty itemsin total.

Passage Numberof items Texttype Tasktypes

topicsof general variouskindsof multiple-choice
questions
interest
q uestions
short-answer
non-specia listarticles
sentencecompletion
or extractsfrom
books,journals, classification
11-15
magazinesand
matchingheadingswith paragraphsor
newspapers
sectionsof text
one,at least,has,
completing notes,sentences,
tables,
detailedlogical
summary,diagramor flow chart
argument
matchinglists/phrases
matchinginformationwith paragraphs
true/false/notgiven (text information)
yes/no/not given (writer'sviews)

Tips and hints Firstreadeachpassagequicklyand askyourselfquestions, e.g.What is the

topic?Whereis the text probablytakenfrom?What is the writer'smain
purpose?Who is the intendedreader?In what styleis it written?
Don'ttry to understandthe exactmeaningof everyword.Thereisn'ttime,
and a particularword or sentencemay not be testedanyway.
Studyany exampleanswerand decidewhy it is correct.
lf you haveto choosefrom alternatives,
checkhow many of them you have
to use.
Checkwhetheryou haveto usewordsfrom the text in your answersor your
own words.
Keepto the statedword limit by avoidingunnecessary wordsin your answer.
lf a question type usesboth unfinishedstatementsand directquestions,
decidewhich arewhich and checkthe grammarof your answers.
Afteryou fill in all the answerson a diagram,chart or table,checkthat it
makessenseoverall.

ItLT$Factfil*
'AcademicWriting
60 minutes
.
Thereis no choiceof taslgeither in Part 'l or 2, so you must be preparedto write
about any topic.However, the topicsin the examareof generalinterestand you
do not needto be an expertto write about them.

Format Tasktypes
15O-wordreport, presentinginformationbasedon:
describingor . data,e.g.bar charts,linegraph,
explaininga tableor
table
diagram
. a process/procedure in various
sta9es
. an object,event or seriesof events

40 minutes 25O-wordessay, presentingand/ordiscussing:

respondingto a written . youropinions
opinion/problem
. solutionsto problems
. evidence,opinionsand
implications
. ideasor arguments

Tips and hints . Youranswermust be relevantto the task neverwrite pre-preparedsections

of text.
. Thereare no marksfor copyingthe questionin your answer,but if you wish
you can rephraseit in your own words.
. Thereis a minimum numberof words,but no maximum.Thismeanstfrat if
you write fewerthan 150wordsyou will losemarks.
. Task2 carriesmore marksthan Task1,so keepto the suggestedtiming.
. Alwaysleavesometime to checkyour essayafteryou havefinished.
. Essays are often on topics that are of current interest:read and listento the
newson a wide rangeof subjects, thinkingabout the issuesinvolved.

In Taski, you aretestedon:

TaskFulfilment- answerthe question,keepingto the topic at all times.
Coherenceand Cohesion- organizeyour writing well,connectingyour ideas
and sentences
with suitablelinkingexpressions.
Vocabularyand SentenceStructure- usea wide rangeof languageboth
accurately
and appropriately.
ln Task2,you aretestedon:
Arguments,ldeasand Evidence- showyou can discusstheseand put forward
yourown opinions.
Communicative Quality- expressyour ideasclearly,organizingand linking
them logically.
Vocabularyand SentenceStructure- usea wide rangeof languageboth
accuratelyand appropriately.

8 IILTSFracNiceTests
.\ | ' on yourown,by oneExaminer,
Youwill be interviewed, andthe conversation will
)peaKlng
be recordedon audiocassette.Thethree-partstructureof the interviewisalways
ll-14 minutes the same,althoughthetopicswillvaryfromcandidate to candidate.

Part Time Format Tasktypes

1 4-5 minutes introduction,interview . Introduction,lDcheck
. Youanswerquestionsabout yourself,
your home/family,job/studies,i nterests,
otherfamiliartopics.

2 3-4 minutes independentlong turn . Youaregiven a topic verballyand on a

card.Youhavea minuteto preparea
talk.
. Youspeakfor 1-2 minuteson the topic,
e.g.a person,place,object or event.
. Youanswerone or two follow-up
questions.

3 4-5 minutes two-way discussion . Youanswerverbalquestions,discussing

more abstractideaslinkedto the topic
of Part2.

Tips and hints ' Do not try to makeanykindof preparedspeech.

. Add to any'Yes'or'No'answers you give,explainingat leastone point.
. Rememberthat it is your abilityto communicateeffectivelythat is being
assessed, not your generalknowledge.
. Speakdirectlyto the Examiner,not to the cassetteplayer.
. The Examinercannottell you the resultof this (or any other)module:don't
askfor comments.
. Practisefor Part2 by speakingcontinuouslyfor 1-2 minutes,timing yourself
with a clockor watch.

In all partsof Speaking,you

aretestedon the following:
Fluencyand Coherence - talk at normalspeed,without over-longpauses.
Organizeyour ideasand sentenceslogically, connectingthem with suitable
linkingexpressions.
LexicalResource - usea wide rangeof vocabularyboth preciselyand
appropriatelyto expressyour ideas.
GrammaticalRangeand Accuracy- usea wide rangeof structures.Try to
makeasfew errorsas possible, in particularavoidany that makeit difficultto
understandyou.
Pronunciation- makesurethat your speechsoundsnaturaland that it can be
understoodat all times.

IELTS
Factfile 9
 Test1
Listening30 minutes
SectionI
Strategies: Questions l-7
completingnotes
lmprove your skills:focusing on speakers
Beforeyou tisten,think
aboutwho the speakers Studythe instructions,
heading,notes,and examplefor 1-7.
arelikelyto be,where Answerquestionsa-d'
theyare,and why theyare a Who do you think will be speakingto whom?Why?
speaking. b Wheredo you think the speakersare?
Listento the exampleto c Do you think their tone will be formalor conversational?
checkyourpredictions d What kind of informationwill you haveto write?
aboutthe speakers'
> checkyour answerson page39 beforeyou continue.
Listenfor the wordsor
numbersthat you need.
Writewhat you hearor a Completethe notesbelow.
good short alternative. write No M)RE THAN THREE woRDs AND/OR A NUMBER for
Writenumbersasfigures, eachanswer.
not aswords,e.g.19,not
nineteen.
Afteryou listen,checkthat Notes- clark s BirycleHire
yourcompletednotes
makesense. Examplc Answer
Checkyourspelling- you Type: ... t-o*rinq... bike
maylosemarksfor
mistakes.
Rental:f,50a week,or I t ........ .. a day
Latereturn fee;2t
Deposit3L............ returnable
Accessories:
L5 for 4 : pannieror handlebartype .
ffee: pump
repairkit
5 strong
:
Insurance:included,butmustpayfirst6'..'.........ofclaim
Pay:by7..........................on1y ;l

10 IELTS
PracticeTests
Strategies: Questions 8-10
labellinga map
Studythe mainfeatures lmproveyourskills:understanding
the task
of the mapand notice Studythe instructions
andmapfor 8-l0.Thenanswerthesequestions.
how they areconnected, a Do you haveto writelettert namesfroma lis! or yourown answers?
e.g.by roads,footpaths b Howmanynamesdo you haveto writein?
or corridors. c Whichnamesarealreadygivenon the map?
Decidewhatthe possible
> Checkyouranswers on page39 beforeyoucontinue.
answershavein common,
e.g.they areall rooms,
lmprove your skills:identifying main features
buildingsor streets.
Familiarize
yourselfwith the map,thenaskyourselfthesequestions.
Listenfor the namesof all
the placesyou aregiven a Whichbuildingisnextto the park?
and for prepositionsof b Whereis 8 in relationto the policestation?
place,e.g.near to, c Whereisthe pharmacyin relationto 9?
in front of. d Whatis behindthe pharmacy?
> Checkyouranswers
on page39 beforeyoucontinue.

Labelthemap.Choose
your answers
from theboxbelow.
Write the appropriatelettersA-E on the map.

WoodsRoad

F
q

.D
a

A healthcentre
B MapleLeafpub
c Clark'sCycleHire
D supermarket
E garage

Test1 11
 Section2
Strategies: Questions l lj-17
completinga table
Beforeyou listen,check
lmproveyourskills:predictingfrom examples
how manywordsyou can Lookat the table below.Rugbyand tennrsaregivenas examplesof sports.
useand decidewhat kind What answerswould you predictfor spaces12,14and 15 from the examples
you needto write,e.g. given?
nouns,verbs.
> Checkyouranswerson page39 beforeyou continue
Studythe headings and
examples,which will
indicatethe kindof
Completethe table below.
informationrequired.Try
to guesssomeof the write NO MORE THAN THKEE WORDS for eachanswer.
missingwords.
Whileyou hearthe
recording,usethe
information in the tableto
guideyouthroughthe rii SPORTS
ii
rugby
questions. ili
tennis
Writein youranswers as
you listen,checking : HOBBY/INTEREST photography
landscape
whetheryourguesses are :
confirmedor not. 11............
Don'texpectto write any
information on shaded t2 dancing
partsof the table. speed-dating

RELIGIOUS

INTERNATIONAL/CULTURAL I3
Afro-Caribbean

humanrights
environmental

Republicans
16

PERFORMING
ARTS t7 ............. tit

llr:
amateur
theatre iil
!ii

12 lFI-TSPracticeTests
Strategies: Questions 18-20
multiple-choice
questions lmproveyourskills:predictingfrom stems
Beforeyou listen,look Lookat Questions18-20.What is the stemof eachone?Whatdo you think will
onlyat the'stems': the be discussedin relationto each?
questions or unfinished
statements.They may > Checkyour'answers
on page 39 beforeyou continue
indicatewhat is in that
part of the recording.
Choosethe correctlettersA-C.
Whileyou listen,select
answersbasedon what
you hear,not on your own 18 In this city, clubs and societiesare mainly paid for by
knowledgeor opinions. A embassiesof other countries.
Don'tchoosean option
B individual members.
just because you heara
wordor phrasefrom it. C the city council.
Becarefulwith options
that misinterpret whatthe 19 Finding the right club might influence your choice of
recordingactuallysays, A city.
Don'tstoplisteningwhen
B district.
you thinkyou'veheard
the answer: speakers can C friends.
changetheirminds,
correctthemselves or add 20 What should you do if the right club does not exist?
to whal they'vesaid.
A set one up yourself
lf,afteryou listen,you're
not sureof any answers, B find one on the Internet
crossout optionsthat are C ioin one in another town
clearlywrong.Then
choosefrom the rest.

Test1 13
 Section3
Strategies:completinga Questions2l-25
flow-chart
Beforeyou listen,study
lmprove your skills:looking for clues
the language usedin the Studythe languageusedin the flow chartandanswerthesequestions.
chartand decidewhat its a whichverbformis usedin the sentences?what doesthistell youaboutthe
purposeis,e.g.to ask purposeof thesesentences?
questions,to statefacts. b In what stylearethe sentences
written?Whichkindsof words,therefore,
can
Thismaygiveyou cluesto you leaveout of youranswers?
the type of answers
needed. F Checkyouranswers
on page39 beforeyou continue.
ldentifiT
the styleof the
languageused,e.g.note-
Labeltheflow chart. Write NO MORE TITAN THREEWORDSfor eadt answer.
form,and writeyour
answerin the samestyle.
Whileyou listen,
rememberthat the arrows LECTURESAND NOTE TAKING
show you how the text is
organized.
Afteryou havelistened,
checkthat the completed
flow chart reflectsthe
overallsenseofthe
recording.
Think abouthkely22 of lecture.

23............ immediatelyafterlecture.
::

ag
':4!;*ii*ea,

Revise
before
24 ..........................:
tl
Reviseevery25 I
I *.1

'iF;-rliorl€rv^*is:|3

14 IELTS
PracticeTests
Strategies: Questions26-29
short-answerquestions
lmproveyour skills:identifying key words
Foreachquestion, decide
what kindof information the keywordsin eachof 26-29,e.g.question26 where,sit,attend.
Underline
you mustlistenfor,e.g.a
* Checkyouranswers
on page39 beforeyoucontinue
consequence of
something,an
explanation. lmproveyour skills:questionforms
Beforeyou listen, Whichof answers26-29requiresyouto listenfor:
underlinethe keywords a a reason?
in eachquestion. b a typeof wordor phrase?
Asthe recordingis played, c a place?
listenout for the key d anaction?
wordsandexoressions !" Checkyouranswers
on page39 beforeyoucontinue.
with similarmeanings
to
thesekeywords.
Checkyouranswers for write NO MORE THAN THREEWORDSfor eachanswer.
correctgrammar,spelling
and numberof words.
26 Where should you sit when you attend a lecture?

27 What should you do if you miss an important point?

28 Why must your notes be easyto read?

29 What do we call expressionswhich indicate what is coming next? .

Strategies: Question30
answering questions
about diagrams lmprove your skills:describing diagrams
Beforeyou listen,describe Studyquestion30 and diagramsA-D.Thenanswerthesequestions.
th e d iagr am sin E ngl i s hto a What arethe wordsfor everythingyou can seein the diagrams?
yourself,identifyingthe b In what waysare A-D similar?How do they differ?
si mi l a r it ies
and c What other expressionslikethosein (a)abovedo you know?
differencesbetween
th e m. > Checkyour answerson page39 beforeyou continue
Think of other expressions
for features of the
Circle the correctletterA, B, C or D.
d i a g ram s .
As the recordingis played,
30 Where doesCarloswrite summing-up points on his notes?
l o o k a t t he diagr am sa n d
listen for key words from Summing-uppoints Summing-uppoints

the instructions.Also @

listenout for words used W

W W M

to describefeaturesof the W
W W
W
d i a g ram s . w
W
w w
%
w w @,

ffi w ry
w re K
w re
w w w

Summing-up points

Tnst3 15
 Section4
Strategies: Questions 31:-36
completinga summary
Beforeyou listen, lmproveyourskills:understanding
the overallmeaning
quicklyreadthe text to thesequestions
Answer aboutthesummary youlisten.
textbefore
understand the main a In which countryis CooberPedy?
points. b What is its main industry?
Lookat the contextof c Whendid the boom happen?Why?
eachquestion, thinking d Wheredo somepeoplelive?Why?Whatelseis there?
aboutthe type of
> Checkyour answerson page39 beforeyou continue
expression you may need
to use,e.g.a city,a month.
lmproveyour skitls:whatkind of word?
Asyou listen,don'tget
stuckon anydifficult
Whattypeofwordisprobably needed foreachof 31-36?
Choose
fromthese
(thereare two you don't need to use):
questions:you maymiss
the answers to the next a percentage a year a number a person
ones. an historicalevent a building an object a part of the world
Whenthe recordinghas
ended,checkthe > Checkyour answerson page39 beforeyou continue
summarymakessense
overallandthat your
answers fit both logically Completethe summary belowby writing NO MORE THAN THKEE WORDS in
and grammatically. Also provided,
the spaces
checkyou havespelt
wordscorrectlyand
writtenanynumbers The Australianmining town of CooberPedyis about3l ............
clearly. kilometres south of Alice Springs.Opals were first found in the areain
32 . . . . ...... .. and peoplebeganto settlethere after the
33 ............ .In the late 1940s,new opal fieldsand massimmigration
from 34 createda boom, despitethe extreme climate which
forced about 35 of the population to live underground,
where they built hotels, churches,and the world's only underground
36

16 lIN-TSPracticeTests
Strategies: Questions 37-40
matchinglists
Beforeyou tisten,study lmprove your skills:thinking of synonyms
the task.tf thereare more 1 Studythe options.Thekey word in option A is in.What are the key words in
questions thanoptions, B and C?
you will needto useone 2 Notedown wordsand phraseswith similarmeaningsto the keywordsin
or moreoptionsat least A, B and C,e.g.in: within,inside
once.Sometimes, a > checkyour answerson page39 beforeyou continue
particular optionmaynot
be neededat all.
Foreachlist,identify the Write the appropriatelettersA, B, or C againstQuestions3740.
keywordsandtry to think
of synonymsfor them' What are the locations of the following places?
Listenfor the keywordsin
the questionsand for Example Answer
expressions with similar
meaningsto thosein the the conicalhills B
options.
Writeonly the lettersas 37 the town of Woomera
youranswers.
38 the opal museum
lf you reallycant decide
on an answer:guess'You
39 the Dinso Fence
don'tlosemarksfor being
wron9,so answerevery
question. 40 the setsof films

A in the town of Coober Pedy

B near Coober Pedy
C far from Coober Pedy

Test1 17
 AcademicReadingt hour
ReadingPassage1

Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions7-74, which are basedon

ReadingPassage1.

Strategies: Questions1-5
headings
matching to
paragraphs lmproveyour skills:identifying key sentences
Lookat thelistof Findthe keysentencein eachparagraph,e.g.paragraph
A:1stsentence.
headings . > Checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue.
Readquickly
throughthe lmproveyour skills:focusingon examples
text highlightingthe key _ '.
sentence in each Studythe exampleanswersgiven below.Whyis iv the correctheading
paragrapn anq for paragraphA?Why is ii the correctheadingfor paragraphF?
summarizing the main * Checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue.
ideasin yourmind,Don't
try to understand every
word. ReadingPassaget hassevenparagraphsA-G.
Studythe examplesand Choosethe correctheadingfor paragraphsB-E and G from the list of headings
crossthem off the list of below.Write the correctnumber (i-x) in boxesl-5 on your answersheet.
headings .
Match the main idea of List of Headings
each paragraphwith a i The problem of dealing with emergenciesin space
headjng.Lightly crossout
headingsas y o u c h o o s e
ii How spacebiomedicine can help patients on Earth
t hem . iii Why accidentsare so common in outer space
When you finish,check iv What is spacebiomedicine?
t hat no r em ain i n g rr The psychologicalproblems of astronauts
headingsfit anywhere.
vi Conducting spacebiomedical researchon Earth
vii The internal damagecausedto the human body by spacetravel
viii How spacebiomedicine first began
ix The visible effectsof spacetravel on the human body
x Why spacebiomedicine is now necessary

Faanple ,,ParagtaphE funlwer ., it

I ParagraphB
2 ParagraphC
3 ParagraphD
4 Paragraph E

EuBrnple ParagraphF Lnswer:' ,,fr

5 ParagraphG

18 I E LT S
P" a c ti reT e s ts
 ::
A Spacebiomedicineis a relativelynew areaof
researchboth in the USA and in Europe.lts
mainobjectivesare to studythe effectsof
spacetravel on the humanbody,identiffing
the most criticalmedicalproblemsand
findingsolutionsto those problems.Space
biomedicine centresare receivingincreasing
direct support from NASA and/or the
EuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA).
B This involvementof NASA and the ESA
reflectsgrowingconcernthat the feasibility
of travelto other planets,and beyond,is no
longer limited by engineeringconstraints
but by what the humanbody can actually
withstand.The discoveryof ice on Mars,for
instance,meansthat there is now no
necessityto designand developa spacecraft
largeand powerfulenoughto transport the
vast amountsof water neededto sustain
the crew throughoutjourneysthat maylast
manyyears.Withoutthe necessary
protectionand medicaltreatment,however,
their bodieswould be devastatedby the
unremittinglyhostileenvironmentof space.
C The most obviousphysicalchanges
undergoneby peoplein zero gravityare
essentiallyharmless; in somecasesthey are
evenamusing.The blood and other fluids
are no longerdraggeddown towards the
feet by the gravity of Earth,so they
accumulate higherup in the body,creating
what is sometimescalled'fat face',together
with the contrasting'chicken legs'syndrome
asthe lower limbsbecomethinner.
Test 1 19
 D Muchmore seriousare the unseen I
consequences after monthsor y""rs in
space.With gravity,there is lessneedfor
no
a sturdy skeletonto supportthe body,with
the resultthat the bonesweaken,releasing
calciuminto the bloodstream.This extra
calciumcanoverloadthe kidneys,leading
ultimatelyto renalfailure.Musclestoo lose
strengththrough lack of use.Theheart
becomessmaller,losing the power to pump
oxygenatedblood to all parts of the body,
while the lungslosethe capacityto breathe
fully.Thedigestivesystembecomesless
efficient,a weakenedimmunesystemis
increasingly unableto preventdiseasesand
the highlevelsof solarand cosmicradiation
can causevariousforms of cancer.
E To makemattersworse,a wide rangeof
medicaldifficulties canarisein the caseof
an accidentor seriousillnesswhen the
patientis millionsof kilometresfrom Earth.
There is simplynot enoughroom available
insidea spacevehicleto includeall the
equipmentfrom a hospital'scasualtyunit,
someof whichwould not work properlyin
spaceanyway.Evenbasicthingssuchas a
drip dependon gravityto function,while
standardresuscitation techniquesbecome
ineffectiveif sufficientweight cannot be
applied.The only solutionseemsto be to
createextremelysmallmedicaltools and
'smart' devicesthat can,for example,
diagnose andtreat internalinjuriesusing
ultrasound.The cost of designingand
producingthis kind of equipmentis bound
to be,well,astronomical.
F Suchconsiderationshaveled someto
questionthe ethicsof investinghugesums
of moneyto helpa handfulof people who,
20 IFLTSPracticcTe>ts
afterall,are willinglyriskingtheir own
healthin outer space,when so muchneeds
to be done a lot closerto home.lt is now
clear,however,that every problemof space
travel hasa parallelproblemon Earththat
will benefitfrom the knowledgegainedand
the skillsdevelopedfrom spacebiomedical
research.For instance,the very difficultyof
treatingastronautsin spacehasled to rapid
progressin the fieldof telemedicine, which
in turn hasbroughtabout developments
that enablesurgeonsto communicatewith
patientsin inaccessible parts of the world.
To take another example,systemsinvented
to sterilizewastewater on board spacecraft
could be usedby emergencyteamsto filter
contaminatedwater at the sceneof natural
disasterssuchas floods and earthquakes. In
the sameway,miniaturemonitoring
equipment, developedto saveweightin
spacecapsules, will eventually becometiny
monitorsthat patientson Earchcanwear
without discomfortwhereverthey go.
G Nevertheless, there is still one major
obstacleto carryingout studiesinto the
effectsof spacetravel:how to do so
without goingto the enormousexpenseof
actuallyworkingin space.Tosimulate
conditionsin zero gravity,onetried and
tested method is to work under water,but
the spacebiomedicine centresare also
lookingat other ideas.Inone experiment,
researchersstudythe weakeningof bones
that resultsfrom prolongedinactivity.This
would involvevolunteersstayingin bed for
three months,but the centreconcernedis
confidentthere shouldbe no great difficulty
in findingpeoplewillingto spendtwelve
weekslyingdown.Allin the nameof
science, of course.
stategies: Questions 6 and 7
questions
short-answer
lmprove your skills:finding key information
Thesefocuson particular
points.Foreachquestion, StudyQuestion6 and answerthe following.
highlightthe keywords. a What is the keyword?
Go backto the partof the b Wheredo you rememberit first being mentionedin the text?
text whereyou remember c Whichword in the sameparagraphhasa similarmeaning?
thispoint being d What doesthis word tell you about the answer?
mentioned.
Readthroughthat partfor
the keywords,or words
with similarmeaning,and Answerthe questionbelowusingNO M)RE THAN THuEE W)RDS for each
highfightthem. answer.
Readthe questionagain
and decideon your 6 Where, apart from Earth, can spacetravellersfind water?
answer,takingcarewith
your grammarand 7 What happensto human legsduring spacetravel?
spelling.

Strategies: Questions 8-12

yeslnolnot given
lmprove your skills: identifying the writer's views
Scanthe text for the
sections wherethe topic 1 Finda sentencein the text about the topic of Question8.Who saysthis?
of the questionappears. 2 Matchexpressions in this sentencewith thesewords.Rememberthat these
Theviewsexpressed will expressionsmay not be the samepart of speechasthosein the statement.
probablybe the writer's, , , ,
obstacles far into space medical
unlessthereis ,"pora"j'o,
directspeechquoting sendingpeople now ... not technological
somebodyelse.
3 Findthe paragraphrelevantto Question10.who agreeswith statement10?
Lookfor expressions with
similarmeanings to words How doesthe writer respondto this?
in the statement- ) Checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue.
Decidewhetherthe writer
agreeswith the statement
or not. Do thefollowing statementsagreewith the writer's viewsin ReadingPassage 1?
ff you can'tfind any r ooxes
1
tn 6-tz olxyour answersheetwrite
mentionof the topic,'not
given'maybe the answer. yES if the statementagreeswith the viewsof the writer
Don'tchoose'yes' or'no'
just becauseyou believeit No if the statementdoesnot agreewith the viewsof the writer
to be true'
NOT GryEN if thereis no information about this in thepassage

8 The obstaclesto going far into spaceare now medical, not technological.
9 Astronauts cannot survive more than two yearsin space.
10 It is morally wrong to spendso much money on spacebiomedicine.
11 Somekinds of surgeryare more successful
when performed in space.
12 Spacebiomedicalresearchcan only be done in space.

T*st 1 21
Strategies:
completinga table
Lookcloselyat the
headingsand contentsof
the table,particularly the
exampleline:it maynot
be at the top.Thisshows
you how the information
is organized in the text.
Decidewhatthe missing
informationhasin
common,e.g.people,
descriptions, or actions,
Decidehow the answer
needsto be expressed,
e.g.asa completephrase,
andwhat kindsof words
areneeded, e.g.names,
adjectives + nouns,or
verbs+ nouns.
Theanswersmayor may
not be closetogetherin
the text.Foreach
question,scanthe text to
find it andfill in the space
withoutgoingoverthe
word limit.
22 IELTS
Practicelbsts
Questions 13 and 14
lmproveyour sfills:organization
and expression
Studythe table and the answerthesequestions.
a What doesthe table tell you about the organizationof the text?
b What kind of informationdo you haveto find?
c How shouldthe answerbe expressed? What kind of word is used?
d Comparethe instructions'Choose NO MORETHANTHREE WORDSfrom the
passage',with thosefor short-answer questionson page21.In what way are
they different?
> Checkyour answerson page 40 beforeyou continue.
Completethe table below
ChooseNO MORE THAN THREEWOKDS from thepassage
for eachAnswer.
Write your answersin boxes13 and 14 on your answersheet.
Telemedicine treating astronauts 13 ..........................
remote areas
Sterilization sterilizing wastewater 14............ ln
disasterzones
savingweight wearing small monitors
comfortably
ReadingPassage
2
Youshouldspendabout 20 minuteson Questions 15-27, which are basedon
Reading Passage2.
VANISHED
Who pulledthe plug on the
Mediterranean?And couldit
happenagain?
By Douglas
Mclnnis
Cannes. MonteCarlo.St Tropez.Magicnamesall.
And much of the enchantmentcomesfrom the deep
bluewaterthat lapstheir shores.But what if
somebodypulled the plug?Supposethe
MediterraneanSeawereto vanisluleavingbehind
an expanseof saltdesertthe sizeof India.Hard to
. imagine?It happened.
'It would havelookedlike DeathValley,'says
Bill Ryan,from the Lamont-DohertyEarth
ro Observatory in New York,oneof the leadersof the
teamthat discovered the Mediterranean had once
dried up, thenrefilledin a delugeof Biblical
proportions.Betweenfive and six million ye€usago,
the greatdesiccation touchedoff what scientistscall
theMessinianSalinityCrisis- a globalchemical
imbalancethat triggereda wrenchingseriesof
extinctionsandplungedthe Earthinto an iceage,
Thefirst indicationsof someextraordinarvpast
eventscamein the 1960s, whengeologists
zo discoveredthat majorrivers flowing into the
Mediterranean had erodeddeepcanyonsin the
rock at the bottom of the sea.River erosionof
bedrockcannotoccurbelowsealevel,yet somehow
the River Rhonein the Southof Francehad
managedto createa channel1000metresdeepin
the seafloor,while the Nile had cut nearly1500
metresinto the rock off the North African coast.
Therewas more:despitethe fact that the formation
of cavescanonly takeplaceabovewater,scientists
so discovereda whole network beneaththe island of
Malta that reachedan astonishingdepth of 2000
metresbelowsealevel.
Furtherevidencecameto light in 1970,whenan
intemationalteamchuggedacrossthe
Mediterranean in a drilling ship to studythesea
floor nearthe Spanishislandof Majorca.Strange
things startedtuming up in coresamples:layersof
microscopic plantsand soil sandwiched between
bedsof saltmorethantwo kilometresbelow
today'ssealevel.Theplantshad grownin sunlight.
Also discovered insidetherockv7s1g fossilized
shallow-watershellfish,togetherwith saltandsilt:
particlesof sandand mud that had oncebeen
carriedby river water.Couldthe seafloor once
havebeenneara shoreline?
Thatquestionled Ryanandhis fellow team
leader,KennethHsii, to piecetogethera staggering
chainof events.About 5.8million yearsago,they
concluded,the Mediterranean wasgraduallycut off
from the Atlantic Oceanwhen continentaldrift
piruredMoroccoagainstSpain.As the opening
becameboth narrowerand shallowel,the deep
outwardflow from seato oceanwasprogressively
cut off,leavingonly the shallowinward flow of
oceanwater into the Mediterranean.As this water
evaporated, the seabecamemoresalineand
creaturesthat couldnt handlethe rising salt content
perished.'Thesea'sinteriorwas deadasa door
nail, exceptfor bacteria,'saysRyan.ll/hen the
TestI 23
 shallowopeningat Gibraltarfinally closed
completely,the MediterranearLwith only rlvers to
feedit, dried up and died.
Meanwhile,theevaporated waterwasfalling
backto Earthasrain.Whenthefreshwaterreached
the oceans, it madethemlesssaline.With lesssaltin
it to act asan antifreeze,partsof the oceanthat
would not normallyfreezebeganto turn to ice.'The
icereflectssunlightinto space,'saysRyan.'The
planetcools.Youdrive yourselfinto an iceage.'
Eventually,a smallbreachin the Gibraltardam
sentthe processinto reverse.Oceanwatercut a tiny
channelto the Mediterranean. As the gapenlarged,
thewaterflowedfasterand faster,until the torrent
rippedthroughthe emergingStraitsof Gibraltarat
morethan100knots.'TheGibraltarFallswere100
timesbiggerthanVictoriaFallsand a thousand
timesgranderthanNiagara,'Hsi.iwrotein his book
TheMediterrnnean wasa Desert(PrincetonUniversity
Press, 1983).
24 t[[-TSPractic*Tests
In the end therisingwatersof the vastinland
seadrownedthe falls and warm water beganto
escapeto the Atlantic, reheatingthe oceansand the
planet.Thesalinitycrisisendedabout5.4million
yearsago.It had lastedroughly400,000 years.
Subsequent drilling expeditionshaveaddeda
few wrinklesto Ryanand Hsii's scenario. For
example,researchers havefound saltdepositsmore
than trarokilometresthick - sothick, somebelieve,
that the Mediterranean musthavedried up and
refilledmanytimes.But thosearejust geological
details.For touriststhe crucialquestionis, couldit
happenagain?ShouldMalagastartstockpiling
dynamite?
Not yet,saysRyan.If continentaldrift does
resealtheMediterranean, it won't be for several
million years.'Somefuturecreatures may facethe
issueof how to respondto nature'sclosure.It's not
somethingour specieshasto worry about.'
Strategies:summarizing Questions l5-19
usingwordsfrom the
text lrnprove your skills: predicting answers
for Readthe summarywithout referringbackto the text.
Checkthe instructions
the maximumnumberof a What part of speechis probablyneededin eachgap?
wordsyou canuse' b Canyou guesssomeof the *oids, or saywhat thEy might describe?

:l:'l,l!;":ilt,ir":ffi youranswers
> check onpase youcontinue.
40before
decidewhat kindof
expression you need'e'g-
"'r'--- the
complete summarybelow.
-"- --'
preposition, nounphrase
Try to predict someof the ChooseNO MORE THAN THREE WOpDS
from the passage for eachanswer.
missingwords.
Lookfor the part of the Writeyour Answersin boxes15-19on your answersheet.
text that the summary
paraphrases and readit
again' The 1960sdiscoveryof ts ........ .. in the bedrockof the
Decidewhichsentence I 'In
the text probably Mediterranean, as well as deep cavesbeneath Malta, suggestedsomething
corresponds to which strangehad happenedin the region,asthesefeaturesmust havebeen formed
question.
16 .. '......... sealevel.Subsequent examinationof the
when you havefiiledin ail
the gaps,checkyour 17 ............ off Majorcaprovidedmore proof. Rocksamplesfrom
spqllingand makesure 2000metresdown containedboth vegetationand lg .......... that
the completedsummary
makessense. could not havelived in deepwater,aswell as 19 ......... . originally
transported by river.

Test1 25
Strategies:
beginnings Questions20-22
and endings
,-
Quicklytry to guessthe lmproveyourskills:eliminatingimpossible
endings
endingsfromyourfirst
readingofthe text. Studyquestions
2O-22andoptionsA-G.
Decidewhateachstem a What doeseachof 20,21,and22 express? e.g.contrast.
expresses,e.g.contrast, b Whichof A-G logicallycannotfit eachof 20-22?
condition,reason,
> Checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue.
purpose,result.
Makea noteof endings
that logicallycannotfit Completeeachof thefollowing statementswith the bestendingfrom the box below.
anyof the stems.
Highlight the keywordsin Write the appropriatelettersA-G in boxes20-22 on your answersheet.
the remaining endings.
Remember that the stems
(butnot the endings) ZO The extra ice did not absorbthe heat from the sun, so ...
followthe orderof
informationin the text. Zl The speedof the water from the Atlantic increasedas ...
Foreachstem.searchthe
text for phraseswith a 22 The Earth and its oceansbecamewarmer when ...
similarmeaning.Then
lookin that partof the A Africa and Europe crashedinto eachother.
textfor phrases similarto B water started flowing from the Mediterranean.
oneofthe endings.
Whenyou matchan C the seawas cut off from the ocean.
ending,checkthe whole D all the fish and plant life in the Mediterranean died.
sentence makessense,
andthat it meansthe E the Earth started to become colder.
sameasthat partof the F the channel grew bigger,creating the waterfalls.
text.
G all the ice on earth melted.

26 l[[-TSPractice
Tests
Strategies:multiple-
choicequestions
Foreachquestionstudy
the stemonly,not A-D as
someof thesemight
misleadyou.
Findthe relevantpartof
the text,highlightit anrt
readit againcarefury.
Decidewhichof A*D is
closestin meaningto your
understanding of the text.
Lookfor proofthat your
answeris correctand that
the restofA-D arenot.
Hereare somecommon
types of wrong answer:
' c
:::Iij?::tll:?.t3:
maybe true but rsnot
mentionedin the text.
. lt exaggerates what the
text says,e.g.it uses
words like alwaysor no
one.
. tr contraorcts
wnattne
text says.
. lt containswordsfrom
the text,or wordswith
similarmeanings,but
about somethingelse'
Question s 23-27
lmprovg your skills: identifying incorrect answers
Whichof optionsA-D in question23:
a sayssomethingthat may be true,but is not mentionedin the text?
b contradictswhlt the teit says?
c containswordsfrom the text,but about somethingelse?
> checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue.
Choosethe appropriate lettersA, B, C or D and write them in boxes23-27 on your
answersheet.'
23 what, accordingto Ryanand Hsii, happenedabout 5.8 million yearsago?
A Movement of the continents suddenly closedthe Straits of Gibraltar.
B The water level of the Atlantic Oceangradually fell.
rhe flowof waterifito theMediterranean
wasimmediatery
cutoff.
D Water stopped flowing from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic.
24 lffhy did most of the animal and plant life in the Mediterranean die?
A The water becametoo salty.
B There was such a lot of bacteria in the water.
C The rivers did not provide salt water.
D The seabecamea desert.
25 Accordingto the text, the eventsat Gibraltar led to
A a permanentcooling of the Earth.
B the beginning and the end of an ice age.
C the formation of waterfalls elsewherein the world.
D a lack of salt in the oceansthat continues to this day.
26 More recent studiesshow that
A Ryan and Hsii's theory was correct in every detail.
B the Mediterranean was never cut off from the Atlantic.
C it may havebeen cut offmore than once.
D it might once have been a freshwaterlake.
27 At the end of the article, Ryan suggeststhat
A the Mediterranean will never dry up again.
B humans will have the technology to prevent it drying up again.
C the Mediterranean is certain to dry up again one day.
D humans will never seetheJvlediterraneandry up.
Test'l 27
 ReadingPassage
3
Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions28-40, which are basedon
ReadingPassage
3.
Dogs; ffi
9mveffiffffitrF
Geneticstudiesshow that dogs evolvedfrom
wolvesand remain assimilar to the creatures
from which they cameashumans with
different physicalcharacteristicsare to each
other, which is to saynot much different at all.
'Evenin the most changeablemitochondrial
DNA markers- DNA handed down on the
E Times might not havebeen ashard back then
mother's side- dogs and wolvesdiffer by not
much more than one per cent,'saysRobert
Wayne,a geneticistat the University of
Californiaat LosAngeles.
Wolf-like speciesgo back one to two million
years,saysWayne,whosegeneticwork suggests
dogsof somesort beganbreakingawayabout
28 : ii5 ?iar ri c r I r:ts
:
100,000yearsago.Wolf and earlyhuman
fossilshavebeen found closetogetherfrom as
far back as400,000yearsago,but dog and
human fossilsdateback only about 14,000
years,all of which puts wolves andlor dogs in
the companyof man or his progenitorsbefore
the developmentof farming and permanent
human settlements,at a time when both
speciessurvivedon what they could scratch
out huntingor scavenging.
C Why would thesecompetitorscooperate?
The answerprobablylies in the similar social
structure and sizeof wolf packsand early
human clans,the compatibilityof their
hunting objectivesand range,and the
willingnessof humansto acceptinto campthe
most suppliantwolves,the young or less
threateningones.
D Certain wolvesor protodogsmay haveworked
i
their way closeto the fire ring after smelling
somethinggood to eat,then into early human
gatheringsby proving helpful or l
unthreatening.As wandering packsof twenty-
five or thirty wolvesand clansof like-
numberednomadichumansroamedthe
landscapein tandem,hunting big game,the
animalshung around campsitesscavenging
leftovers,and the humans might haveusedthe
wolves'superiorscentingability and speedto
locateand track prospectivekills. At night,
wolveswith their keen sensescould warn
humansof dangerapproaching.
asis commonlythought.In many instances
food would havebeenplentiful, predatorsfew,
and the boundariesbetweenhumansand
wildlife porous.Through thoseporesslipped
smalleror lessthreateningwolves,which from
living in packswhere alpha bossesreigned
would know the tricks of subservienceand
 could adapt to humans in charge.Puppiesin
particular would be hard to resist,asthey are
today.Thus was a union born and a processof
domesticationbegun.
F Over the millennia, admissionof certain
wolvesand protodogsinto human campsand
exclusionof larger,more threateningonesled
to the developmentof people-friendlybreeds
distinguishablefrom wolvesby size,shape,
coat, earsand markings.Dogs were generally
smallerthan wolves.their snouts
proportionally reduced.They would assistin
the hunt, cleanup camp by eating garbage,
warn of danger,keep humans warm, and serve
as food. Native Americansamong others ate
puppies,and in somesocietiesit remains
acceptedpractice.
G By the fourth millennium BC Egyptian rock
and pottery drawingsshow dogsbeing put to
work by men. Then, asnow; the relationship
was not without drawbacks.Feraldogsroamed
city streets,stealingfood from people returning
from market. Despitetheir penchantfor
misbehaviour,and sometimesbecauseof it,
dogskeep turning up at all the important
junctures in human history.
H In ancient Greece,350 yearsbefore Christ,
Aristotle describedthree types of domesticated
dogs,including speedyLaconiansusedby the
rich to chaseand kill rabbits and deer.Three
hundred yearslater, Roman warriors trained
large dogsfor battle. The brutes could knock
an armed man from his horse and dismember
him.
In seventeenth-centuryEngland,dogs still
worked, pulling carts,sleds,and ploughs,
herding livestock,or working as turn-spits,
powering wheelsthat turned beef and venison
over open fires.But working dogswere not
much loved and were usually hangedor
drownedwhen they got old.'lJnnecessary'dogs
meanwhilegainedstatusamong English
royalty.King IamesI was said to love his dogs
more than his subjects.CharlesII was famous
for playing with his dog at Council table,and
his brother Jameshad dogs at seain 1682when
his ship was caught in a storm. As sailors
drowned, he allegedlycried out,'Savethe dogs
and Colonel Churchill!'
By the late nineteenth century the passionfor
breedingled to the creation ofprivate registries
to protect prizedbloodlines. The Kennel Club
wasformed in Englandin 1873,and eleven
yearslater the American Kennel Club (AKC)
was formed acrossthe Atlantic. Todaythe AKC
registers150breeds,the KennelClub lists 196,
and the Europe-basedF6d6rationCynologique
Internationalerecognizesmany more. Dog
showssproutedin the mid-1800swhen
unnecessarydogsbeganvastly to outnumber
working ones,asthey do to this day.Unless,
that is, you count companionshipas a job.
*u
il
g::
F!
'ititi
llfril
$ilit
i:ijr,
t:ii
'34:
l;l
Test1 29
Strategies:matchingwith Questions28-31
paragraphs
lmprove your tkills: locating answers
Readthe text for gist,
focusingon the key 1 Quicklyreadthe text.On what principleis it organized?
sentences, andthink 2 Whatarethe keywordsin eachof questions28,29,30and 31?
abouthow it is organized.
3 Whichof questions28-31 would you expectto find answered:
Studythe questions and
a nearthe beginningofthe text?
underlinethe keywords.
b somewherein the middleof the text?
Remember that the
questions c closeto the end ofthe text?
arenot in the
sameorderasthe F Checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue.
informationin the text.
Decidein whichpartof 3 has ten paragraphslabelledA-J.
ReadingPassage
the text you arelikelyto
find eachanswer, writing Write the correctlettersA-I in boxes28-31 on your answersheet.
in anyanswers you cando
fromyourfirstreading. 28 Which paragraphexplainshow dogs becamedifferent in appearancefrom
Forthe remaining wolves?
answers, lookmoreclosely
at the textfor clues:words 29 Which paragraph describesthe classificationof dogs into many different
and phrases with similar types?
or relatedmeanings to
the keywordsin the 30 Which paragraph statesthe basic similarity betweenwolves and dogs?
questions.
3l Which paragraph givesexamplesof greaterhuman concern for animals
than for people?

Strategies: selecting Questions32-35

from a list
Lookat the four typesof
lmproveyour skills:finding
referencesin the text
wronganswerin 1 Whichhalfof the textdiscusses
multiple-choicequestions a wolvesandearlyhumans?
page27. b dogsandearlycivilizations?
Decidein whichpartof 2 In whichhalfwillyotlprobably findstatements A-H?
the text the statements
arelikelyto be:they may
3 Hereareextractsfromthe text relatingto statements A and B.
not be in the sameorder A:'thesimilar... sizeof wolfpacksandearlyhumanclans'
asthe informationin the B:'before
the development of .. . permanent humansettlements'
text.
Foreach,finda secondreference to confirmyouranswer.
Lookfor a paraphrase of
eachstatementin the list, F Check youranswers on page40 beforeyoucontinue.
possiblyin morethanone
part.
Lightlycrossoff the list
anystatements whichare
contradictedby the text.
Fillin the answerson your
answersheetin anyorder.

30 lILTS PracticeTests
 Which FOUR of thefollowing statementsare made in the text?

ChooseFOUR lettersfrom A-H and write them in boxes32-35 on your answer

sheet.

A In a typical camp there were many more wolves than humans.

B Neither the wolves nor the humans lived in one place for long.
C Somewolves learned to obey human leaders.
D Humans chosethe most dangerouswolves to help them hunt.
E There was very little for early humans to eat.
F Wolves got food from early humans.
G Wolves started living with humans when agriculture began.
H Early humans especiallyliked very young wolves.

matchinglists
Strategies: Questions36-40
Studythe listof questions.
lmprove your skills:scanning the text
Foreachone,highlight
the keywords. 1 ln which paragraphis eachof A-F mentioned?Whichnationalityis mentioned
in more than one paragraph?Whichis not mentioned?
Studythe optionlist,e.g.
2 Askyourselftwo questionsabout eachof A-F.
of nationalities A-F.For
eachohe,scanthe F Checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue.
passage for it and
highlightthat partof the
text. From the information in the text, indicate who useddogsin the ways listed below
(Questions36-40).
Foreachof A-F,ask
yourselfsimplequestions, Write the correctletters A-F in boxes36-40 on your answersheet.
e.g.'Did the ... usethem
to ...?;andanswerthem NB Youmay useany letter more than once.
by lookingat the partyou
havehighlighted. Look
Used by
out for wordssimilarto
the keywordsin the A the Greeks
question. B the French
Remember that someof C the Egyptians
A-F maybe usedmore D the Romans
thanonceor not at all.
E the English
F the Native Americans

36 in war
37 as a sourceof energy
38 asfood
39 to hunt other animals
40 to work with farm animals

?cst l 31
 Academic
Writing t hour
:.

QuestionStrategies: The writing testconsistsof two tasks.Youshould attempt both tasks.

selectingmainfeatures
from a graph,chart,or
table Writing ThskI
InWritingTask1,you do
a graph
lmproveyour skills:understanding
not needto describeall
the information given.To Studythe graph belowand think about the following.
summarize,you must
selectthemain features a What is the overalltopic?
from what is shown. b Lookat the keyfor the four lines.Whichgroupsof peopleare being
compared?What do the numberson the verticalaxisshow?
Information is oftengiven
c What doesthe horizontalaxisshow?
in the form of a graph,a
d Canyou identifya generaltrend in eachgraph?Whenwasthe trend most or
chart,or a table.
leastnoticeable?
Readanyheadings, key e Whichperiodshowsa deviationfrom the trend for somecountries?
and sources for the data
> Checkyour answerson page41 beforeyou continue.
to understand what it
relatesto.
Readlabelscarefully, Youshouldspendabout 20 minutes on this task.
payingspecialattention
to horizontalandvertical The graph below showsfour countries of residenceof overseasstudents in
axes,columnand row Australia.
headings.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
Thedatamayshow make comltarisons where relevant.
differencesor changes
overtime,betweenplaces, Write at least 150words.
or betweengroupsof
people.Tryto identify
significantcontrasts, ,'0
SfiIffiffEDCtrL"gruT*:=5 Numberof
similarities,
or trends. SF RHSIDTruilH
*F students
V!SfTSR ARRIVALsF** tr#UCATION in 1000s

vcv

Indonesia
Hong Kong
Malaysia
Singapore

1982 1984 1986 1988 '.rggc 1992 1994 1996 1*98 2000
Yearended 3il J*ne

32 lILTSPracticeTests
CompositionStrategies:
reporting main features
Decidewhichpointsyou will includeand how youwill organizethem.
Statethe topicandoverallcontentof the graph.
Describeand whererelevantcomparethe mainfeaturesof the data.Avoidrepetition
and do not try to givereasons.
Describe changesandtrendsusingappropriate language:the numberrose/fell
slightlyhharply,there wasa steady/rapidincrease/decrease in thenumber.
Writenumbersas percentages (tenpercenf),fractions (a quarter,two4hirds),or
expressions (nine out of ten,threetimesasmany).Useapproximatephrasessuchas
roughly,over,a littlemorethan,justunder.
Concludeby outliningthe overalltrends.

lmprove your skills: putting statistics into words

1 Choosethe best way to expressthesestatistics.
a Put these percentagesinto words:98o/o,22.5o/o
b Stateeach of thesefractionsin two ways:'l/6,4/5,'l/20
c Compareeachpair of numbersin two ways:90and 30,17 and 34.
d Write these numbersusing approximatephrases:5 106,999,9.5o/o,
135.
2 Lookat the graph in WritingTask1. Describethe changesbetween1982and
1992forthe countriesshown.
> Checkyour answerson page41 beforeyou continue.

Tcst1 33
 Writing Thsk2
Youshould spendabout 40 minutes on this task.

Write about thefollowing topic.

Air traffic is increasingly leading to more noise, pollution and airport

construction. One reason for this is the growth in low-cost passengerflights,
often to holiday destinations.

Some people say that governments should try to reduce air traffic by taxing it
more heavily.

Do you agree or disagree?

Give reasonsfor your answerand include any relevantexatnplesfrom your own

knowledgeand experience.Write at least250 words.

understanding
QuestionStrategies: the task
ln WritingTask2,you will be givena pointof viewto consider.You will be askedto
giveyouropinionaboutthe topicandthe issues that arepresented.
Youareexpectedto givereasons for your answerand,wherepossible, supportyour
argumentswith relevantexamples.
Readthe statementin bold italicscarefullyto identifythe generaltopic.
Decidewhichpartsof the statementarefact and whichareopinion.
Readthe questionscarefullyand decideyourviewson the opinionexpressed.

lmproveyour skills:identifyingthe topicand the issues

1 Whatisthe generaltopic
of the task?
2 Whichpartof thetaskisfact?
3 Whichpartof the taskisopinion?Howdo youknow?
4 Whichpart areyou supposedto respondto?Whatisyourview?

> Checkyouranswerson page41 beforeyou continue.

34 IELTS
PracticeTests
Compositionstrategies: lmprove your skills:developing arguments
givingreasonsand
Hereare someissuesraisedby WritingTask2. Foreachone answeryesor no and
examples
choosea supportingargumentfrom the list.Thenadd an additionalargument.
Beforeyou startwriting,
Example:1 No
notedownthe issues
raisedby the title. Supportingorgument:g
Decideyour opinionon Additionatargument:overseas
studentsalsousetheseflights.
eachissueandthinkof at
leastone argumentto 1 ls it fair?
supportit. 2 ls it necessary?
Toillustrate
each
3 would it work?
argumentthinkof an
example, perhapsfrom 4 Arethereany alternatives?
personalexperience'
5 shouldgovernmentsget involved?
Usea separate paragraph
to dealwith eachissue,
its a tax riseswould reducedemand
arguments and examples'
b air trafficgrowth essentiar
to economy
c cleanerand quieteraircraftpossible
d more and more carsdespitehigh petroltaxes
e state interferencealwaysharmseconomy
can curb air trafficgrowth
f no other measures
g poorerpassengers
would pay bill
h only the statecan controlpollutingindustries
i holidaytravelnot essentialto economy
j evenmore pollutingthan cars
aeroplanes

F Checkyour answerson page41 beforeyou continue

Test1 35

Strategies:
Part1 questions
Listenfor keywords,e.g.
studies,holidays, to help
you understand the topic.
Giverepliesthat arefull
(notjust 'yes'or'no'),
I r^
retevanlano aooresseo to
the examiner.
Add relevantfollow-up
points,sothat the
examinerdoesn,thaveto
promptyou,
Remember thatoneaim
of Part1 is to help you
relaxby lettingyou talk
abouta familiartopic:
yourself.
Speaking
Part 1
lmprove your skills: predicting questions
Studythe questionsbelow,includingthe headings,e.g.Whereyou
grewup.Note
down somelikelyquestionsundereachof theseheadings:
a Friends
b Readingbooks
c Clothesand fashion
Answerthe questionsyou havewritten.
> Checkyour answerson page41 beforeyou continue
Youwill be askedsornegeneralquestionsabouta rangeoffamiliar topicareas.
Thispart lastsbetvveen
four andfive minutes.
What is your full name?
What do peopleusuallycall you?
Where areYou from?

Whereyougrewup.
1 What kind of town is it?
2 What's the most interesting area?
3 What kinds of jobs do people do there?
4 Do you think it's a good place to live?

What you do in your spare time.

5 Do you have any hobbies or interests?
6 How did you first become interestedin that?
7 What other things like that would you like to do?

Travelling and transport.

8 What kinds of transport do you use regularly?
9 How do people in your country travel on long journeys?
l0 How has transport there changedover the last twenty-five years?

36 IELTS
FracticeTests
 Part 2
Strategies: lmproveyourskills:choosingrelevantpoints
planningPart2 1 Which of these points are irrelevantto the topic in Part2? Crossthem out and
Bepreparedto describe say what is wrong with each.
people,places, objects, name job agenow
events,etc.- and to born in my country how I'll succeed unchangedby success
explaintheirsignificance often interviewed on TV what is'success'? studied hard
to you personally. now spoilt and arrogant ordinary family good role model
Studythe topicand another successfulperson is has failed at everything overcameproblems
decidewho or whatyou
aregoingto talkabout. 2 Note down some relevant points of your own.
Makebriefnotesfor each > Checkyouranswers
on page41 beforeyoucontinue
keyword suchas yvho,
what,when,howor why,
but don't try to write a Youwill begiven a topic to talk aboutfor one to two minutes.Beforeyou talk, you
speech. will haveone minute to think about what you are going to say.Youwill begiven
Beforeyou begin paper and a pencil to make notesif you wish. Here is the topic:
speaking, crossout
anythingirrelevant. Describesomeoneyou know,or somebodyfamous,who hasachieved
greatsuccess.
Youshouldsay:
who they areandwhat theydo
wherethey comefrom: their background
how theybecamesuccessful
and explainwhy you admirethis person.

Follow-up questions:
Has this person had to make sacrificesin order to achievesuccess?
Do most people in your country shareyour admiration for him/her?

Test1 37
 Part 3
Strategies: lmprove yout skills:adding more ideas
Part3 questions To developthe topic of question1 in Part3,you couldtalk about qualifications,
Expecta linkbetweenthe money,posSessions, appearance, titles,prizes,fame,etc.
topicsof Part2 and Part3. Notedown at leastfive pointsyou could mentionin answerto question2.
Listenfor the keywordsin
the examiner's questions. > Checkyour answerson page41 beforeyou continue
Besureyou understand
the question.
lf not,askfor
repetition. Youwill be askedsomequestionsabout more abstractissuesand concegttsrelatedto
the topicin Part 2. This discussion four andfive minutes.
lastsbetween
Thinkaboutwhat the
examinerwantsyou to do
in responseto each Personalsuccess
question,e.g.speculate, 1 How doespresent-daysocietymeasurethe successof an individual?
contrast,maKea
comparisonor 2 How can we ensurethat more people achievetheir aims in life?
suggestion. 3 Would you rather be successfulin your job or in your social life?
Don'texpectthe examiner
to askyou about Winning and losing
somethingelseif you 4 which is more important in sport: winning or taking part?
can'tthinkof anythingto
say.Thinkharder! 5 What makessomesportspeopletake drugs to improve their performance?
Developthe discussionby 6 Why are some countries more successfrrlthan others in eventssuch as the
addingmorepointslinked Olympics?
to the topic.
The competitive society
7 How do competitive relationshipsbetweenpeople differ from cooperative
relationships?
8 In what ways has societybecome more competitive in the last twenty years?

38 f[[IS PrxcticeTests
Test I ImproYeyour skills key

Listening Question forms page15

Focusingon speakers page1o a28
a a customerand shopassistan!to askfor / give b29
information c26
b eitherboth in the shopor speakingby phone d27
c conversational
d numbers,bicyclevocabulary, methodsof Describingdiagrams page15
payment a page,text,margin,top, bottom,left (-handside),
right(-handside)
Understanding the task page11 they all havetext fillingthe centreof
b Similarities:
a letters the page,theyall havespacearound
b write in three names Differences:summing-up pointsat top/in left
c WoodsRoad,OakStreet,the park,the police margin/atbottom/in right margin
station,the pharmacy c sheet(of paper),writing,space,gap,room,above,
below,under,alongside,next to
ldentifying main features page11
a the policestation Understanding the overall meaning page16
b on the other sideof the street,on the opposite a Australia
corner b opalmining
c on the other sideof the street,facing,opposite c in the late1940s,
due new opalfieldsand mass
d 10 immigration
d belowgroundto avoidthe extremeclimate;
Predictingfrom examples page12 buildingsunderground
includechurches and
12 social hotels
14 charities / charitable
16 political/ politics What kind of word? page16
31 a number
Predicting from stems page13 32 a year
18 ln thiscity,clubsand societiesare mainly paid for 33 an historicalevent
by:thefinancingof clubs 34 a part of the world
19 Findingthe right club might influenceyour choice 35 a percentage
of the relevanceof clubsto importantpersonal 36 a building
decisions
20 Whatshouldyou do if the right club doesnot exist?: Thinking of synonyms page17
how to find the right club for you 1 B:near
C:farfrom
Looking for clues page14 2 in: not outside,centre,downtown,urban, etc
a the imperative; the sentences are making near:nearby,closeto, not far from,just beyond,not
suggestions and givingadvice(including the far off, a short distancefrom,neighbouring,etc
answerto 23) far from: far-off,distant,faraway,a long way from,
b note form - articles,possessives, etc.,can be left further, a great distance,etc.
out.

ldentifying key words page15

26 where,sit,attend
27 do,miss,point
28 why,notes,easy,read
29 which expressions,
comingnext

-*:'- i 39
Reading 18 noun(pluralor uncountable)
19 noun(pluralor uncountable)
ldentifying key sentences page18 b 15 something foundunderthe sea
A,B,C,D,E,G firstsentence : atlabove/below
16
F secondsentence 17 somethingin or underthe water
18 somethinglivingthat is not vegetable,i.e.
Focusingon exampl€s page18 a n ima l
Paragraph A describes
spacebiomedicine, beginning 19 possibly somethingthat is neithervegetable
with the topicsentence:'Space biomedicine is .. .', noranimal,i.e.mineral
andthenstatesitsaims.
Althoughthefirstsentence of paragraph F mentions Eliminatingimpossibleendings page26
ethicalandfinancialissues,
thisis not the themeof a 20 a reason
the paragraph.The secondsentence introduces ways 2j a result
that spacebiomedical research canhelpresolve 22 a result
problemson Earth. b 20G 21C 22E

Finding key information page21 ldentifying incorrect answers page27

a water aB
b the secondsentence of paragraph
B bA
c ice cC
d thereisa linkwith'Mars'
Locatinganswers page3o
ldentifying the writer's views page21 1 lt isorganized from pre-history
chronologically:
1 In paragraph B,the sentencebeginning'This to the presentday.
involvement of NASA...iThewritersaysthis. 2 28 dogs,different appearance from wolves
Thereareno reportingverbs,quotesor dogs,types
29 classification,
references to what otherssay. wolves,
30 similarity, dogs
2 obstacles: limited,constraints 31 greaterhumanconcern, animals
sendingpeople:travel 3a30
far intospace:tootherplanets, andbeyond b28
now...not: no longer c 2931
medical: whatthe humanbodycanactually
withstand Finding referencesin the text page30
technological: engineering 1 a firsthalf
3 PargraphF.Thewriterdoesnot saywho agrees b secondhalf
exactly:'Such considerationshaveledsometo 2 probablyin firsthalf.
questionthe ethics...iThewritercontraststhis 3 A 'packsof 25 or 30wolvesandclansof like-
with his/herown opinion:'ltis nowclear, n u mb e re d . .h. u ma n s '
however,...' B 'wandering packs... and... nomadic
humansroamed'
Organizationand expression page22
a Therearepracticalapplications of different Scanningthe text page31
researchareas:first
in spaceandthenon Earth. 1 Greeks H
b humanactivities:applications on Earthof French no mention
telemedicineandsterilization. Egyptians G
c aspartof an incomplete phraseor sentence;-ing Romans H
formof verbsplusnounphrases English:
l,J
d Unlikethetableinstructions,the openquestions NativeAmericans F
do not specifyfrom the passage. 2 e.g.Didthe Greeksusedogs?lf so,how/inwhat
way?
Predictinganswers page25
a 15 noun(pluralor uncountable) or nounphrase
16 preposition
17 nounor nounphrase

40 PracticeTesis
IELTS
Writing Speaking
Understanding a graph page32 Predicting questions page36
a Whereoverseas studentsin Australiacomefrom. a Do you havemanyfriends?How did you first
b Students from fourcountries:lndonesia. meet them?Do you havea bestfriend?Whendo
Malaysia, Hong Kong,Singapore.The verticalaxis peoplebecomefriends?Do you find it easyto
showsstudentsnumbers. makenew friends?What arethe advantages of
c Thetime scaleoverwhich comparisons can be havingfriends?Why do friendssometimesfall
made. out?
d Aftera slow start,the figuresfor all four countries b What kind of booksdo you like?Whichbook
haverisensharply.The numbersfrom Indonesia haveyou enjoyedmost?Whereand when do
havegrown fastesqthosefrom Malaysiaslowest. you usuallyreadbooks?What makesa good
e Thereis a dip in the mid 1990s. book?Whichauthorsare popularin your
country?Will peoplecontinueto readbooksin
Putting statistics into words page33 the future?
1 a ninety-eightper cent,twenty-twoand a half c Whatareyour favouriteclothes?Do you prefer
per cent anyparticular colour(s)? Whatis currently
b one sixth,one in six,one out of six;four- fashionablein your country?How havefashions
fifths,four in five,four out of five;one changedin the last5 years? Whatdo you think
twentieth,one in twenty,one out of twenty. will be fashionable in the next5 years? Wheredo
c threetimesasmany/ the numberol one fashionscomefrom?
third as many/ the numberol halfas many/
the numberof,twice /double the numberof Choosing relevant points page37
d a little/ just over/ roughlyhalf;almost t how l'll succeed(it'snot aboutyou)
exactly/ just undera thousand; lessthan/ what is'success'? (discussion of abstracttopicsis
just under/ fewerthan ten percent;well over in Part3)
'a hundred now spoiltand arrogant(not a reasonfor
2 Suggestedanswers: admiringthem)
The numberof studentsfrom Malaysiarose anothersuccessful personis (youcan only talk
steadilybetween 1982 and 1992. aboutone)
Therewasa rapidincreasein the numberof hasfailedat everything(wrongpersonto talk
studentsfrom Hong Kongbetween1982 about)
and 1992. 2 Suggestedanswers: went to localschool,worked
sevendaysa week,doescharitywor( provides
ldentifying the topic and the issues page34 jobs for hundredsof people,alwayspolite.
1 increasingair traffic
2 the first part is fact Adding more ideas page38
3 the secondpart is opinion becauseof the phrase Suggested answers: elimination of unemployment
'somepeoplesaythat' and poverty;improvededucation;equal
4 the secondpart opportunitiesirrespective of race,gender,religion,
etc;betterfacilitiesfor the disabled;improvedcareers
Developing arguments page35 advice;more resources for the arts,sports,etc;better
1 yes(i) no (g) healthcareat all ages.
2 yes 0) no (b)
3 yes(a) no (d)
4 yes (c) no (f)
s yes(e) no (h)

T*st l 41
Strategies:
questionswith figures
Questions 7-10
Beforeyou listen,think lmproveyourskills:recognizing numbers
abouthow numbersin 1 How arethesepronounced? Writethem out in words.
the questions are
pronounced.This makes 2/3 7/10 0.615 the80s 32nd 43rd
them easierto recognize 54th 101st 5Oo/o 4548C 1066 AD 16mm
whenyou hearthem.You 5cm 220km 33 C' 25 mg 1800 cc 300m'
couldwrite them out too, 2 Studyquestions7-1O.Whatkind of figureis neededfor each?
e.9.70m = seventy
metres. > Checkyour answerson page71 beforeyou continue
Makesure you know what
theyrelateto,e.g.length
of bridge,depth of water. Circle the correct lettersA-D.
Listenfor thesenumbers.
Takecarewith numbers 7 On which floor is the storeroom?
whicharesimilarbut A first
don't relateto the
question. B second
Forcluesto total C third
numbers, listenfor
expressions likeplus,too, 8 What is the temperature of the hot water?
as wellas,another,a third
one,etc. A 55"
B 60"
c 700

How big is the garden?

A 20m'
B 90m'z
C 150m'z

10 What sizeis the television?

A 70cm
B 80cm
C 90cm

Test2 43
Questions25-27

Circle THREE letters A-F.

What must you do when you join the LanguageCentre?

A pay a small amount of money
B show some proof of identity
C be accompaniedby someonefrom your Department
D take a test in the languageyou want to study
E register at Receptionin the LanguageCentre
F learn how to use the Centre'sequipment

Questions28

ChooseTWO lettersA-E.

Which TWO should you tell the librarian?

A whether you have studied the languagepreviously
B why you want to study this language
C how many hours per week you must study it
D which text books you will use
E which other languagesyou havelearned

Questions29-30

Circle TWO lettersA-E.

Which TWO of thesecan you do at the LanguageCentre?

A read and listen to materials on your own
B choosebooks to take away from the Centre
C copy tapesto listen to them outside the Centre
D photocopy materials yourself
E have a few pagesof a book photocopied

Test2 47
 Section4
{
Questions3l-34
Strategies:completingnotesand tables
Lookat anyexamples: studyingthesecanmakeyou feelmoreconfidentaboutdoing
the taskwhenyou hearthe recording.
Foreachquestion, makesureyou understand what kindof information you may
haveto writein andwhere.
Thinkaboutwordsthat oftengo with the kindof wordyou need.Forexample, if you
you
decidethe answeris a time of day, might first hearaf,beforeor after.

lmproveyour skills:listeningfor lexicalclues

Decidewhat kind of informationis neededfor eachof 31-34,e.9.a year.
Thinkof - or find in the notes- a word likelyto go with each,e.g.a year:in 2010.

> Checkyour answerson page 71 beforeyou continue.

Look at the table.

Write NO MO&E THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for eachanswer.

1 851 Howe Automatic commercial USA

Continuous potential only
Clothing Closure'
1 893 Judson 'Clasp Locker' commercial 31
failure

1908 Sundback 'Hookless Fastener' commercial Sweden

32 .......................

33 Kynoch 'Ready Fastener' commercial success UK

I920s 'Zipper' commercial success USA

48 IELTS
PracticeTest$
Strategies:labelling parts Questions35-39
of a diagram
lmprove your skills: predicting a description
L o o ka t t he t it le and t h i n k
of real life examplesof the Studythe diagramand answerthe questions.
object. a Fromwhat angleareyou lookingat the zip?
Decidefrom which angle b Whatvocabularydo you know for what you can see?
yo u a re look ingat t he c What other wordsor phrasesdo you think you will hear?
diagram,e.g.from one d In what orderdo you think you will hearthe information?
si d e .
> Checkyour answerson page 71 beforeyou continue.
Describethe diagramto
yourself,identifyingall the
parts. Label the zip. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for eachanswer.
Th i n kabout how t he
speakerwill describeit
and what phrasesyou
The Separating
might hear.lf you can
Zip Fastener
9UeSS any ans wer s
a l re a d ypenc
, ilt hem in .
Listenout for prompts
th a t tell y ou t he
descriptionis about to
start,e.g.ln the drawing
you'llsee..., As shownin

Followthe ouestion
n u mb er son t he diagra m ,
e.g.from left to right or
clockwise,and write your
a n sw er sas y ou heart h e m.

Strategies:global Question40
questions
lmprove your skills: predicting global features
l d e n tif yt he global
question:it is often the 1 Studythe first line of question40.What is its focus?
lastof severalmultiole- 2 StudyA-D.Whatlanguagefeaturesand speaker's
tone would you expectfor
choice items. each?
Decidewhat it is testing,
> Checkyour answerson page 71 beforeyou continue
e.g.What is the lecturer
trying to do? means you
haveto identifythe
Choosethe correctletter,A, B, C or D.
speaker'spurpose.
Th i n ka bout how t he
40 The speaker'soverall aim is to
l a n g uageand t one m i g h t
differ for each option. A explain how different kinds of zip fastenerwork.
When you listen,reject B outline the developmentof the zip fastener.
o p ti o n st hat m is int erp re t
what the speakermeans, C advertisea particular kind of zip fastener.
relateto only part of the D warn of the dangersof zip fasteners.
content,or overstateit.

l*rt ? 49
 AcademicReading
't t hour
Reading PassageI
Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions1-14, which are basedon
ReadingPassage1.
the surface
Scratching
They are insidious skin parasites, infesting the
occupants of factories and offices. They cause
itching,prickling and crawling sensationsin the
skin that are almost untreatable.Thesecreatures
may only exist in the mind, but their effects are
real and infectious.
The classiccase occurred in a US laboratory
in 1966. After new equipment was installed,
workers started to suffer from itching and
sensations of insects crawling over them.
Com plain ts mu l ti p l i e d a n d th e p robl em,
attributed to 'cable mites', started to spread to
relatives of the victims. A concerted effort was
made to exterminate the mites using everything
from DDT and mothballs to insecticide and rat
poison.
Nothing worked. Thorough examination by
scientific investigatorscould not locate any pests,
or even signs of actual parasite attacks.However,
they did find small particles of rockwool
insulation in the air, which could cause skin
irritation.A cleaningprogramme was introduced
50 i[ . T 5 P rn rrrc cJ e :t:
and staff were assured the problem had been
solved.The cable mite infestation disappeared.
Another 1960s case occurred in a textile
factory, where workers complained of being
bitten by insects brought into the factory in
imported cloth. Dermatitis swept through the
workforce, but it followed a curious pattern.
Instead of affecting people in one particular part
of the factory,the bugs seemed to be transmitted
through employees' social groups. No parasites
could be found.
A third infestation spread through office staff
going through dusty records that had lain
untouched for decades.Theyattributed their skin
problems to 'paper mites', but the cause was
traced to irritation from paper splinters.
These are all casesof illusionsof parasitosis,
w here somethi ng i n the envi ronment is
misinterpreted as an insect or other pest.
Everyone has heard of delirium tremens, when
alcoholicsor amphetamineusers experiencethe
feeling of insects crawling over their skin, but
 other factors can cause the same illusion. Static
electricity, dust, fibres, and chemical solvents can
all give rise to imaginary insects.The interesting
thing is that they spread.The infectious nature of
this illusion seems to be a type of reflex
contagion. Yawn, and others start yawning. lf
everyone around you laughs, you laugh. Start
scratching,and colleagueswill scratch,too.
x Dr Paul Marsden is managingeditor of the
Journal of Memetics,the study of infectious ideas.
He suggeststhat this rype of group behaviour
may have had a role to play in human evolution.
In our distant past, one individual scratching
would have alerted others that there were biting
insects or parasites present. This would prime
them to scratch itches of their own.Anyone who
has been bitten several times by mosquitoes
before they realized it will recognize the
evolutionary value of this kind of advance
warning. The outbreak of mass scratching may
also promote mutual grooming, which is
important in the necessary bonding of primate
SrouPS.
The problem comes when the reflex
contagion is not related to a real threat.
Normally, eveD/one would soon stop scratching,
bya people may unconsciously exaggerate
symptoms to gain atcention, or because it gets
them a break from unappealingwork. The lab
workers were scanners, who spent the day
laboriously examining the results of bubble-
chamber tests; textile workers and clerical staff
poring over records would also have found what
they had to do quite tedious.Add the factor that
skin conditions are notoriously susceptible to
psychologicalinfluence,and it is easy to see how
a group dynamic can keep the illusory parasites
going.
Treatment of the condition is difficult, since
few will accept that their misreading of the
symptoms is the result of what psychologistscall
a hysterical condition. In the past, the
combination of removal of irritants and expert
reassurance was enough. However, these days,
there is a mistrust of conventional medicine and
easieraccessto suppoft groups.
Sufferers can reinforce each other's illusions
over the Internet, swappingtales of elusive mites
that baffle science.This could give rise to an
epidemic of mystery parasites, spreading from
mind to mind like a kind of super virus. Only an
awareness of the power of the illusion can
stoP it.
You can stop scratching now ...

Strategies: l_5
Questions
classifyi
ng statements
ReadSfrareg ies:matching lmprove your skills:finding the relevant section
/rstson page31. Whichparagraphsfocuson
Insteadof peopleor a the laboratory?
places,thereis a listof b the factory?
statements:thesemaynot c the office?
followthe orderof the
Which paragraphmentionsall three?ls it relevantto any of questions1-5?
rext.
lf morethanone answer > Checkyour answerson page T2beforeyou continue.
is possible,
writethem
bothin.
Classifystatements1-5 accordingto whetherthey apply to

A the laboratory
B the factory
C the office

I Workers who met each other socially sufferedfrom the condition.

2 The victims were all working with old documents.
3 They tried to kill the insectsthey thought were responsible.
4 They said the creatureshad come in material from abroad.
5 Employees'familieswere affeciBdby the condition.

Test2 51
Strategies:completinga Questions6-8
flow chart
lmprove your sltills:understanding links between ideas
ReadStrategies:short-
answerquestions on 1 Studythe text and answerthesequestions.
page21. a What is the immediateconsequence of the bite?
Lookat how the flow b What arethe two immediateresultsof this?
chartis organized: arrows c What can be the immediateeffect of group scratching?
often indicateresults,
d What can this in turn leadto?
stagesor changes. Count
the numberof these 2 Studythe flow chartand answerthesequestions.
points. a Whatdo the arrowsmean?
Findthe partofthe text b What kind of informationis neededfor 6?
that relatesto the chart.
c What kind of informationis neededfor 7 and 8?
Lookfor the samenumber
of pointsand identifythe > Checkyour answerson page T2before you continue.
relationship between
them,e.g.Iinkingwords
like Firstlyand Nexf Completethe notesbelowwith words takenfrom ReadingPassage1.
indicate a sequence.
UseNO MORETHAN TWOWORDS for eachanswer.
Askyourself questions
about the lext,e.g.What
happensnext?,and match *
the answers with the $ Evolutionarypurposetheory
pointsin the chart.
t:;

:i l
@
: il
ifl
.T
G
€
Y

52 IFLTS
PracticeTests
Strateg ies: tru e/fa Ise/n ot
given questions
Read Strategies:yes/no/not
givenquestionson page
2 1 .N o te t hat
true/false/not given
questionsfocus on facts
in the text,whereas
yes/not/not given
questionsare often about
the writer'sopinions.
lf you can'tfind any
mention of the topic,'not
given'may be the answer.
D o n 't choos e' t r ue' or
'false'just becauseyou
believeit to be true.
Strategies:
choosing a title
After you have done all
the other tasks,sum up
the whole text in a few
woros.
Look at the titles and
decidewhich is closestto
your own words.lgnore
a n y w hic h:
. are basedon an overall
misunderstandingof the
text.
. are too narrow i.e.cover
only part of the text.
. are too broad,i.e.cover
aspectsof the topic
beyond the scopeofthe
text.
Questions9-13
lmprove your skills:finding clues
Studyquestions9 and 10 carefullyand answerthesequestions.
a Whatdoesthe adverb'unconsciously'(line71)tell you about the answerto 9?
b Whichadverband which adjectiveare cluesto the answerto 10?
* Checkyour answerson pageT2beforeyou continue
In boxes9-13 on your answersheetwrite
TRUE if the statementis true accordingto thepassage
FALSE if the statementis false accordingto thepassage
NOT GIyEN if the statementis not given in thepassage
9 Somekeep scratchingbecausethey know it will enablethem to stop work.
10 The laboratory, factory and office employeesall had boring jobs.
1l The human skin is extremely sensitiveto irritants.
12 In many cases,people no longer believewhat medical professionalssay.
13 It is impossible to prevent the condition becoming an Internet epidemic.
Question14
lmprove your skills:eliminating incorrect titles
1 Studythe five titlesA-E.Whichone:
a is basedonly on someof the earlyparagraphs?
b focusesonly on the lastpart of the text?
c only coversthe informationin the paragraphmarked* ?
d mentionstopicsthat are beyondthe scopeof the text?
2 Why is the other title correct?
p Checkyour answerson pageT2beforeyou continue
1.
From the list belowchoosethe most suitablealternativetitle for ReadingPassage
Write the appropriateletterA-E in box 14 on your answersheet.
A The benefits of itching and scratching
B Increasingcomplaints about insects
C Scratching,yawning and laughing
D Imaginary bites and parasites
E Computer bites and Internet itches
T*st 2 53
 ReadingPassage
2
I

Youshouldspend"about20 minuteson Questions15-27, which are basedon

ReadingPassage
2,

Strategies:
matching Questions15-19
headingsto sections
ReadMatchingheadings
yourskills:
lmprove eliminating headings
incorrect
toparagraphson page 18. 1 Why is examplef correct?
Substitutesectionfor 2 Whichof headingsa-j is wrong becauseit:
paragraph.
a coversmore than one section?
Don'tchooseheadings
b focusesonly on the firstthing in the text?
that matchonlyone
paragraphin a section,
or c only coversone paragraph?
morethanone section. d exaggerateswhat the text says?
> Checkyour answerson pageT2beforeyou continue

ReadingPassage
2 has sixsectionsI-W.
Choosethe most suitableheadingfor eachsectionII-VI from the list below.Write
the appropriateletters(a-j) in boxes15-19 on your answersheet.

List of headings
a The lift in use
b The first and secondlifts
c Restoring the lift
d The newcanal
e Mechanical problems
f Why the lift was needed
g The supports of the secondlift
h A new framework and machinery
i How the original Iift worked
j A completely new lift

,..,.:.Si{aqllile.,.$ectien I An"1,}Fd f

15 SectionII
16 SectionIII
17 SectionIV
18 SectionV
19 SectionVl

54 IELTS
Pn*c*iceTests
 bl Section I
When the Tlent and Mersey Canal opened
rn 1777, the Cheshire town of Anderton was
the obvious place to transfer goods to and
from the nearby River \feaver. There was just
one problem: the canal was fifteen metres
above the river.
Pathways, inclined planes, and chutes were
constructed to easethe task of moving cargo
by hand. Primitive railways were laid to move
cargoes, cranes were built, and steam engines
were later installed to power lifting. In the
early 1870s, however, the'$Teaver Navigation
Trustees decided to eliminate the cost, effort,
and wastage involved in hand transportation
when the engineers Edward Leader Williams
and Edwin Clarke suggested a 'boat carrying
lift'.
?r, Section II
Their design was a unique and magnificent
example of the Victorians' mastery of cast
iron and hydraulics. Completed in 1875,
graceful in appearance,simple in use, and
above all efficient, the lift was hailed as a
marvel of the era, and became a prototype for
larger versions on the waterways of France
and Belgium.
The operating mechanism consisted of two
vertical sets of interconnected hydraulic
cylinders and pistons set into the bed of the
river and each piston supported a boat-
carrying tank 22.86 metres Iong and 4.72
metres wide. At rest, one tank was level with
the canal and the other level with the river
and to move the tanks, a small amount of
water was removed from the bottom tank
making it lighter than the top tank.
Because the two hydraulic cylinders were
connected, the heavier top tank moved down
and forced hydraulic liquid through the
connecting pipe into the other cylinder
pushing that piston and the lighter tank
'Watertight
upwards. gates both on the tanks
and at the entrance to the canal contained the
water while the tanks were moving. A
hydraulic pump driven by steam supplied the
irr:; J 55
 small amount of additional energyrequired to
effecta reasonablyrapid movementand to
enablethe tanks to be preciselylevelledat the
end of their journey
?lSection III
All went well for the first ten years,then
pitting and grooving of the cylinders and
pistons occurred.Investigationsshowedthat
the canal water used as the hydraulic liquid
was contaminatedby chemicalsand was
corrosive,thereforecausingthe damage.
It was immediately changedto distilled
water from the steamenginepowering the
hydraulic pump. Corrosion was dramatically
reducedbut the damagehad been done.
In addition, the boiler for the steam engine
neededrenewing, so in 1906the Tiustees
ordered the construction of a new lift, to a
designby their engineerJ A Saner.
?r,Section IV
The new lift was built over the top of the
Victorian structure, utilizing the Victorian
front and rear columns. The main structure
had strong A-frames at either side of the new
lift to support the enormous weight of the
platform that now formed the top of the
framework: on it was located the new
operating mechanism,which included seventy-
two pulleys weighing up to 35 tonnes each.
Each of the boat-carrying tanks was now
suspendedon wire ropes which ran from the
tank to the top of the lift, around pulleys, and
down to cast-iron weights at the side of the
structure. Thesewere equal to the weight of
the water-filled tank. Turning the pulleys one
way or the other movedthe ropes,so that one
tank was raised or loweredindependentlyof
the other tank. Becausethe tanks were
counterbalancedby the weights,only a small
electricalmotor was required to turn the
pulleys and so move the tanks up or down.
56 lE[fSPractlceTests
Compleredin 1908the lift was reliable,
cheapand easyto operate.Unlike the
Victorian lift it was not the least bit elegant,
but it was functional and it worked.
at,Section V
Both the 1875the 1908versionscarried
large volumes of commercial traffic and the
principal cargoestransported were coal, china
clay,salt, manufacturedgoods,including china
ware, and agricultural produce.
Sadly,trade on inland waterwaysin Britain
declineddramatically in the 1950s,and goods
traffic via the lift effectively ended in the
1960s.The 1970sincreasein pleasureboating
briefly prolonged its activelife, but in 1982the
'Cathedralof the Canals'wasfinally closed.
ar,Section VI
Demolition seemedinevitable,but, after a
long campaign by concernedgroups, British
'Waterways
agreed,in L999,to savethe lift.
Somewanted it 'conservedas found', but
that would entail replacingmuch of the
existing structure,virtually creating a replica
lift. The steelof the 1908structure had bepn .
badly corroded by pollutants from the local
chemicalindustries and would need replacing
if it were to support the overheadmachinery
and 500-tonnecounterweights.In addition,
safety considerationswould require the
installation of a back-up braking system.
It was decided,therefore,to revert to the
1875hydraulically-operatedsystem,using the
original cast-iron structure.Although the
counterweightshad to be removed,the 1908
framework and pulleys would be retained as a
static monument.
It was a huge and expensiveproject, and not
without difficulties. Eventually,in 2002, the
Anderton Boat Lift was officially reopened.
Boat owners and visitors alike can once again
ride 'the world's first boat lift'.
Strategies:
labellinga diagram
Whenyou havereadthe
text,studythe diagram
andthe labelsgiven.
Decidewhichpartof the
text describes it. Pencilin
anyanswers you can
guessalready.
Matchthe informationin
the diagramto whatthe
text says.To understand
how the partsrelateto
eachothet lookfor links
of purpose,e.g.to/inorder
to/soasfo + infinitive.and
result,e.g.-lng,and/so/so
that.
Whenyou havewrittenin
youranswers, go through
the text againto check
that everythingmatches
the completedlabels.
Questions20-24
lmprove your skills: understanding how something works
1 Lookat Sectionll and answerthesequestions.
Examples:
Whywasa small amount of water . . . removed? Answer:to move the tanks.
What was the resultof this? Answer:making it lighter.
a What was the resultof forcing hydraulicliquid ... into the othercylinder?
b Why wasadditionalenergysupplied?What was the purposeof this?
Givetwo examples.
2 Find2 purposeand 2 resultlinksin SectionlV.Askand answera question
abouteach.
9 Checkyour answerson pageT2beforeyou continue.
Completethe diagram below.
ChooseNO MORE THAN THKEE WORDSfrom thepassage
for eachanswer.
Write your answersin boxes20-24 on your answersheet.
]'est J 57
Strategies: Questions25-27
completingnotesor
sentences lmproveyourSkills:formingquestions
Studyeachquestionand 1 Foreachof 25-27,decidewhatkindof answeris needed.
decidewhat is needed, 2 Forma questionfrom each,e.g.Where
weresimilarliftsloterbuilt?,and answ€r
e.g.a nounphrase,a it.
number. > Checkyouranswers
on pageT2beforeyoucontinue
In yourmind,tryto turn
the notesor sentences
into questionsandthen Complete
thenotesbelow
answerthem.Thisshould
giveyou the missing ChooseNO MORE THAN THREEWORDSfrom ReadingPassage
2 for each
words. answer.
Checkyour completed Writeyour answers
in boxes25-27 onyour answersheet.
sentences makesense
and paraphrase whatthe
25 Similar lifts to the Anderton were later built in
text says.
26 Exrapower to move the tanks came from

27 Usingwater from the canal harmed the

58 lILTSPracticeTests
 ReadingPassage
3
Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions28-40, which are basedon
ReadingPassage
3.

:i
,i
L$ffru.
mU€
HenryGee
rc#H
&ffieEs=
9qsremw
fr€
, -..itt.r:l
,:ll.,it

onceagain, aboutlifeelsewhere. Forexample,

science aftergenomics. Likegenomics, it isaship hardly goes
a month bywithout thediscovery of
asit is hardto define. Broadly speaking, it is an yetanother planet
orbiting a distant star.And
umbrella termfortheefforts of manyscientists whatever thetruthaboutthemuch-disputed claims
working in diverse fieldsto understandthe forfossilsin martian meteorites, thecontroversy
conditions of lifeintheuniverse, whether onEarth hasrehabilitated theideaof panspermia: thatlife
orelsewhere. canspread between planets.
Thecanvas is,infact,sobroad thatmany Second, astrobiology is almost a trademarked
scientists mightbeastrobiologists withoutknowing term.TheNasa Astrobiology Instituteis a virtual
ro it astrobiology addsglamour to allscience, from campus linkingresearch centres withuniversities,
astronomy to zoology.Those withlongmemories alldevoted to learningmoreaboutthegeneral
anda cynical mienwillhaveseenallthisbefore. principles governing theorigin of lifeinthe
Onceupona time,therewasa research universe.Significantly,Nature magazine recently
programme calledexobiology. ls astrobiology a new lookedat astrobiology in allitsforms,fromthe
nameforrepackaged goods? questto understand howlifebegan onEarth to the
No,fortworeasons. First,manydiscoveries prospects offindingintelligent lifeelsewhere inthe
madeinthe past decade havesetpeople thinking, universe.

I*st 2 59
 Notthatthisshould bea cause forwide-eyed thanwhatit is madeof.lt is muchmoredifficult,
celebration, say itscritics. lronically,the ilrost however, to makesucha definition stick,preventing
vociferous ofthesecomenotfromtheworldof thetermfrombecoming soinclusive asto be
science but from science fiction.Brian Aldiss, meaningless.
veteran writer, critic,andleading lightofthegenre, * Youmightstartbypositing threerules. Thefirst
dismisses our current obsession with lifeelsewhere, isthat life requires the existence of information that
however muchit isjustified byscience, asan canbereproduced andinherited, withvariation.
expensively scratched itch. Second, thatlivingsystems seemto create order
Aliens, heargues, area manifestation of a andstructure andmaintain it inthefaceof chaos.
fundamental human urgeto populate theuniverse Third, thata livingsystem hasto workhardto
with'others', whether gods,ghosts, littlegreen maintain itsstructure, andass00nasit stopsdoing
men,orcartoon characters. Scientists should thisit degenerates.
beware oftakingscience fictiontooseriously: aliens These rulesseem, at first,to befairlyprecise, in
areuseful asplotdevices, butthisdoesnotmake asmuchtheyweedoutquietly observant martian
themreal. surface rocks. ButasCohen andStewart showin
A ratherdifferent criticism comes from theirnovel, it is possible to imagine entities that
scientists-turned-science fictionwriters JackCohen followallthreerulesandwhichappear to bealive,
andlanStewart. Bothareacademics - Cohen is a butwhichbearabsolutely noresemblance to
biologist, Stewart is a mathematician - butthey terrestrial organisms. ln Wheelers, theydescribe
haveworked in SF,mostrecently ontheirnovel civilizations offloating, methane-breathing balloons
Wheelers. Theirargument withastrobiology is nol intheatmosphere of Jupiter andorganisms made
thataliensmightnotexist,butthatwecannot help of magnetically-confined plasma, livingintheouter
beconstrained in oursearch. layers ofthesun.
Allorganisms onEafth, fromthetiniest Other science fictionwritershaveimagined life
bacterium to thebiggest whales, areconstructed onthesurfaces of neutron stars,inside computers,
according to thesamerules.Eafthly genetic 0revenin interstellar space. Inhislatestnovel,
information is caniedin genesmadeof DNA, earthly Lookto Windward,lain M Banks describes
lifeis based onpolymers of carbon, andits organisms thesizeof continents, supporting entire
chemistry happens in liquidwater. Because this civilizations astheirintestinal parasites. Allcouldbe
kindof lifeis allweknouwetendto thinkthatthe saidto constitute life,butin DrMc0oy's immortal
samerulesneedapplyeverywhere. So,when phrase fromStarTrek,'notasweknowit'.
probes landonMars,orscientists lookat martian Could thismeanthatastrobiology, theaimsof
meteorites, theytendto lookforthekindsof vital whichareuniversal, is reallynomorethana
signsthatbetray earthly organisms whenwehave parochial exercise? Wemightneverknow- perhaps
absolutely n0reason forthinking thatlifeelsewhere110 evenwhenwearevisited byaliens fromtheother
should beearthlike, orthatourdefinition of life sideofthegalaxy whotry,frantically, to gainour
cannot bebased morebroadly. WhentheMars attention, bywaving underournoses whatever it is
Rover satandstaredat a rock,howdowe know theywaveundersuchcircumstances. lt willnotbe
thattherockwasnotstaring rightback? theirfaultthattheywillbemicroscopic and
It is a fairlysimplematter to comeupwitha destroyed bya singlesneeze. AsCohen andStewart
definitlon of lifethatis based onwhatit does,rather concfude in Wheelers. 'Lifegoesoneverywhere.'

60 f*LTSilractie* T*sts
Strategies:
summarizing Questions 28-34
usingwordsfrom a list
lmproveyour skills:finding
wordsthat fit
ReadStrategies:
summarizing using words 1 What parts of speechare neededfor 28-34?e.9.0 - pluralnoun
fromthefexton page25, 2 What parts of speechare the words in the list?e.g.principles- pluralnoun
but rememberthat words 3 Whichother wordsin the listform pairsin someway with a-f below?
in a listarenot usually e.g.principles- regulations
takendirectlyfrom the a location
text. b basing
Decidewhat oartof c frequently
speechis neededfor each galaxy
d
gap.
e definition
Markthe wordsin the list
according to theirpartof f mistake
speech,e.g.adverb, p Checkyour answerson pageT2beforeyou continue
singularnoun.
Matcheachwith at least
one otherword of the Completethe summary below.Choosethe answersfrom the box and write the
samepartof speechthat correspondingwordsin boxes28-34 on your answersheet.Thereare more choices
hasa relatedmeaning. than spaces,soyou will not needto useall of them.
Theycouldbe synonyms,
near-synonyms, or
determinethe make-up
The samebiological and chemical0.......P..r:irlaiB.l.q,s.......
opposites.
Foreaghgap,trythe of all terrestrial life forms, whatever their 28 . We often
wordsthat fit
assumethat this is the casethroughout the universe,as we have
grammatically and
logically
- notthe whole 29 ................ observedother kinds of organism.Scientiststherefore
list. make the 30 ................ of searchingfor indicationsof Earth-style
living things when examiningmaterial from another 31..............
where the nature of any life may lie far outside their own 32
but
definition.On the other hand,if the focusis not on 33 ..................................
on behaviour,there is a risk of 34 ........... .. life much too broadly.

List of words
location principles previous
narrow galaxy frequently
discussing rarely defining
never composition size
definition planet extending
mistake breakthrough
basing regulations

Tcst2 61
strategies:
matchingopinions
Readstrategies: matching
/rsfson page31
In thistasKyou must
matchspeakers with the
opinionstheystate.
Expectthe first reference
to eachpersonto include
theirfulf nameand
possiblyotherdetails;
afterthat it is usuallyjust
their surname.
Lookfor reportingverbs
suchassuggests,and
expressions that
introduceopinionssuch
as theirbeliefis that ... or
accordingto ... .
62 iELTS
PracticeTests
Questions 35-38
lmprove your skills:finding opinions
1 In what orderdoesthe text mentionAldiss,Banks,and Cohen/Stewart?
introducethe opinionsof:
2 Whichexpressions
a Aldiss?
b Banks?
c Cohen& Stewart?
> Checkyour answerson pageT2beforeyou continue
The text refersto the ideasof varioussciencefiction writers. Match writers A-C
with thepoints in i5-38
Write vour answersin boxes35-38 on your answersheet.
Youmany useany of the writers more than once.
35 Other life forms may fit a definition of life but be quite unlike anything on
Earth.
36 Peopleinstinctively want to believe in extraterrestriallife forms.
37 There could be life within life on an immense scale.
38 Humans are inevitably limited in their ability to find life beyond Earth.
List of writers
A Aldiss
B Banks
C Cohen& Stewart
Strategies:identifying
the writer'sviewsand
purpose
Scanthe text for stylistic
devicessuchasthese.
. Rhetoricalquestions
intendedto persuade
the reader, e.g.What
proof is there?Theymay
or maynot be answered
in the text.
. Adverbsthat makethe
writer'sopinionclear,
e.g.fort unately,aIIegedly.
. Expressions that show
the writer'sattitude,e.g.
be that asit may,without
any doubt.
. lrony:sayingthe
oppositeof what is
meant,e.g.thisgreat
success (= total failure).
Questions 39-40
lmproveyourskills:interpretingthe writer'stechniques
1 Whichsentences in the text correspondto eachof A-D in Question39?Which
of these sentencescontain:
a expressions that showthe writer'sattitude?
b a rhetoricalquestion?How is it answered?
c an adverbthat indicatesthe writerk opinion?
2 What do thesetakentogethertell you about the purposeof the text?
. the title
. the mentionof criticsand criticismearlyin two paragraphs
. the rhetoricalquestionand its answerin the lastparagraph
> Checkyour answerson page 72 beforeyou continue
Choosethe appropriatelettersA-D and write them in boxes3940 on your Answer
sheet.
39 The writer believesthat astrobiology
A may now be the secondmost fashionablescience.
B is very similar to exobiology.
C has proved that a meteorite from Mars contains fossils.
D is not taken seriouslyby scientific publications.
49 Which of the following statementsbest describesthe writert main purpose
in Readingpassage3?
A to describethe latest scientific developmentsin the study of the universe
B to explain why there is growing interest in the study of astrobiology
C to show that sciencefiction writers have nothing useful to sayabout
aliens
D to suggestthat astrobiology may not help us find extraterrestriallife
63
AcademicWriting t hour
:

The writing testconsistsof two tasks.Youshouldattempt both tasks.

Writing ThskI

Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson this task.

The diagram below shows the environmental issuesraised by a product over its
life cycle.

Summarize the information by selectingand reporting the main features, and

make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least150words.

l@

ilili$ ffr*r!!c* Test:

QuestionStrategies: lmproveyourskills:understanding
a diagram
selectingmainfeatures Answerthesequestionsabout the diagram.
from a diagram
a What doesit show?
Information is sometimes b How manystages/steps arethere?
givenin the form of a c What do the arrowstell you?
diagram. Lookquicklyat d What kindsof negativeimpacton the environmentareshown?
thisto form an overall e What measures to reducethis impactare shown?
impression of the topic.
> Checkyour answerson page73 beforeyou continue
Readlabelscarefully to
understand whateach
elementor stageof the
diagramrelates to.
In the caseofa process,
payspecialattentionto
the directionof arrows.
Checkwhetherthe
process hasa logical
beginning andend.
Remember that in Writinq
Task1 you only haveto
report the moin features,
not everything you can
see.

CompositionStrategies: lmproveyour skills:organizing and linkingideas

reportinga process Answerthesequestionsabout your writing beforeyou start.
Decidehowyou will a At what stepshouldyou start?
organizeyourtext.Begin b Whatverb tenseshouldyou use?
by sayingwhatthe c In which part - the beginning,the main body or the ending- would you
diagramshows. probablyusetheselinkingexpressions?
Takeall yourinformation
fromthe diagram, using meanwhile finally next simultaneously
yourown wordswhere at this point alternatively initially eventually
possible. from there ultimately first at the sametime
Toshowthe stages, use
linkingexpressions, e.g.to
> Checkyour answerson page73 beforeyou continue.
beginwith,then,in theend.
Whenyoufinish,check
you havedescribed all the
main featuresof the
diagram.

,T)L Z 65
 Writing Thsk2

Youshouldspendabout40 minuteson this task.

Write about thefollowing topic:

Many people nre using creilit cards or loans to run uI, huge personal ilebts thst
they may be unable to repay. It shoulil therefore be made more dfficult for
iniliviiluals to borrow large amounts of money.

What are your opinions on this?

Give reasonsfor your answerand include any relevantexamplesfrom your own

knowledgeand experience.

Youshould write at least250 words.

CompositionStrategies: lmproveyourskills:beginnings
andendings
introductoryand 1 Youcan usesomeof techniquesa-h in your Introductionor Conclusion.
concludingparagraphs Matchthem with exampleexpressions i-viii below.
Decidewhetheryou lntroduction
agree/disagree
completely with the a Introducethe ttpic in your own words.
statement, partlyagree/ b Saywhy it is controversial
disagree with it,or have c Stateyour position.
no definiteooinion. d Sayhow you will dealwith the topic.
Chooseone of these
approaches: Conclusion
. Stateyour position in e Summarizethe argumentsyou haveused.
the introductionand f Makeconcessions to opposingarguments.
then justify it with
g Stateor restateyour position.
arguments.Thismaybe
moresuitableif youfeel h Makea recommendation for the future.
stronglyaboutthe
statement. i On balance, therefore,thereseemsto be agreementthat ...
ii I believethat stepsshouldnow be takento ensure...
. Presentthe arguments
iii Althoughit cannotbe deniedthat ...
first and then saywhat iv I shallcompareand contrastthe views ...
you think in the
v Forthesereasons. I feel there is little doubt that ...
condusion.Thismaybe vi Recently, there hasbeen considerable discussion of ...
betterif you haveno vii I do not find this statementat all convincing...
strongopinionbut can viii The implicationsof this haveled someto claimthat ...
put forwardarguments
on both sides. you could usefor a-h.
2 Notedown more expressions

3 Lookat the topic of WritingTask2.

a What areyour feelingsabout this?
b Whichapproachwillyou choose?
c Whichof a-h abovewill you use?
) Checkyour answerson page73 beforeyou continue.

66 l[LfS PracticeTests
CompositionStrategies: lmproveyourskills:linkingpoints
giving reasons ln whichpartof a paragraph
wouldyouusetheselinkingexpressions?
Guideyourreader Putthemintothesethreegroups.
throughyourtext by
usinglinkingexpressions a Forthefirstpoint.........
that showhow your ideas b Forsubsequent points
areorganized.To do this, c Forthelastpoint.........
useadverbialsat the
beginningof sentences. Secondly Finally Firstof all Moreover
Example In addition Lastly Besides Furthermore
Firstly,therecanbeno In the firstplace Aboveall Tobeginwith
doubt that thissubstance
bringsno health benefits
> Checkyouranswerson page73 beforeyoucontinue.
whatsoever,as shownby
thegovernmentreport.
Thereis also the fact that
it is far too expensive,
comparedwith similar
products.
 Speaking
Part 1
Strategies: lmprove your skills:communication strategies
speakingin Part1 in italic.
5aywhich communicationstrategyis usedin the expressions
Avoidbreakdowns in Thenmatchsentences a-f with questionsin Part1.
communicationby using a I won,t havemilk,or cheese,or anythinglikethat.
someor all of these b Well,er,let me see...yes,therewasa storyon the radiothe other day.
strategies. c We all live with my grandfathers;sorry,whatI meant wasmy grandparents.
. Askthe examinerto d Sorry,but I missedthe word before'logether'.
repeatsomething,e.g. e I sometimeshavelunch in one of thoseplaceswhereyou serveyourself.
I'msorrybut t didn'tcatch f Thepoint I'm makingis there'smuch lessthere about politicians'privatelives.
that' > Checkyour answerson page 73 beforeyou continue
. Clarifyif whatyou'vejust
saidis not clear, e.g.
what I'm sayingis ... Youwill be askedsomegeneralquestionsabout a rangeof familiar topic areas.
. Hesitate, givingyourself Thispart lastsbetween
four andfive minutes'
timeto thin( e.9./t3
difficult to sayexactly,
but... What is your full name?
. Correctmistakesyou've What do peopleusuallycall you?
made,e.g.I got herea where areyou from?
yearago,I meanan hour
ago' Your familv.
. Describe approximately
' I Is your family small or quite large?
if you don,t know the
name,e.g.... or that kind 2 What do you do when you are all together?
of thing'
3 which of them do you get on with best?why?
. Paraphrase, usingother
wordsto explain,e.g.lt's Food and eating.
whatyou useto make" '
4 what are your favourite foods?
5 Is there arything you never eat?
6 Where do you normally eat?\Mhy?
7 In what ways are people'seating habits changing thesedays?

The news media.

8 Where do you normally get your news from?
9 How do you think news reporting in your country differs from that abroad?
10 Tell me about an interesting news item yotlve read or heard recently.

68 IELTS
Practice
Tests
 Part 2
Strategies: lmproveyourskills:linkingexpressions
speakingin Part2 put three of theseexpressions
undereachof the headingsbelow.
Useyournotesas
promptswhileyou speak, And it's not only ... Moreimportantly,...
not asa script. Tosumup ... The ... l'd liketo talkaboutis ...
Remember whatyou're Take.. . for instance,.. . so,what l'm sayingis ...
beingtestedon:fluency
' In a word,then,... As wellasthat,...
anqconerence.
vocabulary, rangeand A casein point is "' To illustrate this point,...
accuracy of grammar, l'vedecidedto speakabout ... Thereare quite a lot of ..., but the one l've
pronunciation. chosenis ...
Remember that you can
uselessformallanguage Introducingthe topic Developingthe topic GivingexamplesConcludingyour talk
thanin |ELTSWriting.
> checkyour answerson page73 beforeyou continue.
Tryto makewhatyou say
asyou would
interesting,
in anyothersituation. Youwill begiven a topicto talk aboutfor one to two minutes.Beforeyou tallc,you
Givebriefanswersto the will haveone minute to think aboutwhat you aregoingto say.Youwill begiven
follow-upquestionsat paper and a pencil to makenotesif you wish.Here is the topic:
the end.
Describe a music video or a concert that has made an impression on you.

You should say:

which kind of music it was and who performed it
what it was like musically
what it was like visually
and explain why you liked or disliked it.

Follow-up questions:
When and where did you seeit?
Have you ever seenanything elsesimilar to it?

Test2 69
 Part 3
(
Strategies: lmprove your skills:saying what you think
speakingin Part3 Completethe table with suitableheadingsand your own examples.
Giveextendedrepliesto
everyquestion, Express
opinions: As I seeit ...,ln my view ...,
demonstrating your To my mind ...
fluency.
Showyourabilityto Thereasonis ...,Forone thing ...,
discuss abstracttopics,as
Speculate: lwouldn'tbe surprised
if ...,
you mayneedto do in
tutorials.
Remember thereareno
rightor wronganswers. lt Sayyou'resure: l'veno doubt that ...,
is a testof language- not
I can'tsayfor certain,but ...,
of youropinions.
Compare/contrast: On the one hand ...,

l'd rather... than

::t3.*€1e:9lrii..:lF:

> Checkyour answerson page 73 beforeyou continue.

Youwill be askedsomequestionsabout more abstractissuesand conceptsrelatedto

the topic in Part 2. This discussionlastsbetweenfour and five minutes,

Music in the world

Why is pop music so popular globally?
Which do you prefer: traditional music from your country or classicalmusic
from abroad?

The psychology of music

How do different kinds of music affect the way people feel?
What is the best music to listen to while studying?

Changesin music
What are the main differencesbetween music today and that of previous
decades?
Which contributes more to the successof modern singersand bands: their
music, or their appearanceand image?Why do you think so?
What kinds of music will people be listening to ten yearsfrom now?

70 IELTS
Practice
Tests
 Test2 Improve your skills k y
Listening pase42
Wordsusedto classify
1 b may be advisableto, could makesenseto,
possiblya good ideato
c shouldnt ever,on no account,warn against,
in no circumstances,
2 a for,supporting,to baclgin agreementwith,
arguefor
b open-minded, wouldn'tliketo say,
undecided,can'tmakemy mind up
c opposedto, reject,not happy with, disagree
with,dont go alongwith
3 a of course,absolutely,without question,for
sure
b possibly,perhaps,l'mnot sure,l'llhaveto
check,l'lllet you know
c certainlynot, absolutelynot, never,nob6dy,
there'sno question
Recognizing numbers page43
1 Top line:two-thirds; seven-tenths; nought point
six one five;the eighties;thirty-second,forty-
. third
Middle line:fifty-fourth; a/one hundredand firsu
fifty per cent;four fifty four BC;ten sixty six AD,
sixteenmillimetres
Bottom line:fivecentimetres;twohundredand
twenty kilometres;thirty-threedegrees
Centigrade; twenty-five milligrams, eighteen
hundredCC;threehundredsquaremetres
2 ordinalnumber,degrees,square metres,
centimetres
Understanding data page44
1 The chartsshowthe percentageofyoung
peoplesufferingloneliness.
2 What percentageof people sufferedfrom
fonelinessaccordingto B?32o/o.
What percentageof people sufferedfrom
lonelinessaccordingto C?680lo.
3 The chartsshowthe percentageofyoung
peopleusingthe counsellingservice.
What percentageof usersin eachchart were
under 30 / 30 and over?
A 61olo under 3O,39o/o30 and over
B 3Oo/o under 30,70o/o30 and over
C 57o/ounder 30,43o/o30 and over
Using the right kind of word pase45
13 noun/nounphrase
14 noun/nounphrase
15 adjective
16 noun/nounphrase
17 adverb(s)/preposition(s)
18 noun/nounphrase
19 noun (uncountableor plural)
20 noun/nounphrase
Understanding the question page46
21-23 6 options;3answers;separatemarks
24 5 options;2answers;one markfor two answers
25-27 6 options;3answers;separatemarks
28 5 options;2answers;one markfor two answers
29-30 5 options;2 answers;separatemarks
Listening for lexical clues page48
31 a country,tn
32 a noun,commercial
33 a year,in
34 a name (of an inventoror designer),
invented/d esigned/made/created by
Predicting a description page49
a facingit, or aboveit
b fastener,zipper,cloth, fabric, material, metal, etc.
c Descriptiveexpressions, e.g.on the left-hondside,
at thetop,the end.Processexpressions,
e.g.tojoin,to close,toopen,topull up/down.
d Firsta descriptionof the parts,then of how they
work together.
Predicting global features page49
1 The main purposeof the speaker.
2 A Contrastlinks(whereas, on the other hand,
etc),detaileddescription.Measured/neutral
tone.
B Historicaldetail (dates,places,names,etc),
ti me links,description.
Academic/neutral
tone.
C Focuson one type/brand,selecteddetails,
superlatives, exaggeration. Confident/
enthusiastic tone.
D Givingadvice(takecare not to, rememberto,
you shouldn't,etc).Serious/concerned tone-
:r:a z 7l
Reading Forming questions page58
Finding the relevant section page51 1 25 p-lacenames
a the laboratory: lines7-16,lines17-24 26 noun/nounphrase
b the factory:lines 25-33 27 noun/nounphrase
c the office:lines34-39 2 25 Franceand Belgium
all threeplaces:lines
68-82 (thisis not relevantto 26 Wheredid extrapowerto movethe tanks
questions1-5) comefrom?a hydraulicpump.
27 Whatdid usingwaterfrom the canalharm?
Understanding links between ideas page52 and pistons.
Thecylinders
1 a someonestartsscratching
b othersarealertedto the presenceof biting Finding words that fit page61
pests;othersstartscratchingtoo 1 28 noun
c othersstartgroomingeachother 29 adverb
d bondingof the group 30 noun
2a causeand effect 31 singularnoun
b a humanactivity 32 adjective
c 7 a positiveconsequence of answer6 33 pluralor uncountable noun
8 a positiveconsequence of group 34 -ing form of verb
scratchingand grooming 2 & 3 plural nouns:principles/regulations,
Finding clues page53 sing ufar nouns:composition/definition,
a lt impliesthe oppositeof 'theyknowiso9 is size/Iocation, m istake/breakthrough,
probablyfalse. planet/galaxy
b Thewords'laboriously'and'tedious'both adjectives:previous/narrow
indicatesomething'boringiso 10 is probably adverbs:never/rarely/frequently
true. -ing form of verbs:defining/basing/extending

Eliminating incorrect titles page53 Finding opinions page62

aB
bE
cA
dC
D reflectsthe textsbroadconcernwith people
imagininginfestations.
Eliminating incorrect headings page54
1 Thefirst sectionof SectionI dealswith the
differencein water levels,attemptsto overcome I A 'Astrobiologyis arguablythe trendiest
this difficultyand why they were unsatisfactory.
2 a: Headingb c:Headingg
b:Headingd d: Headingj
Understanding how something works page57
1 a pushingthe pistonand the lightertank
upwards.
b to effecta reasonablyrapid movement,to
enablethe tanksto be precisely levelled
2 Purposelinks:Why did the mainstructurehave
strongA-frames? To supportthe platform/ Why
wasa smallelectrical motor required? To turn
the pulleys.
Resultlinks:What wasthe resultof movingthe
ropes?Onetank was raisedor lowered/
Whatwasthe resultof turningthe pulleys?
Thetanksmovedup or down.
1 Aldiss,Cohen& Stewart,Banks,Cohen& Stewart.
2 a Aldiss:'dismisses';'he argues...'
b Banks:'ln .. ., Banksdescribes.. .'
c Cohen& Stewart:'Their argument..- is not
that ... but...';'asCohenand Stewartshow
in ...';'in... they describe...';AsCohenand
Stewartconcludein ,..'
Interpreting the writer's techniques page63
buzzwordin scienceaftergenomics.'
B 'ls astrobiologya new namefor repackaged
goods? No,for two reasons.'
C And whateverthe truth aboutthe much
disputedclaimsfor fossilsin martian
meteorites.'
D 'Significantly, Naturemagazinerecently
lookedat astrobiologyin all its forms.'
a C:'whateverthe truth','much-disputed
claims'
b B:'lsastrobiology a new namefor
repackaged goods? No,for two reasons.'
c A:Astrobiologyis arguablythe trendiest
buzzwordin scienceaftergenomics.'
2 Theyconveythe scepticismthat he and others
feel about astrobiology's chancesof successin
findingalienlife.

72 lilLil Pr;rrir* f*:x

Writing Speaking
Understanding a diagram page65 Communication strategies page68
1 The impacton the environmentof a question5
a describingapproximately,
manufacturedproductduring its life cycle. b hesitating,question10
2 Sevenmain steps c correctingmistake,question
1
3 What eachstep leadsto. d askingthe examinerto repeat,question2
4 The useofenergy and resources at step 2; e paraphrasing,question6
transportto step 3;factoryproductionat step3; f question9
clarifying,
packaging, printing& distribution(transport)at
step4;salesat step5 (shops); useat step6 Linking expressions page69
followedby disposal(scrappedmaterial& Introducing the topic
discharge),alsoinvolvingstorage(domestic I'vedecidedto speakabout ...;The ... l'd liketo talk
appliances). Possiblyalsoproductplanning& aboutis ...;Therearequitea lot of ..., but theone
designat 1 (office). l'vechosenis....
5 Recycling from step7 to step 1;lessimpacton Developingthe topic
environmentat productionstep3. Possibly also ... and it'snot only...; Moreimportantly, ...; As wellas
informingcustomersat step5; serviceand repair that,...
at step6; providingfeedbackfor planning& Giving examples
design- steps6 and 1. Take... for instance, ...i A cosein point is . ..;
Toillustratethispoint,
Organizing and linking ideas page65 Concludingyour talk
a Step1 (productplanning& design) Tosumup ...; ln a word,...; So,whatl'm sayingis ... .
b Present simple
c Beginning:initially,first Saying what you think page7o
Main body:meanwhile,simultaneously, at this Justifyopinions:lt'sbecause...
poiht, alternatively,fromthere,at the sametime (SpeculateJYoucan'truleout thepossibilitythat,There
Endi ng: finaIly,eventuolly,u ltimately may well be
Suggest: Whynot...?
(Sayyou'resure:)/ m positivethat,l'm quiteconvinced
Beginnings and endings page66
1 Introduction Conclusion that
a vi ei Sayyou'renot sure:I don't reallybelievethat,There
b viii f iii mustbe somedoubt as to
gv
(Compare/contrast:) X is far betterthan Y,
c v il
div hii Whereas X ....Y...
Expressa preference:Xappealsto me far morethon Y
2 a A topic of greatpublicdebateat present My preferencewould be for
is...
b Thedangerof this,according to ... is ...
c To a certainextentI agreewith this,but ...
d In thisessay,I shallpresentevidencethat ...
e To sum up,it is clearthat ...
f Despitethe undoubtedadvantagesof this,

g In view of the above,I stronglybelievethat

lr iwould suggestthat a changein the law is

necessaryin orderto ...

Linking points page67

a fo beginwith,in thefirstplace,firstof all
b secondly,furthermore,moreaver,in addition,
besides,what
c Finally,Lastly

T*st i 73
 Test3 I

Listening30 minutes
SectionI
Questionsl-6

WhatiloesLisasayabouteachobject?
Completethe tableasfollows.Write
A if shesaysit is ESSENTIAI.
B if shesaysit is RECOMMENDED.
C if shesaysit is NOTRECOMMENDED.

1 At leastf,50
2 Warm clothing
3 Personalcomputer
4 Food from home
5 Favourite tapes or CDs
6 Photos from home

Questions7-10
Complete the sentencesbelow.

write No MORE THAN THnnE woRDS for eachanswer.

The labels on Dan's luggagemust state'Mr & Mrs 7

their address.

Lisa sayshe should carry some spareclothes in 8 ..........

For health reasons,Dan intends to wear 9 ................. during the flight.

Dan should practise carrying his luggage for a minimum distance of

10 ...............

74 IELTS
PracticeTests
Section2
Questionsll-13

ChooseTHREE letters A-F.

Wat doesSally sayabout universities?

A Compared to the generalpopulation, few studentsare disabled.

B Most universities don't want students aged over 25.
C Old universitiescan present particular diffrculties for the disabled.
D All university buildings have to provide facilities for the disabled.
E There are very few university disability advisors.
F Some disability advisorscan do little to help disabledstudents.

Questions14-19

Completethe table below.

Write NO MOKE THAN THREE WORDS for eachanswer.

, -: ;:{i:!:,::!:r s*,. ier ;$:i:,,iii riiA'A,:{ia1t:j3i*!i(+ite$i!Altiitl!ielii.iitiia?;::ii1t1t::ilt

Disabiliw Facilities

General personal care and assistance

rmparrment ramps and easyaccess,

fire and emergencyprocedures
14 ...............
lavatory facilities

induction loops, flashing sirens,

t6

Sight impairment Braille translators,

17 ............... on stairs,floors,etc
fire and emergencyprocedures

Dyslexia useof computer

18 ............... to finishwork

Other difficulties accessto treatment: medication/therapy

19 ............... procedures
I

Test3 75
 Question 20
L
thecorrettletterA, B, C or D.
Choose

20 What is the speaker'smain purpose?

A to explainwhy comparativelyfew studentsare disabled
B to advisedisabledstudentswhat to look for in a university
C to describethe facilitiesfor the disabledin a particular university
D to criticize the facilitiesfor the disabledin most universities

Section3
Questions2l-26

thenota belowusinglettersA-F from thebox.

Complete
l\R Youmay useany lettermorethan once.
A tour of the university campus
B formal dinner party
C meetingwith'senior' students
D 'driving in this country
E visit to a night club
F tour of the city

Orientation Cnursefor international students

What Liz liked about the course.

2l
22 ............
23 ............

What Mark thinl$ could be improved.

24 ............
25 ............
26 ............

76 IELTS
PracticeTests
Qudstions2T-30
Choosethe correctlettersA, B, C, or D.

27 Your room during the Orientation Courseis

A usuallysharedwith anotherstudent.
B the sameroom you will havefor the rest of the year.
C somedistancefrom the universitF.
D furnished,and with bedclothesprovided.
t
The daytimetemperaturewill probablybe
A lessthan 10"C.
B between10"Cand 20"C.
c 20"c.
D morethan 20"C. /

How much fiee email time do you get?

A 30 minutes
B 20 minutes
C 15minutes
D 10minutes

Thereare Orientation Courseactivitiesfrom

A SundaytoSaturday.
B Sundayto Friday.
C Monday to Friday.
D Monday to Saturday.

Test3 77
 Section4
Questions3l:33

Completethe sentencesbelow.

WriteNO MOKETHAN TWOWORDS for eachanswer.

Fireworkswere first used in China, probably in the 3l ...............

century.

By the following century,they wereknown in Arabia as 32

Fireworksfust appearedin 33 in the thirteenth century.

Questions34-37

Labelthediagram.WriteNO MOKETHAN THKEEWOKDSfor eachanswer.

Firework Mortar

36 length of mortar:

35 width of mortar:

78 IELTS
PracticeTests
Questions 38-40

Choosethe correctlettersA, B, C or D.

A multibreak shell
A is more dangerousthan a simple shell.
B may make a noise when it bursts.
C has a single fuse for all its sections.

39 An aerial heart shapeis made by the explosion of

A starsplaced inside a shell in the form of a circle.
B heart-shapedstarsplaced inside a shell.
C stars arranged in the form of a heart inside a shell.

40 What does a Serpentineshell look like in the sky?

A B
r -".":
.j;. c
I l .'r*i
. t /+ *--

l;;':i;xj.:+
. :
(t t,

z\ --fi-"__-F---
\, ' zlr .. i ,-' .+'
+ t,
! -+, t
*
F" ; 6\ ! '. i + ' )' .
i **n nt',.,' :'"r.'\r*L
#=+' .1s*.
* } ' r.
. . ii * i *r*
+{ | J i }
f'+
i+ . * +;
.{
V V J t Fr *
v---d-r-.*' +
+
r* i i i+ +f

Test3 79
 Academicreading t hour
n 1.
Reading passageI

Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions1-14, which are basedon

ReadingPassage1.

Unmaskingskin
If you took off your skin and laid it flat, it
would cover an area of about twenty-one
square feet, making it by far the body's
largest organ. Draped in place over our
bodies, skin forms the barrier between
what's inside us and what's outside. It
protects us from a multitude of external
forces. It servesas an avenueto our most
intimate physical and psychologicalselves.
This impervious yet permeable barrier, less
than a millimetre thick in places,is
composed of three layers. The outermost
layer is the bloodlessepidermis. The dermis
includes collagen, elastin, and nerve
endings. The innermost layer, subcutaneous
fat, contains tissue that acts as an energy
source, cushion and insulator for the body.
From these familiar characteristicsof skin
emerge the profound mysteries of touch, mothers;without touching,the babies
arguably our most essentialsource of becameapathetic,and failed to progress.
sensory stimulation. lJ7ecan live without For humans,insuffrcienttouchingin early
seeingor hearing - in fact, without any of yearscanhavelifelongresults.'In touching
our other senses.But babies born without cultures,adult aggression is low, whereasin
effective nerve connections between skin cultureswheretouch is limited, adult
and brain can fail to thrive and mav even aggressionis high,' writes Tiffany Field,
die. directorof the TouchResearchInstitutesat
Laboratory experiments decadesago, now the Universityof Miami Schoolof
consideredunethical and inhumane, kept Medicine.Studiesof a variety of cultures
baby monkeys from being touched by their showa correspondence betweenhigh rates
mothers. It made no difference that the of physicalaffectionin childhoodand low
babies could see,hear and smell their ratesof adult physicalviolence.

80 IELTS
Practice
Tests
 \(lhile the effects of touching are easy to Both sensationsarise from a neurological
understand, the mechanicsof it are less so. transmission, not from something that
'Your skin has millions of nerve cells of physically exists. Skin, I'm realizing, is
various shapesat different depthsr' explains under constant assault,both from within the
Stanley Bolanowski, a neuroscientist and body and from forces outside. Repairs occur
associatedirector of the Institute for with varying success.
SensoryResearchat SyracuseUniversity.
J Take the spot where I nicked myself with a
'When the nerve cells are stimulated,
knife while slicing fruit. I have a crusty scab
physical energy is transformed into energy
surrounded by pink tissue about a quarter
used by the nervous system and passedfrom
inch long on my right palm. Under the scab,
the skin to the spinal cord and brain. It's
epidermal cells are migrating into the
called transduction, and no one knows
wound to close it up. When the processis
exactly how it takes place.' Suffice it to say
complete, the scab will fall off to reveal new
that the processinvolves the intricate, split-
epidermis. It's only been a few days, but my
secondoperation of a complex system of
little self-repair is almost complete.
signals between neurons in the skin and
Likewise, we recover quickly from slight
brain.
burns. If you ever happen to touch a hot
G This is starting to sound very confusing burner, just put your finger in cold water.
until Bolanowski says: 'In simple terms The chancesare you will have no blister,
people perceive three basic things via skin: little pain and no scar.Severeburns,
pressure,temperature, and pain.' And then though, are a different matter.
I'm sure he's wrong. '\il7henI get wet, my
dkin feelswetr'I protest. 'Closeyour eyes
and lean back,' saysBolanowski.
H Something cold and wet is on my forehead-
so wet, in fact, that I wait for water to start
dripping down my cheeks. 'Open your
eyes.' Bolanowski says,showing me that the
sensationcomes from a chilled, but dry,
metal cylinder. The combination of pressure
and cold, he explains, is what makes my
skin perceive wetness.He gives me a
surgical glove to put on and has me put a
finger in a glassof cold water. My finger
feels wet, even though I have visual proof
that it's not touching water. My skin, which
seemedso reliable, has been deceiving me
my entire life. When I shower or wash my
hands, I now rcalize, my skin feels pressure
and temperature. It's my brain that saysI
feel wet.
Perceptionsof pressure,temperature and
pain manifest themselvesin many different
ways. Gentle stimulation of pressure
receptors can result in ticklishness; gentle
stimulation of pain receptors, in itching.

Test3 81
 Questions1-4

Thepassagehai l0 paragraphsA-1.

Which paragraphcontainsthefollowing information?

Write the correctletterA-l in boxes14 on your answersheet.

I the featuresof human skin, on and below the surface

2 an experiment in which the writer can seewhat is happening
3 advice on how you can avoid damage to the skin
4 cruel researchmethods used in the past

Questions5 and 6

Choosethe carrect letter, A, B, C or D.

Write your answresin boxes5 and 6 on your answersheet.

5 How does a lack of affectionate touching affect children?

A It makes them apathetic.
B They are more likely to becomeviolent adults.
C They will be less aggressivewhen they grow up.
D We do not reallyknow.

6 After the'wetness'experiments,the writer saysthat

A his skin is not normal.
B his skin was wet when it felt wet.
C he knew why it felt wet when it was dry.
D the experimentstaught him nothing new.

82 IELTS
PracticeTests
Questions7-11

Completeeachsentencewith the correctending A-I from the boxbelow.

Write the correctletter A-I in boxes7-11 on your answersheet.

7 Touch is unique among the five senses

8 A substancemay feel wet
9 Something may ticHe
l0 The skin may itch
11 A small cut healsup quickly

A becauseit is both cold and painful.

B becausethe outer layer of the skin can mend itself.
C becauseit can be extremely thin.
D becausethere is light pressureon the skin.
E becausewe do not need the others to survive.
F becausethere is a good blood supply to the skin.
G becauseof a small amount of pain.
H becausethere is a low temperature and pressure.
I becauseit is hurting a lot.
I becauseall humans are capableof experiencingit.

Questionsl2-I4

Do thefollowing statementsagreewith the information given in Reading

Passage1?

In boxes12-14 on your answersheetwrite

TRUE if the statementagreeswith the information

FALSE if the statementcontradictsthe information

NOT GIIZEN if thereis no information on this

12 Even scientistshave difficulty understanding how our senseof touch works.

13 The skin is more sensitiveto pressurethan to temperature or pain.
14 The human skin is alwaysgood at repairing itself.

Test3 83
 Readingpassage2
:

Youshouldspendabout 20 minutes on Questions7N27, which arebasedon

ReadingPassage2.

Questions15-19

Readingpassage2 hasfive sectionsA-E.

Choosethe most suitableheadingsfor sectionsA-E from the list of headingsbelow.

Write the correctnumber i-x in boxes15-19 on your answersheet.

List of headings
i How to make the locks in your home more secure
ii How to open a lock without a key
iii Choosing the right tools to open locks
iv The rylinder and the bolt
v How to open a lock with a different key
vi Lockvarieties
vii How a basic deadbolt systemworks
viii The people who open locks without a key
ix How a cylinder lock works
x How to pick different kinds of lock

15 SectionA
16 SectionB
17 SectionC
l8 SectionD
19 SectionE

84 IILTSPracticeTests
How Lock PickingWorks
Section A
Lockpickingis an essentialskillforlocksmiths
becauseit letsthemget pasta lockwithout
destroyingit.Whenyoulockyourselfout of your
houseor loseyourkey,a locksmithcan let you
backin veryeasily.
Lock-pickingskillsare not particularly
commonamongburglars, mainlybecause there
areso manyother,simplerwaysof breakinginto
a house(throwinga brickthrougha back
window,for example). Forthe mostpart,only
intruderswho needto covertheirtracks,such
as spiesanddetectives, will botherto picka
lock,
Simplyunderstanding the principlesof lock
pickingmaychangeyourwholeattitudetoward
locksandkeys.Lockpickingclearly
demonstrates that normallocksare not infallible
devlces.They providea levelof securitythat can
be breached with minimaleffort.With the right
tools.a determined intrudercan breakinto
almostanything.
Section B
Locksmiths define lock-picking as the
manipulation of a lock'scomponents to opena
lockwithouta key.Tounderstand lock-picking,
then,youfirst haveto knowhowlocksand keys
work,
Thinkaboutthe normaldeadboltlockyou
mightf ind on a f rontdoor.In this sort of lock,a
movableboltor latchis embedded in the doorso
it can be extended outto the side.This boltis
linedup with a notchin the frame,Whenyou
turn the lock,the boltextendsintothe notchin
the f rame,so the doorcan'tmove.Whenyou
retractthe bolt,the doormovesf reely.The lock's
onlyjob is to makeit simplefor someone with a
keyto movethe boltbut difficultfor someone
withouta keyto moveit.
Section C
lockdesignis the cylinder
The mostwidely-used
lock.In this kind,the keyturnsa cylinderin the
middleof the lock,whichturnsthe attached
mechanism, Whenthe cylinderis turnedone
way,the mechanism pullsin on the boltandthe
doorcanopen.Whenthe cylinderturnsthe
otherway,the mechanism releasesthe boltso
the doorcannotopen,
Oneof the mostcommoncylinderlocksis the
pin design.lts maincomponents arethe housing
(theouterparto{ the lockwhichdoesnot move),
the centralcylinder, andseveralverticalshafts
that run downf romthe housingintothe cylinder.
Insidetheseshaftsare pairsof metalpinsof
varyinglength,heldin positionby smallsprings.
Withoutthe key,the pinsarepartlyin the
housingand partlyin the cylinder, so thatthe
mechanism cannotturn andthe lock,therefore,
cannotopen,Whenyou putthe correctkeyinto
the cylinder,the notchesin the keypusheach
pairof pinsup just enoughso thatthe top pin is
completely in the housingandthe bottompin is
entirelyin the cylinder.lt nowturnsf reely,and
youcanopenthe lock.
Section D
To picka pin lock,yousimplymoveeachpin pair
intothe correctposition,one by one.There are
two maintoolsusedin the pickingprocess.
Picks:long,thin piecesof metalthat curveup
at the end(likea dentist'spick).
A tensionwrench:the simplestsort of
tensionwrenchis a thin screwdriver.
Thef irst stepin pickinga lockis to insertthe
tensionwrenchintothe keyhole andturn it in the
samedirectionthat youwouldturnthe key.This
turnsthe cylinderso that it is slightlyoffset
f romthe housingaroundit, creatinga slight
ledgein the pin shafts.
Whileapplyingpressure on the cylinder,you
slidethe pickintothe keyhole and beginlifting
the pins.Theobjectis to lift eachpin pairup to
the levelat whichthe top pin movescompletely
intothe housing, as if pushedbythe correctkey.
Test3 85
Questions23-25

Completethe notesbelow.

ChooseNO MORE THAN TH&EEWORDS from the passagefor eachanswer.

Write your answersin boxes23-25 on your answersheet.

Picking a lock

Turn rylinder slightly using 23

Hold cylinder still and insert 24................

Push top pin into shaft.

Hold top pin abovecylindeaon 25..........

Lift and hold all other pins in sameway.

Turn rylinder and open lock.

Questions26-27

Completethe table below.

ChooseNo MOKETHAN THKEEWORDSfrom thepassage

for eachanswer.
Write your answersin boxes26-27 on your answersheet.

Type oflock How secure? Where used?

houses,padlocks,etc

relatively low securitv most cars

Tubular superior protection vending machines

Test3 87
 Readingpassage3
i
Youshouldspendabout 20 minuteson Questions2840, which are basedon
ReadingPassage
3.
Managing cultural diversity is a core
component of most mastersprogrammes
these days. The growth of Japanese
corporations in the sixties and seventies
reminded us that there were other models of
businessthan those taught by Harvard
professorsand US-basedmanagement
consultants.And the cultural limits to the
American model have more recently been
ro underlined by developments in Russiaand
central Europe over the past decade.
Yet in Britairu we are still more ready to
acceptthe American model of management
than most other European countries. As a
result, UK managersoften fail to understand
how businesspractices are fundamentally
different on the Continent.One outcome is
that many mergers and acquisitions,strategic
alliancesand joint ventures between British
zoand European companiesdo not achieve
their objectivesand end in tears.
Alternatively, managersmay avoid a
merger or joint venture which makes sense
from a hard-nosed strategic point of view
becausethey fear that different working
88 iILfS PraeticeTests
practiceswill prevent their goals from being
achieved.
Essentially,Anglo-Saxon companiesare
structured on the principles of project
management.In the eighties, companieswere
downsized, with tiers of management
eliminated. In the nineties, management
fashion embracedthe ideas of business
processre-engineering,so organizations were
broken down into customer-focusedtrading
units. Sometimesthesewere establishedas
subsidiary companies,at other times as
profit-and-loss or cost centres.
Over the past ten years, theseprinciples
have been applied as vigorously to the UK
public sector as to private-sector
corporations. Hospitals, schools,universities,
social servicesdepartments,as well as large
areasof national government, now operate
on project managementprinciples - all with
built-in operational targets,key success
factors, and performance-relatedreward
systems.
The underlying objectivesfor this
widespread processof organizational
 restructuring have been to increasethe
transparencyof operations, encourage
personal accountability,become more
efficient at delivering serviceto customer,
and directly relate rewards to performance.
The result is a managementculture which
is entrepreneurially oriented and focused
almost entirely on the short term, and highly
segmentedorganizational structures - since
50employee incentives and rewards are geared
to the activities of their own particular unit.
This businessmodel has also required
development of new personal skills. We are
now encouragedto lead, rather than to
manage by setting goals and incentive
systemsfor staff. We have to be cooperative
team members rather than work on our own.
We have to acceptthat, in flattened and
decentralized orgarizations, there are very
zolimited careerprospects.We are to be
motivated by target-relatedrewards rather
than a longer-term comrnitment to our
employing organization.
This is in sharp confrast to the model of
management that applies elsewherein
Europe. The principles of businessprocess
re-engineeringhave never been fully
acceptedin France,Germany and the other
major economies;while in some Eastern
soEuropean economies,the attempt to apply
them in the nineties brought the economy
virtually to its knees,and createdhuge
opportunities for corrupt middle managers
and organized crime.
Instead, continental European companies
have stuck to the bureaucratic model which
delivered economic growth for them
throughout the twentieth century. European
corporations continue to be structured
nohierarchically,with clearly defined job
descriptions and explicit channelsof
reporting. Decision making, although
incorporating consultative processes,remains
essentially top-down.
Which of thesetwo models is preferable?
Certainly, the downside of the Anglo-
American model is now becoming evident,
not least in the long-hours working culture
that the application of the decentralized
rooproject managementmodel inevitably
generates.
\zVhetherin a hospital, a software start-up
or a factory, the breakdown of work
processesinto project-driven targets leads to
over-optimistic goals and underestimatesof
the resourcesneeded. The result is that the
successof projects often demands excessively
long working hours if the targets are to be
achieved.
ll0 Further. the successcriteria, as calibrated
in performance targets, are inevitably
arbitrary, and the source of ongoing dispute.
Witness the objectionsof teachersand medics
to the performance measuresapplied to them
by successivegoverrunents.This is not
surprising. In a factory producing cars the
output of individuals is directly measurable,
but what criteria can be used to measure
output and performance in knowledge-based
720 activities such as R&D labs, government
offices,and even the marketing departments
of large corporations?
The demands and stressesof operating
according to the Anglo-American model
seemto be leading to increasing rates of
personnel burn-out. It is not surprising that
m€magersqueue for early retirement. In a
recent survey/just a fifth said they would
work to 65. This could be why labour market
130 participation rates have declined so
dramatically for British S0-year-oldsin the
past twenty years.
By contrast, the European management
model allows for family-friendly
employment policies and working hours
directives to be implemented. It encourages
staff to have a long-term psychological
commitment to their employing
organizations. Of course,companies
operating on target-focusedproject
managementprinciples may be committed to
family-friendly employment policies in
theory. But, if the businessplan has to be
finished by the end of the monttu the
advertising campaign completed by the end
of next week, and patients pushed through
the system to achieve measurabletargets,are
we really going to let down our'team'by
clocking out at 5 p.-. and taking our full
entitlement of annual leave?
Perhapsthis is why we admire the French
for their quality of life.
Test3 89
 Questions28-31
t
Do thefollowing statementsagreewith the writer's viewsin ReadingPassage
3?

In boxes28-31 on your answersheetwrite

yES if the statementagreeswith the viewsof the writer

NO if the statementdoesnot agreewith the viewsof the writer

NOT GII4EN if thereis no information about this in the passage

28 Attempts by British and mainland European firms to work together often

fail.

29 Project managementprinciples discourageconsideration of long-term

issues.

30 There are good opportunities for promotion within segmentedcompanies.

3l The European model givesmore freedom of action to junior managers.

Questions32-37

Completethe summary below.

Choosethe answersfrom the box and write the correspondingwordsin boxes32-37

on your answersheet.Thereare more choicesthan spaces,soyou will not needto
useall of them.

Adopting the US model in Britain has had negativeeffects.Theseinclude the

32 ............... hours spentat work, as small sectionsof large
organizationsstruggleto 33 ........... .. unrealisticshort-term
objectives.Nor is there 34 on how to calculatethe
productivity of professional,technical, and clerical staff, who cannot be assessed
in the sameway as
35 ............... employees.In addition, managerswithin this culture are
finding the 36 of work too great,with 80% reported to be
37 ............... to carry on working until the normal retirementage.

List of words
argument temperature reach manufacturing
increasing able office pressure
negative predict declining agreement
discussion no willing unwilling

90 lILTSPractice
Tests
Questions38-39

Completethe notesbelow.

3 for each
ChooseNo MORE THAN THREEWO&DS from ReadingPassage
answer.

Write your answersin boxesi8-39 on your answersheet.

38 Working conditions in mainland Europe are in practice more likely to be

39 UK managersworking to tight deadlinesprobably give up some of their

Question40

Choosethe correctletterA, B, C or D. Write your answerin box 40 on your

answersheet,

Which of the following statementsbest describesthe writer's main purpose in

ReadingPassage3?
A to argue that Britain should have adopted the |apanesemodel of
managementmanyyears ago
B to criticize Britain's adoption of the US model, as compared to the European
model.
C to propose a completely new model that would be neither American nor
European
D to point out the negativeeffectsof the existing model on the management
of hospitals in Britain

Test3 91
QuestionStrategies: lmproveyour skills:makingcomparisons
reportingbar graphsand and which for differences?
Whichof thesedo we useto talk about similarities,
makingcomparisons
1 Comparedto ...,the changein ... wasdramatic.
lf thereis morethanone 2 The ... weren'tso closeto their targetasthe ... were.
diagram, studyany 3 In ... , the gap narrowed.ln the sameway,.. .
heading, keyor sourcefor 4 Thepercentage of ... in ... droppedmuchfasterthan in ... .
each. 5 In both ... and ...,the proportionof ... wasgrowing.
Decidewhatthe vertical 6 Thenumberof ... declinedasrapidlyin ... as in ... .
and horizontal
axes 7 Whilethe ... went up substantially, the ... increasedslowly.
measure,andwhatthe 8 In neither... nor ... wasthereanysignificant fall.
barsshow. 9 Thetotalnumberof ... in ... shotup,asdid thosein ... .
Lookfor similarities. l0The figuresfor ... showeda ... per cent rise,whereasthosefor ... fell by ... per
differences, changesand cent.
trends. > Checkyour answerson page 97 beforeyou continue
Makecomparsonsboth
withinand between
diagrams. Describe
similarities, e.g.Therewas
almostthesamerisein ...
asin ... , and differences,
e.g.Themain difference
between ... and ... was
that... .

Comp<isition Strategies: lmproveyour skills:pointsto include

writing task 1 Whichof thesepointsare suitablefor the taskabove?Crossout the pointsyou
Youonly have20 minutes would not use,writing irrelevant,repetitiveor inaccuratenext to each.
to do WritingTask1,so
a In developedcountries,therewas a higherproportionof girlsat all levelsthan
makesurethe pointsyou
in developingcountries.
includeare:
b Thefiguresfor girlsand boysin secondaryschoolsaresimilarin my country.
. relevant- you will waste
c From1990to 2000,therewas a much biggerincreasein femaleenrolmentsin
time and losemarksif developedcountriesthan in developingcountries.
you don'tfollowthe d By 2000,femalesin tertiaryeducationin developedcountriesoutnumbered
instructions. Don't males.
speculate or add your e At primary,secondaryand tertiarylevels,therewerefewergirlsper 100boysin
own opinions. developingcountriesthan in developedones.
. not repetitive- don't f Secondaryschoolsin developingcountrieswill probablynot meet their target
saythe samething in until about 2020.
differentwords,or write > Checkyour answerson page97 beforeyou continue
similarsentences about
all the figures.Describe
somethingdifferentin
everypoint.Make
comparisons and
describe trendsrather
thanfocuson individual
numbers.
. accurate- givingthe
wronginformationloses
marks,so studythe
questioncarefully and
interpretdataor
diagramscorrectly.

T*st 3 93
Speaking
Part I
Youwill beaskedsomegeneralquestions abouta rangeoffamilair topicarea.
Thispart lastsbetween
four andfive minutes.

What is your full name?

What do peopleusuallycall you?
Whereareyou from?

Your school days.

What do you rememberaboutyour first school,whenyou werea child?
In what waysdid life at schoolchangeasyou becameolder?
What wasyour favourite subject?Why?

Going abroad.
do you haveof travellingto other countries?
What experience
Which countrywould you especiallylike to visit?Why?
What arethe bestwaysto getto know a country?
What arethe biggestcultural differences
betweenyour country and English-
speakingcountries?

Different kinds of entertainment.

What sort of televisionprogrammesdo you like watching?
How hastelevisionin your country changedin recentyears?
Which do you prefer:the cinema,the theatre,or live music?Why?
Tellme abouta popularform of public entertainmentin your country.

Test3 95
 Part 2
Youwill begiven a topic to talk aboutfor one to two minutes.Beforeyou tallq you
will haveone minute to think aboutwhat you aregoingto say.Youwill begiven
paper and a pencil to make notesif you wish. Here is the topic:

Describe a place that has a specialmeaning to you.

You should say:
what kind of place it is and where it is
what it looks like
what soundsyou associatewith it
and explain why you particularly like the place.

Follow-up questions:
When do you think you will next go there?
How would you feel if the place changedin a significant way?

Part 3
Youwill be askedsomequestionsabout abstractissuesand conceptsrelatedto the
topic in Part 2. This discussionlastsbetweenfour and five minutes.

Leaving the familyhome

Why do many people leavehome when they are still quite young?
What personal qualities do you feel are required for a young person to live on
their own?

Moving from place to place

In many countries there has been large-scalemigration from the countryside to
the cities. Do you think this is positive or negative?
Do you think that the possibility of working from home via the Internet will
lead to many people going back to the countryside?

Growing cities
In what ways do the new megacitiesof Asia,Africa, and South America differ
from older ones such as London or New York?
Should therebe a limit on the sizeof cities?

96 Tests
|ILTSPractice
 i'iitli!l
iix

Improveyour skills k y
AcademicWriting
page93
Makingcomparisons
Similarities:
3,5,6, 8,9.
Differences1,2,4,7, 10.

Pointsto include page 93

a include
b irrelevant
c inaccurate
d include
e (sameas(a))
repetitive
f irrelevant

Usingappropriatelanguagepage94
1b avoidcontractedform
2a avoidcolloquialword
3a single-wordverb preferredto phrasalverb
4b avoidabbreviationor acronym
5a formallinkerpreferred
6b reportedspeechratherthan directspeech
7a passivepreferredto active.
8b avoidendingwith preposition
9b complexsentence(here,a relativeclause)rather
than simplesentences
Otherfeaturesof informalspeech:exclamation
marks,slang,omitted pronouns,etc.
 Test4
Listening30 minutes
SectionI
Questions l-4

Answerthequestions
below.
write NO MORE THAN THREEWORDSfor eachanswer.

Which documentscould Samuseasproof of her name?

Which could sheuseasproof of her address?

counciltax bill

phonebill (fixedline)

Questions 5-7

Completethe notesbelow.

write No MOKE THAN TWO WOKDS OR NUMBERS for each answer.

Name of bank? Savings Bank

Open which days? Monday-Friday

Openinghours? 5 .................

Where? 6 ................

Freegift?

98 IELTS
PracticeTests
 Questions8-10

Match theplacesin QuestionsB-10 to the appropriatelettersA-H on the map.

8 RoyalBank ............

9 Northern Bank

10 NationalBank ............

*::a::ral:;lt::a ;.._ :....

:...tt_ut:
ut:
]i rl ln "r
rl ll
lnternet f' Park
Ca f d li-uotetI

Hig h S t re e t Hig h S t re e t

<
rD
Central =.
ilti 1.1,1[
Market ( (o
d (D

o tJ\
o *
o
a
-

Mark e t S t re e t Mark e t S t re e t

E-
County
Library

Test4
 Section2
Questions1I-14

Completethe table below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for eachanswer.

Preparing for the interview

What to do Howto do it

Step l: Gather all documents, e.g.copiesof rdsum6.

Prepare things to take.
Choose1l ............... , e.g.designs,
drawings,written work.

Step 2: Check you have pen and paper.

Get more information.
Ask firm for a12
Seeprofiles at Chamber of Commerce,library.

Step3: Contact13 ............... of this or

Focuson you and the job.
related firms.
Compare yourself with what is required.
Imagine likely questionsand your answers.
Decide how to make up for any
14 ............... vou lack.

Questions15-20

Completethe notesbelow.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for eachanswer.

At the interview
Arrive no more than 15 before the time of the interview.
After you hear the question,you can 16 ............... beforeyou reply.
You can 17 ................ if you don't understandwhat they'reaskingyou.
Wait for them to offer you the job before you saywhat 18
you want.
Learningfrom the experience
will makeyou more 19 ..................................
in
future interviews.
Payattention to your 20 ............... - it showsyou havea positive
attitude.

100 IELTS
PracticeTests
Section3
Questions2l-24

Completethe summary belowby writing NO MORE THAN THKEE WORDS in

provided.
the spaces

To many employers,academicsuccessand personal development as a result of

being at 2l ............... can be as important as coursecontent,so
choose22 -.............. modulesthat you may do well in. You should,
however,think more carefully about your choice if your courseis 23

;;; ;;;;;;#iffilfi
:ffi;ffi ::H:liT
;f;::,
academicdepartmentor the 24 ............... at the university.

Questions25-29
Write the appropriatelettersA-C againstquestions25-29.

Which modules havethe following features?

A Applied Chemical Engineering
B Fluid Mechanics
C Chemical Engineering:Science1

25 developingcomputer skills ............

26 exemptionfrom part of a module
27 assessment
bv formal examination
28 developing speakingand writing skills
29 learning through problem solving

Question30
30 Which chart showsthe percentageof private study time on the Spanish 1A
module?
. .-..-,.'. ,,,.:-.*i*sJadek&i
,_

%#
$ =privatestudl

J =classcontact

Test4 101
 Section4
Questions3l=33
Labelthediagram.write No MoRE THAN TWO WORDSAND/OR A
NUMBERfor eachanswer.
, ..1,,,.::,::;r'r,;'ij:;::kiirilsai;::':iiritii;r**!iiii!i**Sneg{it*';!=id,gK*iliiii:i1$**l'1

The Acraman Crater speedof meteorite:3l ........................

l
km per hour
depthof crater:
32 ........................
kilometres
width of crater:33 ........................
kilometres

Questions34-36
Choosefrom lettersA-C and write them on your answersheet.

34 The crater at Acraman rs

A nowadaysentirely coveredby seawater.
B one of the most beautiful on Earth.
C lessspectacularthan others in Australia.

35 Williams realizedwhat had happened at Acraman when he

A saw pictures of the area taken from above.
B visited Acraman for the first time in 1980.
C noticed a picture of the crater in a textbook.

36 Where was rock from Acraman found?

A Only in the Flinders mountains.
B At severalplacesover 300 km from Acraman.
C At a place 500 km from Acraman, but nowhere else.

Questions 3740

write NO M)RE THAN THREEWoRDs for eachanswer.

37 What made the seawater shake?

38 What threw the pebblesinto the air?

39 What was mixed with silt to form a layer of rock?

40 What shapedthe ripples on top of the rock? ..........

102 IELTS
PracliceTests
 Academic
Reading t hour
ReadingpassageI

Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions1-13, which are basedon

ReadingPassage1.

ThePowerof
Light revealsthe world to us. It setsour
biologicalclocks.It triggersin our brainsthe
sensations of colour.Light feedsus, supplying
the energyfor plantsto grow It inspiresus
with specialeffectslike rainbowsand sunsets.
Light givesus life-changingtools, from
incandescent bulbs to lasersand fibre optics.
There hasbeenlight from the beginning.
lThere will be light, feebly,at the end. In all its
ro forms, visible and invisible,it saturatesthe
universe.Light is more than a little bit
inscrutable.Modern physicshasslicedthe stuff
of natureinto eversmallerand more exotic
constituents,but light won't reduce.Light is
light - pure, but not simple.No one is quite
surehow to describeit. A wave?A particle?
Yes,the scientistssay.Both.
It is a measureof light's importancein our
daily lives that we hardly pay any attention to
zo it. Light is almostlike air. It's a given.A human
would no more linger over the conceptof light
than a fish would ponder the notion of water.
There are exceptions,certainmomentsof red is just the brain'sinterpretationof a
suddenappreciationwhen a particular specificwavelengthof light with creststhat are
manifestationof light, a transitory glory, roughly 700 nanometresapart. A theatrical
appears:a rainbow,a sunset,a flashof lighting director told me that she'sdoing her
lightning in a dark sky, the shimmering surface +o job bestwhen no one noticesthe lights at all.
of the seaat twilight, the dappledlight in a Her goal is to createan atmosphere,a mood -
forest,the little red dot from a professor'slaser not to showoff the fancy new filters that create
30pointer. The flicker of a candle,flooding a coloursof startlingintensity.
room with romance.The torch searchingfor Light is now usedfor everythingfrom laser
the circuit breakersafter a power cut. eyesurgeryto telephonetechnology.It could
Usually,though, we don't seelight, we evenbecomethe main power sourcefor long-
merelyseewith it. You can't appreciatethe distancespacetravel. The spaceshipwould have
beautyof a roseif you ponder that the colour an ultrathin sail to catchthe 'wind' of light

i t:- l { a 103
 beamedfrom an Earth-basedlaser.In theory
sucha craft could accelerateto a sizeablg
fraction of the speedof light, without cdrrying
fuel.
Vhat we call light is really the samething in
a different set of wavelengthsasthe radiation
that we call radio wavesor gammarays or x-
rays.But visiblelight is unlike any other
fundamentalelementof the universe:it
directly,regularlyand dramaticallyinteracts
with our senses.Light offershigh-resolution
information acrossgreat distances.You can't
hearor smell the moonsof Jupiter or the Crab
Nebula. Somuch of vital importanceis
communicatedby visible light that almost
everything from a fly to an octopushas a way to
captureit - an eye,eyes,or somethingsimilar.
It's worth noting that our eyesare designed
to detectthe kind of light that is radiatedin
abundanceby the particular star that giveslife
to our planet: the sun. Visible light is powerful
stuff, moving at relatively short wavelengths,
which makesit biologicallyconvenient.To see
long, stretched-outradio waves,we'd haveto
havehuge eyeslike satellitedishes.Not worth
the trouble! Nor would it makesensefor our
eyesto detectinfrared light (though some
deep-seashrimp near hot springsdo seethis
way). \7e'd be constantlydistracted,becausein
thesewavelengthsany heat-emittingobject
glows. That would include almost everything
aroundus.
There is alsodarknessin the daytime:
shadows.There are many kinds of shadows,
more than I realizeduntil I consulted
astronomerand shadowexpert David Lynch in
TopangaCanyon,up the coastfrom Santa
Monica, California.Lynch points out that a
shadowis filled with light reflected from the
sky,otherwiseit would be completelyblack.
Black is the way shadowson the moon lookei
to the Apollo astronauts,becausethe moon has
no atmosphereand thus no sky to bouncelight
into the unlit cranniesof the lunar surface.
Lynch is a man who, when he looks at a
rainbow,spotsdetailsthat eludemost of us. He
knows, for example,that all rainbowscomein
pairs,and he alwayslooks for the second
rainbow: a faint, parallelrainbow,with the
coloursin reverseorder. The interveningregion
104 lILTSPraetic*Tests
is darker,That areahasa name,wouldn't you
know: Alexander'sdark band. As I took in the
spectacularview acrossthe canyon,Lynch
explainedsomethingelse:'the reasonthose
mountainsover there look a little blue,' he said,
indicatingthe rangethat obscuresthe Pacific,
'is becausethere'ssky betweenhereand those
mountains.It's calledairlight.'
\7hat next for light? rJflhatnew application
will we see?\flhat orthodoxy-bustingcosmic
information will starlightdeliver to our
l t0 telescopes? I7ill the rotating discoball ever
makea dance-floorcomeback?Aboveall, you
haveto wonder:will we everfully understand
light?
There havebeenrecentheadlinesabout
scientistsfinding ways to make light go faster
than the speedof light. This is what science
fiction writers and certain overly imaginative
folks havedreamedof for decades.If you could
makea spaceshipthat wasn'tbound by
120 Einstein'sspeedlimit, they fantasized,you
could zip aroundthe universefar more easily.
Lijun W'ang,a researchscientistat
Princeton,managedto createa pulseof light
that went fasterthan the supposedspeedlimit.
'W'ecreatedan artificial medium of cesiumgas
in which the speedof a pulseof light exceeds
the speedof light in a vacuum,' he said, 'but
this is not at oddswith Einstein.' Even though.
light can be manipulatedto go fasterthan light,
130 matter can't. Information can't. There's no
possibilityof time travel.
I asked\fang why light goes 186,282miles a
secondand not someother speed.'That's just
the way natureis,' he said.There are scientists
who don't like'why'questionslike this. The
speedof light is just what it is. That's their
belief. \flhether light would move at a different
velocity in a different universeis something
that is currently outsidethe scopeof
140 experimentalscience.It's evena bit 'out there'
for the theorists.
S7hat'scertainis that light is going to
remainextremelyusefulfor industry,science,
art, and our daily,mundanecomingsand
goings.Light permeatesour reality at every
scaleof existence.It's an amazingtool, a
carrier of beauty,a giver of life. I can't help
but saythat it hasa very bright future.
Questionsl-5

Readingpassage3 describesa number of causeand ffict relationships.Match each

Cause(1-5) in List A, with its Effect (A-H) in List B.

Write your aflswers(A-H) in boxes1-5 on your answersheet.

Thereare more Effectsin List B than you will need,soyou will not useall of them.

ListA Causes
I Much of the time, visible light is all around us.
2 Light can sometimesappear in an interesting way.
3 Visible light carries a lot of essentialinformation.
4 Without an atmosphere,light is not reflected onto solid surfaces.
5 Only light can exceed186,282miles per second.

List B Effects
A Nearly all living creaturescan detect it.
B There is a dark gap between rainbows.
C Light from Earth could power a spacecraft.
D Shadowsare totally black.
E We cannot return to the past.
F We don t really notice or think about it.
G Certain creaturescan detect infra-red light.
H We instantly become aware of it.

Test4 105
 Questions6-10
T
Do thefollowing stdtementsagreewith the views of the writer in ReadingPassage
1?

In boxes6-10 on your answersheetwrite

yES if the statementagreeswith the viewsof the writer

NO if the statementdoesnot agreewith the views of the writer

NOT GfyEN if thereis no information about this in thepassage

6 It is difficult to find a single word to say exactly what light is.

7 Thinking about the physicsof light can make an object seemeven more
beautiful.

S Light from the sun makesit possiblefor life to exist on other planets.

9 It is more practical for humans to detect visible light rather than radio
waves.

l0 David Lynch sometimesnotices things that other people don t.

Questionsll-13

Answer thefollowing qilestionsusingNO MORE THAN THKEEWORDS for each

answer.

Write your answersin boxes11-13on your answersheet.

ll What appearancecan the land havewhen seenfrom a distance?

12 Inwhat have some people imagined travelling?

13 In what substancedid light go faster than previously thought possible?

106 IELTS
Practice
Tests
 Readingpassage
2
Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions14-27, which are basedon
ReadingPassage
2.
'You could be forgivenfor thinkingiust about every
man and his dog hasan MBA these days,'says
Anthony Hesketh,of LancasterUniversity
managementschool.Weknow what he means.
Suchis the worldwide growth and awarenessof
the MBA that this icon of careeradvancementand
high salarieshasalmost becomesynonymouswith
postgraduateeducationin the businesssector.
In reality,manypostgraduatealternativesto an
MBA exist.Thetotal number of MBA programmes
worldwide is around 2,400,while other masters
and advancedcoursesin the whole spectrumof
businesseducationadd up to more than 10,000.
Two key distinctionsexist in matchingwhat
aspiringstudentswant with what the universities
offer:first is generalization
versusspecialization,
and secondis pre-experienceversuspost-
experience,and the two distinctionsare
interlinked.Carol Blackman, of the Universityof
zoWestminsterschoolof business, explainsthe first
distinction.'Specialist
mastersprogrammes are
designedeither for careerpreparationin a clearly
definedtype of job or profession,or are intended
to developor enhanceprofessionalcompetencein
individuals
who are alreadyexperienced.The aim is
to increasethe depth of their knowledgein the
specialist
area.TheMBA,on the other hand,is a
generalmanagementprogrammewhich provides
practisingmanagerswith an opportunity for
30personaldevelopmentwith a broadly-based
introductionto all managementsubjectareasand
the theory and practiceof management'.
Specialistknowledge,however,is not everything
when it comesto findinga lob. Surveysby the
UK'sAssociationof GraduateRecruiters(AGR)
repeatedlyconfirm that what employersseek,and
continueto find scarce,are the personalskillsthat
will makegraduatesvaluableemployees.In fact,
Test4 1O7
 when recruitingnew graduates,most employers
+oconsideredthese skillsmore important thin
specialistknowledge.Whatemployersseek most
from new graduatesare enthusiasmand self-
motivation,interpersonalskills,team working and
good oral communication.Of the nineteenskills
consideredimportant in AGR's2002 survey,just
three require specialisteducation- numeracy,
computer literacyand foreign languages - and
these are low on the list.
Nunzio Quacquarelli, chief executiveof
so topcareers.net, takesthis further.'Clearly,salary rooUSGSBis suitablefor studentswith a good first
differentialsfor those with a seconddegree,but no
significantwork experience,do not matchthose of
a good MBA and a number of yearsin the
workplace.Accordingto the AGR research,about
14%of employersoffered a better salaryto those
new graduateswith a masters- or evena
doctorate.ln my view,the salaryimprovementof
l0% to 15%largely reflects the recruit! age and
earningexpectancyrather than the increasein
eo humancapitalperceivedby the employer.Contrast rro designedto developthe businessknowledge,
this with our latesttopmba.comMBA Recruiters
Surveyresultswhich showsthat the averagesalary
paidto an MBA with good work experiencein the
US and Europeis US$80,000- around two and a
halftimes the averagestartingsalaryfor a young
postgraduate.'
Anthony Heskethposesthe questionwhether
holdinga seconddegreemay evenbe a
disadvantage.'l haveseenmany reports over the
70years suggestintthat employersview
postgraduates as eminentlylessemployablethan
those with a first degree.Drive, motivationand
careerfocus,not to mention ability,are what
employersvalueand are preparedto payfor.A
postgraduateimmediatelyhasan uphilltask
explainingan additionalyear,or three years,of
study.'
This view may seem cynical,but, if you are
about to graduateand are consideringa further
ao degree,you shouldtake the realitiesinto account
and ask yourselfsome hard questions:
. ls the qualificationI am consideringgoingto
impressemployers?
. ls it goingto give me the edgeover less
qualifiedcandidates?
. ls my considerationof a seconddegree
becauseI am not sure of my career
direction?
108 ffrl-fsPractice
Tests
. Wili employersconsiderthat I lack drive
eo and ambition becauseI havedeferredmy
aftemptsto find a worthwhile job?
Many postgraduateoptions exist that can help
you to acquirethe personalskillsthat employers
in the world of businessare seeking.Consider,for
example,the offeringsof Strathclydeand Durham
universities.
Accordingto Dr Nic Beech,of the University
of Strathclydegraduateschool of business:'The
MScin businessmanagement(MBM),offeredat
degree- particularlya non-business first degree-
but little or no businessexperience. Our MBM
offersthese graduatesthe opportunity to combine
the specializationof their first degreewith a
generalmanagementqualification- something
employersrecognizeproducesa well-rounded
individual.
Graduatestell us that the MBM allowsthem to
accesssectors previouslyout of reach.lt is
practicalexperienceand personalskillswhich
employersare seeking.'
At the Universityof Durham businessschool,
SheenaMaberlyis careersdevelopmentofficer;she
too seeshighvaluein qualifications such as the
Durham MA in management(DMAM). Shesays:
'Whatever your first degree,from anthropology to
zoology,a postgraduatebusinessdegreecan help
you gain a competitiveedgein an over-crowded
rzojob market.lf you'rejust startingout in your
career,a businessmastersdegreelike the DMAM
will enableyou to developskillsdirectly relevant
to employers'needs.So,extendingyour studies
into managementcan makeyou better equipped
to'hit the groundrunning'- and that! what
employersexpect.Recruitersare highlyselective
and a vocationalqualificationis additionalevidence
of motivation.'
Beforecommittingyourselfto postgraduate
r30study,weigh up the options.Perhapsthe best route
might be to take a job now and planto do an
MBA a few yearsdown the line?Try to get
sponsorshipfrom a company.Or go for a well
researchedand thoroughlythought through
mastersthat will help you land a good job.
Ultimatelythe choice is yours,but focus on the
future,and on your target employerl expectations.
Questions14-16

Do thefollowing statementsagreewith the information given in ReailingPassage

2?

In boxes1+16 on your answersheetwrite

TRUE if the statementagreeswith the information

FALSE if the statementcontradictsthe information

NOT GfyEN if there is no information on this

14 British employersare more interestedin what potential recruits can do than

what they know.

15 A recruit with a specialistmastersusually earnsas much as an experienced

employee with a good MBA.

16 The writer claims that undergraduatesoften plan to do a mastersbecause

they cant decidewhat careerto follow.

Questions17-21

The text quotesvarious individuals. Match thefour peopleA-D with thefour

points made in Questions17-21. Youmay useany of the peoplemore than once.

Write the appropriateletter (A-D) in boxes17-21 on your answersheet.

17 Employeeswith postgraduatequalifications earn more becausethey are

older and expect more.

18 It can be difficult to convince an employer that the extra time spent at

university was necessary.

19 One type of coursefocuseson a particular aspectof business,whereasthe

other is more generalin approach.

20 Graduateswho have neither worked in nor studied businessare suited to

our programme.

21 There is evidencethat companiesmay prefer to employ people without a

mastersdegree.

List of people
A Anthony Hesketh
B Carol Blackman
C Nunzio Quacquarelli
D Nic Beech

Test4 109
 Questions22-27
Completethe sukmary below.ChooseONE word from ReadingPassage
2 for each
answer,

Write your answersin boxes22-27 on your answersheet.

According to SheenaMaberly, a seconddegreecan improve the

22 ............... prospectsof graduatesin any subject.Tirkinga
managementMA givesthem the 23 ............... companiesare looking
for, and lets them get straight on with the job as soon as they start work. It also
showsthey have the24 that companiesseek.
First, however,it is important to considerthe25 .............:
whether to
start right away on a carefully chosenpostgraduatecourse,or to do so after a
few years'work, preferably with financial assistancefrom the
26 ............... . Whicheverthey decide,they should think about the
27 ............... and what the companywants.

110 iELTSPracticeTests
Reiding passage3

Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions2840, whicharebasedon

ReadingPassage
3.

Questions28-33

3 hassevenparagraphsA-G.
Readingpassage

Choosethe most suitableheadingsfor paragraphsEG from thelist of

headingsbelow.

Write the correctnumber i-x in boxes28-33 on your answersheet.

List of headings
i Looking at a particular decade
ii Studying trees frozen in ice
iii Bringing different studiestogether
iv Recordsof different speciescompared
v What dendrochronology is
vi A war that affected the climate
vii Showing how trees record volcanic activity
viii A unique record of other times and places
ix Local records coveringthousands ofyears
x How tree rings are formed

28 ParagraphB
29 ParagraphC
30 ParagraphD.
31 ParagraphE
32 ParagraphF
33 ParagraphG

Test4 111
':$l
,$
f
$
;i
'r1l
rii
3
I
Ere,:r #€Pttr
In the jungle of scientific debate, you
cannot always seethe wood for the trees.
But in climate change,the wood itself
sometimesholds the key. Imagine an annual
register of a year's sunshine and rainfall and
frost, kept up to date with perfect accuracy
almost everywheresouth of the tundra and
north of the tropics, and availablefor
inspection not just at any time in life but,
quite often, for centuriesafter death. The
register is, of course, the annual growth
rings of trees.Match the rings from young
trees with those from old forest giants and
you have a centuries-longmeasureof the
march of the seasons.Match the rings from
old trees with old cathedral rafters and you
have a still longer chronology - and a
sciencecalled dendrochronology.
I r ei
Dendrochronologists,scientistswho stuoy
the growth of rings in trees,have
successfullyconstructed long tree-ring
records by overlapping the patterns of wide
and narrow rings in successivelyolder
timber specimens.There are now a dozen or
so chronologiesin the world that date back
more than 5,000 years.These records,
normally constructed in a restricted area,
using a single speciesof tree, are year-by-
year records of how the trees reactedto
their growth conditions - an environmental
history from the trees' point of view.
llrtrr ? i:l :ll':r,r::::::i,:rli r1.ii:::
"112 IELTS
Practice
Tests
(Lffi,'r::,4
Becausetree-ring chronologies are
constructed on a regional basis,there has, in
the past, been a tendency for
dendrochronologiststo think local.
However, the successof dendrochronology
as an international researchtopic means
that there are now quite a lot of
chronologiesavailablefor study.As the
chronologies are dated absolutely,it is
possibleto compare the records from
different areasyear by year.Recently,an
analysis of 383 modern chronologies,drawn
from a vast area acrossEurope, northern
Eurasiaand North America was published.
The authors, Keith Briffa and colleagues,
observedthat the maximum late-wood
density of the growth rings in each year was
related to the temperature in the growing
season.Their analysis spanned600 years,
back to AD 1400, and presenteda summer
temperature record reconstructedfrom the
huge grid of preciselydated ring densities.
'What
they noticed was that the years of
really low density - the cool summers-
were directly associatedwith large explosive
eruptions, as known from historical sources
and from dated layersof acid in the
Greenland ice record. Greenland ice is
kilometres thick and is made up of the
compressedsnowfall of tens of thousands
of years,so the ice record can be read in
almost the same way as tree-rings.I shall
use this study as an exampleof what else
tree-ringscan tell us.
IEEI lf"="FiWWffr#ffi
The study provides a yearby-year estimate
of temperatures,together with the dates of
somemajor volcanoes.It is a nice clean
story - volcanoesload the atmospherewith
dust and aerosoland reflectback sunlight,
cooling the earth'ssurface.This cooling
leads to variations in the density of growth
rings in northern conifers. Becausethere are
a lot of other records,it is possibleto test
the findings from the conifer density record.
fffii'-=rsFW,F iffi,Wffiffi ffiilfl
'Wecan, for example, look at what
Europeanoak was doing acrossthe same
600-yearperiod. \fas oak respondingin the
sameway as the conifers?The'oak
chronology'is the mean of eight regional
oak chronologiesacrossa strip of land from
Ireland to Poland. It representshoq on
average,hundreds of millions of oaks grew.
'What
we seefrom this comparison is that
the oaks clearly do respond to the volcanoes
in somecases(in 1.602,1740 and 1816,for
instance),but nothing like so clearlyin
others.Immediatelyit becomesapparent
that the conifers tell only part of the story.
There are many downturns in oak growth,
and only a few are related to the conifer
record.The oaks were quite capableof
being more stressedin yearswhere the
conifers were not affected.The point of
this, however,is not to argue about the
quality of global cooling; the point is to
show what dendrochronology can do.
Ire',#iHe,€.sffiffi'#,i4ffiiF.ffi1
Take the caseof 1816,calledthe 'year
without a summer' becauseof the terrible
unseasonable cold and the crop failuresthat
ensued.It has long beenknown that the
primary causeof the cooling was the
massiveeruption of Tambora, eastof Java,
in 1815.However,there was a lot more
going on in the run-up to 1816.Bald cypress
trees in Tennesseeshow a major growth
anomaly,with rings up to 400 per cent
wider than normal, in the yearsfollowing a
huge earthquake in 1811-12 in Eastern
America. But thereis a volcanicacid layer
in severalGreenland and Antarctic ice cores
in 1809-10,as well as in 1815-16.So here
we have a combination of a highly unusual
quake in an areaof the USA not normally
affected by earthquakes,and at least two
volcaniceruptions,including Tambora,
which is widely regardedas the largest in
the last 10,000years.According to Briffa,
the period 1810-20was the coldestin the
last millennium, so we begin to seea
combination of three unusualelementsin
lessthan ten years- exceptional
earthquake,exceptionalvolcaniceruption,
and exceptionalcold. Given that the defeat
of Napoleon'sinvasionof Russialn 1.812
was famously attributed to 'General
\finter', one wonders whether a natural
seriesof eventsactually helped to change
the courseof modern history.
(CWti.,--=l==-'€5F.#riffi
Obviously,the caseof 1816and the years
just before and after it is relatively recent
and well documented.However,
dendrochronology allows us to investigate
the effectsof such eventsgeographically,
indeedglobally.'Wecan interrogatethe
trees in areaswhere there is no historical or
instrumental record. Further back in time,
dendrochronology is almost the only way
to reconstfuct abrupt environmental events
and perhaps throw new light on far darker
momentsin human history.Werethere just
political forcesat work in the Dark Ages,
or did violent natural eventsalso take a
hand, tipping the balanceby darkeningthe
skiesand loweringthe temperature?The
treeswere there too, and kept a record.
The wood hewn from them and preserved
through the centuriesis slowly beginning to
yield at leastcircumstantialevidencethat
could support someof the stories- think
of the Arthurian wasteland,or the plagues
of Egypt - so far told only in enigmatic
artefacts,or in legends,epics,and religious
chronicles.
Tesf4 113
 Questions34-36

Which THKEE of thefollowing arefeaturesof dendrochronology?

Write the appropriateletters A-F in boxes34-36 on your answersheet.

A It provides a complete record of the weather in any part of the world.

B It involves the study of ring patterns in trees of different ages.
C A pieceof wood cut a long time ago can form part of the record.
D Studiesshow that trees of the sametype all have the samenumber of rings.
E As a scienceit has existedfor over 5,000years.
F The oldest records are mostly of one type of tree in one place.

Questions37-40

Choosethe correctlettersA, B, C or D. Write your Answersin boxes37-40 on your

answersheet.

37 What was the result of extending the researchto the European oak?
A It added information to that obtained from studying conifers.
B It contradicted all the findings from the study of conifers.
C It showed exactly the sameresults as those for conifers.
D It proved that the world has cooled considerablysince 1400AD.

38 Which of thesehappened as a result of the eruption at Tambora?

A Agricultural production fell significantly.
B There was an earthquakein North America.
C Part of the polar ice capsmelted.
D The outcome of a war changed.

39 By studying tree rings, we may discover

A whole new areasof human history.
B proofofevents said to havehappened.
C how earlier civilizations treated the environment.
D the truth about the nature of religious belief.

40 A suitable title for this passagewould be

A How volcanoesand earthquakeschangedhistory
B The influence of trees on the world's climate
C The role of treesin human history
D How trees can tell us more about the past

114 |€LTS
Practic€
Tests
Academic
Writing t hour
The writing testconsistsof two tasks.Youshould attempt both tasks.

Writing Thsk1

Youshouldspendabout 20 minuteson this task.

The table below shows causesof injuries in Australia for teenagersand the
general population,

Summarize the information by selecting anil reporting the main fmtures,

making comltarisons where relevant.

Write at least 150words.

Males aged Females Total Total

13-19 aged13-19 aged13-19 population
Cause rate(a) rate(a) rate(a) rate(a)
Total transport accidents 779 323 557 305
Car occupant 232 186 210 124
Motorcyclist 230 20 t27 59
Pedalcyclist 2r0 24 r20 45
Pedestrian 46 26 36 30
Falls 720 193 463 843
Complications of medical care 340 349 344 t431
Assault 28r 80 183 ll9
Accidental poisoning 68 95 82 85
Exposureto heat, smoke, fire 54 T7 36 42
All cases(b) 3688 1765 2750 3712

(a) Cases
per 100,000
ofthis group.
(b) All cases,includes causesnot listed. Some casescan involve more than one cause.
ll
W$filX$$WffiXffi'::':':::'':i'.$ffi'

Test4 115
 Writing Thsk2
!

Youshouldspendabout40 minuteson this task.

Writeaboutthefollowingtopic:
Studentsshouldpay thefult costof their own university studies,rather than
havefree higher educationprovided by the state.
To what extent do you egreeor disagreewith this opinion?
Givereasons from your own
for your answerand includeany relevantexamples
knowledge
or experience.
Writeat least250words.

1'16 IELTS
PracticeTests
Speaking
Part I
Youwill be askedsomegeneralquestionsabout a rangeof familiar topic areas,
This part lastsbetweenfour and five minutes.

What is your firll name?

What do people usually call you?
Where are you from?

Language learning.
What are your earliestmemories of learning English?
What do find difficult about English?
What do you enjoy about learriing it?
Which other languageshave you studied?

Visitors to your country.

What are the main tourist attractions there?
What elsewould you recommend to foreign visitors?
DoesAV'ouldmasstourism benefit your country? Why?/Why not?

Communicating: by post, phone, email, text message,etc.

How do you keep in touch with your family and friends?
Tell me about an important messageyou have received.
How have mobile phones changedthe way people communicate?

Test4 117
 Part 2
I
Youwill begivenh topic to talk aboutfor one to two minutes.Beforeyou talk, you
will haveone minute to think about what you are going to say.Youwillbe given
paper and a pencil to make notesif you wish. Here is the topic:

Describea presentwhich you yery much enjoyed receiving.

You should say:
what is was
who gaveit to you
what the occasionwas
and explain why you were so pleasedto receiveit.

Follow-up questions:
Which do you enjoy more: giving or receiving presents?
Do you like presentsto be a surprise, or do you prefer to choosewhat you are
given?

Part 3
Youwill be askedsomequestionsabout more abstract issuesand conceptsrelatedto
the topic in Part 2. This discussionlastsbetweenfour and five minutes.

Giving gifts
On what occasionsdo people in your country give each other presents?
Do you feel the commercialization of gift-giving, e.g.Christmas in certain
countries, has gone too far?

Charities
What is the role of charities nowadays?
Which charity would you like to be able to give a lot of money to?

Helping other countries

Should rich countries give much more financial assistanceto poorer ones?
How can we encouragemore young people to do voluntary work abroad?

118 IILTSPracticeTests
Explanatory
key
Test1
Listening
SectionI
Questions 1-7 page1o
Example touring
Keithmentionstwo typesof bike ('touringand
mountainbikes')and Jansays'atouring bike
would be besti
14
Janasks'l'mwondering... what your pricesare
likeiKeithsays'the ratewill be ... t!4 per dayi
Be carefulnot to confusefourteenwith forty.
"1.25
When Keithmentionsa'late returnfeeiJanasks
him'how muchis that?'Hereplies'for each
additionalhour it's onepound twenty-five'.
60
Keithsays'there's a deposit,too'and adds'which
you get backwhen you returnthe bicycleiHe
says'Ontouring modelsit's{60',which is the
kind that Janwantsto rent.
(lightweight)bags
The cost is given but not the item,so the prompt JAN So if you were a day late it would cost another
is'f5i Keithmentions'accessoriesl and Janasks
'Suchas?'Hereplies'foranotherf5 we can
suppfy lightweightbags,'and specifies'either
panniersor the handlebarsort'.
lock
Janmentions'apump and a repairkit'andasksif IAN Is there anything else I'd have to pay?
shewould'haveto pay extraiKeithanswers'no, KEITH No, that's it. Though if you re planning to ride
there'sno chargefor things like that,or for a lock'.
He then confirmsit by mentioninga good
strongonelreferringto'locki
100
Janasks'whatabout insuranceitowhich Keith
respondsit's'includedibut that Jan'wouldhave
to pay part of any individualclaimiHe then says
'you'dbe liablefor the firstf 700iNotethe further
prompt'firsti
7 credit card
Janasks'Howdo I pay?'andmentionstheque'
and tashi but Keithinsistson'creditcard
bookingiBothwordsare needed.
Questions1-7: script
KEITH Hello ... Clarkt Cycle Hire. My name's Keith.
How can I help you?
laN Oh hello. I saw your ad in the local paper, and as
I'm thinking of doing some cycling I'm wondering
what kinds of bike you have, and what your prices
are like.
KEITH Well, we hire out two main types of machine:
touring and mountain bikes. Are you likely to be
riding off-road, do you think?
IAN No, I'll probably be sticking to roads and country
lanes, so a touring bike would be best, I think.
KEITH Right, well the rate will be €50 for a week, or
Ll4 per day.
JaN So it's a lot cheaper to rent by the week.
KEITH Yesdefinitely, though it's important to bring
the bike back on time. Otherwise I'm afraid we have
to charge a late return fee.
IAN And how much is that?
KEITH For each additional hour it's one pound
twenty-five.
L30?
KEITH Yes,that'sright.
JAN I'd make sure I didn't do that then!
KEITH I should also point out there's a deposit, which
you get back when you return the bicycle. In good
condition, of course.On touring models it's f,60.
fairly long distances you might like to have one or
two accessories.
IeN Such as?
KEITH Well, for another !5 we can supply lightweight
bags, either panniers or the handlebar sort. It's
amazing how much they can carry, and the way
they're designedmeans they don't get in the way
when you're riding.
Test1 Key 119
JAN Well,I'll see.But what about essentialthings like
a pump, and a repair kit? I wouldn't haveto pay
extra for thosewould I?
KEITH No no, there'sno chargefor thingslike that,or
for a lock. It's a good strong one,too. just makesure
you don t losethe key!
IAN That reminds me: what about insurance?What
happensif someonestealsthe bike, in spiteof the
wonderfullock?
KEITH Didn't I mention that?I should'vetold you
thatt included in the rental.too.
JAN And it coverseverything,doesit?
KEITH Er ... it coversyou againsttheft of the bike,yes.
As long asit's securelylocked at the time. You'dhave
to pay part of any individual claim,though.
IAN How much?
KEITH If the bike werestolenand not recovered,you'd
be liablefor the first 1100.
JAN Hmm. So,if I do go aheadand rent one,how do I
pay?By cheque,or would it haveto be cash?
KEITH Neither,I'm afraid.We can only acceptcredit
card bookings.Otherwisewe'd haveto askour
customersfor the full value of the machineasa
deposit.
IAN I've got a Visa in my name.Would that be OK?
KEITH Sure.
Questions8-10: script
IAN So if Fwant to have a look at the bikes, how do I
find you? I live near the university, by the way.
KEITH Right. First you take \Abods Road as far as the
mai n pol i cestati on...
JAN I know it. It's right next to the park
KEITH Yes,that's it. And after the police station there's
a turning to the right called Oak Street ...
IAN At the big supermarket?
KEITH No, it's before then. It's actually between the
police station and a garage on the other side.
IAN OK.
KEITH So you go down Oak Street until you reach the
health centre on the right. If you get to a pub called
the Maple Leaf you ve gone too far. Alright?
IRN Yes,l'vegot that.
KEITH Now opposite the health centre there's a
pharmacy, and we're just behind that.
)AN OK, fine. I'll try to call over sometime tomorrow.
KEITH Great. Seeyou then.
JAN Bye.

Questions 8-10 pase11

garage
Keithdescribesthe locationof OakStreetas
'betweenthe policestation anda garageon the
other sidei
health centre
He says'godown OakStreetuntil you reachthe
healthcentreon the righti and that bppositethe
healthcentretheret a pharmacyiThemap
showsthe pharmacy.The answercan'tbe the
pub:'ifyou get to a pub ... you'vegone too fari
10 Clark's(CycleHire)
Keithsays'we're just behindthat'(i.e.the
pharmacy). In this context,'we'means'Clark'si
'Clark'sCycleHire'or'CycleHire'.Thephrase
bppositethe healthcentre'isa furtherclue.

120 IELTSPracticeTests
 obviously, we have the sports clubs, which in some
Section2 casesfleld teams in things like rugby and tennis that
compete againstclubs in other parts of the country
Question Il*17 pase12 or even abroad. You don't have to play atthis level to
have fun, though: they can be just a great way to do
11 stampcollecting some exercise,and of course to get to know other
Afterthe prompts'hobbyand interestclubs' people, especiallyif you're new in town. The same
comesthe first example,'landscape can be said of the many hobby and interest clubs that
photographyiand then the answer'stamp have sprung up here: everything from landscape
collecting'.Both
words are needed. photography, such as the Viewfinders club in the
harbour district, or Focus on the airport road, to old
12 social
favourites like stamp collecting. Remember that this
Afterthe prompt'morethan just friendship'
country has a long tradition of unusual and perhaps
comesthe answer'social',
beforethe examples
even eccentric societies.so there should be
'dancing' and'speed-datingl
something for everyone:a place where you can meet
13 China people of different nationalities with the same social
Youhearthe prompt'international and cultural' and/or cultural interests as you. For those who may
and then 'China'(followedby'for instance'). be interested in rather more than just fiiendship,
Unlikein questionI 1,the secondexample there's a wide range of lively social clubs. Several
comesafterthe answer. singlesassociationsorganize dancing of various
kinds, while for people in a real hurry there'sspeed-
14 charities
dating, in which everyone talks to everyone else for
Theexamples,'humanrightsorganizations
like just five minutes. Then, at the end, they decide which
groupssuchas
Amnesty'and'environmental
of them they would like to meet again by ticking
Greenpeace'both
come afterthe answer
their names on a list. In complete contrast to these
'charities'.
are the many religious associations, reflecting the
15 political diversity of faith groups present in this multicultural
Thecluescomeafterthe answer:'party; city. Many of them, of course, have their own places
tampaigningiandthe firstexample of worship. Perhapsalso of interest to those who've
'Republicansi come here from other parts of the world are the
international and cultural societies. These often
16 LiberalDemocrats
provide a meeting place for people from a specific
Afterthe example'Republicansi
the speaker
country, China for instance, and particular ethnic
mentionsLiberalDemocrafs'doingthe samefor
groups, such as Afro-Caribbeans.As in other major
their party:Bothwordsare needed.
cities,we have here local branchesof many charities
17 light opera with names familiar around the world. Meetings of
you that 17 is coming.The
Theword'Finally'tells human rights organizations like Amnesty
speakermentions'performing arts:Theansweris International are held regularly in English, as are
the firstexample.The
secondexampleis those of enr.ironmental groups such as Greenpeace.
'amateurtheatrei All funds raised, by the way, go to the same kinds of
good causeas they do in other countries you may
have lived in. Inevitably, perhaps, there are also the
Questions ll-17: script political clubs, often connected with a particular
PRESENTER You'relisteningto ExpatNews,a weekly party and, indeed, a particular country. So we have,
broadcastfor the English-speakingcommunity in for example, a local association of Republicans
this greatcity. In today'sprogrammewe'll be hearing linked to and campaigning for that party in the US,
from Tom O'Hara,who'sgoingto tell us about all and Liberal Democrats here doing the same for their
thosedifferentassociations you canjoin. Tom. party in Britain. Finally, on a lighter note, there's
ToM Good evening.Yes,in a city with so manyof its plenty to choosefrom in the performing arts.
residentsborn outsidethe country,it's hardly Whether you enjoy taking part or just watching and
surprisingthere'ssucha huge rangeof expatriate listening, you can take your pick from a whole range
clubsand societies. And manyof these,of course,are of groups. To take just a couple of examples, there's
aimed at Englishspeakers.So first, and perhapsmost light opera at the Memorial Hall in the city centre,

Testi Key 121

 or a very lively amateurtheatrecompanyin the Park district of the city you decideto live in. In the
district.In summerthey giveopen-airperformqnces unlikely eventthat you really can't find sucha club,
of Shakespeareplays, free of charge. the solution is to try to persuadefriends,and anyone
elseyou meet,of the needfor one.You could alsouse
the local small adson the Internet to suggestthe
Questions 18-20 page13 idea:you'll be amazedat iust how many peopleshare
eventhe strangestinterest.Then you can start your
188 own.
The speakermentions'afew associations
supportedby the embassies'but then states'in
the vastmajorityof casesit is the individual
memberswho fund themiso B is the correct
answer,not A.'Council-subsidized sportscentres'
countries,makingC
are in listeners'home
impossible.
198
The prompt is'find a clubiThespeakersays'it
might evendeterminewhich districtof the city
you decideto live iniso B is correct,not A.The
speakermentionspersuading'friends' of the
needfor a club,but doesn'tmentionchoosing
'friends'.C is thereforealsowrong.
20A
The keyswordsare'Thenyou can startyour owni
Althoughhe says'usethe localsmalladson the
Internetithisis'to suggestthe ideainot to join
an existingclub,so B is wrong.He doesnot
suggestjoining one in anothertown as stated
in C.

Questions18-20:script
TOM I should mention at this point that clearlysome
districts havea higher concentrationof English-
speakingclubsthan others,and that certainpartsof
town tend to specializein particular activities.An
obvious examplewould be the number of water
sportsclubsdown nearthe river.Whateverthe
number,though, they usuallyhaveone thing in
common.With the exceptionof a few associations
linked to particular countriesand supportedby their
embassies here,in the vastmajority of casesit is the
individual memberswho fund them, so an entry fee,
or a subscription,will be charged.You may be used
to council-subsidizedsportscentresand the like in
your home country, but I'm afraid that'snot the case
here.Assumingyou canafford it, then,you canbe
fairly surethat somewhereout thereyou'Il find a
club that catersfor your own particular fascination.
If it's very important to you, and you intend to spend
a lot of time on it, it might evendeterminewhich

122 IELTSPracticeTests
 the lecture, that is.
Section3 TUTOR I'd go a bit further than that and consider what
the content may be. Then you could ask yourself
Questions?l*Z5 pase 14 some questions that you want answering, and listen
out for the relevant information during the lecture.
21 (background)reading CARLOSOK.
The tutor asks'whatyou can do beforeyou even TUTOR Now that brings us to the lecture itself, and the
go to the lecturelKareenareplies'makesure actual businessof writing notes,but there'sa lot to
you're up to date with all the background deal with there so we'll come back to that later. What
reading'. I'd like to do for the moment is continue with the
processof note taking, and move on to the next
22 content
stage.Any suggestionsfor what that might be?
The prompt istheck what the topic'sgoing to be
KAREENA\Arhen the lecture is over, you mean?
of the lectureibut'topic'is not the answer:the
TUTOR Yes,once you're able to sit down somewhere
tutor's adviceis to tonsider what the contenf
quiet with your notes.
may bei
CARLOSRead them?
23 edit (notes) TUTOR More than that. You need to make sure they'lI
Thetutor asksabout'the next stage'andKareena still make senseto you weeks, months later.
checksthis means'whenthe lectureis over'. KAREENAEdit them?
However,'read them'is not the answerasthe TUTORYes,that's what's needed.It's well worth
tutor says'morethan thati promptingKareenato spending a few minutes on it. Any missing words,
say'editthem?ito which the tutor says'Yes.' anything difficult to read, details you didn't have
time to jot down: now is the time to do so, while
24 next lecture
everything's still fresh in your mind.
Kareenaasks'when'sthe best time to revise
KAREENARight. And after that, whens the best time to
th.em?'andCarlossaysJust beforethe nexf
revise them?
tecture'.Thetutor confirmsthis by saying
TUTORWhen do you think, Carlos?
'Precisely'and'that's a vitaltime to lookat them
CARLOSUm, I'd say just before the next lecture. In the
againi
same subject.
25 week TUTOR Precisely.That's a vital time to look at them
Thetutor says'it'sdefinitelynot the only time' again, for obvious reasons.But it's definitely not the
and asks'whenshouldyou revisethem again?i only time. When should you revise them again?
Kareenatanswer'amonth later'is not correct KAREENAA month later, maybe?
and the tutor recommends'once a week'. TUTOR Sooner,and much more often than that. I'd
recommend you look at them again once a week.
That's why it's so important they're complete and
2I-25: script easy to follow
Questions
TUTORWell, how areyou both settlingin?
CARLOS Fine.
KAREENA Yes,no problems- so far, anyway!
TUTORGood.Rememberthat asyour personaltutor
I'm hereto help you - if you do haveany difficulties.
Now asyou know, lecturesstart on Monday,So I
thought we'dlook at a few waysof makingthe most
of them, especiallyin terms of the notesyou take.
Let'sbegin by thinking about what you can do before
you evengo to the lecture.Any ideas?
KAREENA Make sureyou're up to datewith all the
background reading, so you know plenty about the
subjectalready?
TUTORYes,that'sessential. The lecturerwill assume
you havethat knowledge.Anything else,Carlos?
CARLOS Well, er, checkwhat the topic'sgoing to be. Of

Test1 Key 123

 Questions 26*29 paset5
26 at the front
Thetutor asks'Whatshouldyou do when you
walk into the room?'Carlos
replies'Geta good
seatibeforegoing on to say'dt the front'.The
tutor says'Yes'.
27 leavea space
Thetutor ask'what if you don't catch
something,somethingyou know must be
important?'Kareenaanswers'leaveo space'and
the tutor agreeswith this:'that'san excellentway
to deal with it, yes'.
28 it savestime
Thetutor says'it'sabsolutelyvital that what you
write is legibleiand then adds'forone very good
reason- it savestime'.Theansweris reinforcedby
'wastemany hours'andtan't readwhat you've
writteni
29 signpostwords
Herethe promptscome afterthe answer:'l
afways listenout for signpostyyords'whenthe
tutor says'theycan tell you when something
importantis comingi
Questions26-29:script
TUTOR Right,lett go back to note-taking, and begin
with the basics, before the lecture has even started.
What should you do when you walk into the room?
CARLOSGet a good seatat the front, if you can. Where
you can hear clearly and avoid distractions.
TUTOR Yes,though obviously others will have had the
same idea, so it's as well to get there a bit early. So,
when the lecture's under way and you're busy jotting
things down, what should you try to ensure?
KAREENAThat you'regetting all the main points.
TUTOR And what if you don't catch something,
something you know must be important?
KAREENAI'd leave a space, then I could check it later,
perhapsby askinga question at the end, and fill it in
afterwards.
TUTOR That's an excellent way to deal with it, yes.And
there's something else I'd like to mention here,
talking about going through notes afterwards: it's
absolutely vital that what you write is legible, for one
very good reason * it savestime. You'll waste many
hours, during the course,if your revision is held up
becauseyou can't read what you've written. OK,
what else can we do to make listening and note-
taking more effrcient?
124 IELTS
Practice
Tests
KAREENA Well, I alwayslisten out for signpostwords.
CARLOSSorry,what are they?
KareenaThey'rethe oneslecturersuseto saywhere
they're going.A bit like a signpostat a road junction,
I suppose. Thingslike 'the first reasonis ...',
'however...','to sum up ...1and so on.
TUTORYes,they can tell you when something
important is coming,and help you organizeyour
notes,too.
Question 30 pase15
308
Carlossays'summingup the main pointsin a few
words'andthen 'in the marginibeforespecifying
the correctanswer:'onthe left-handsideof the
pagei
Question30:script
TUTORIs thereanythingelseyou canadd,Carlos?
CARLOS Er ... there'ssomethingI think is very useful,
but it's later: after the lecturehasfinished.
TUTORThat'sfine.Go on.
CARLOS Well what I do is go through what I've written
down, summing up the main points in a few words
in the margin, on the left-hand sideof the page.I try
to usewords that'll jog my memory,so that I can
rememberwhat everything'sabout when I look at
them again.
TUTORYes,that can work verywell.What somepeople
do to reviewtheir notesis coverup their full notes
from the lecture,maybewith a pieceof paper or a
card, and concentratejust on what they'veput in the
margin, trying to recall the details.Then they move
the coverdown a little and checkwhether they were
right.
KAREENA Or you could put your main points on
anotherpieceof paperand clip them together.
Insteadof coveringand uncovering,you just hold a
pagein eachhand.
TUTORSure.It's down to personalpreference,really.
Everyonehastheir own learning style.
 broughtwith them the techniquesof living below
Section4 ground in 'dugouts'.The Depressionof the 1920sand
30sled to many prospectorsleaving,but the town
Questions 31-36 pase16 boomed againin the late 1940swhen shallownew
opal fieldswerediscovered,and immigrants &om
31 690 Europe arrivedin largenumbersafter the Second
The prompt'whichlies860 kilometresnorth of World War.It must be remembered,though,just
Adefaide'is followedby the answer'690southof how hostile conditionswere.Daltime summer
AliceSpringsi temperatures reachedwell over50 degrees
Centigrade, winter nightswerebitterly cold,and
32 1915
densedust stormsregularlyblanketedthe town. To
The answer,in 'that all startedto changein 1915',
copewith this,more and more peoplebeganliving
comesbeforethe prompt'with the discovery
in disusedminesand purpose-builtsubterranean
thereof opals.'
houses, wherethetemperature remainsat a
33 FirstWorldWar comfortable25 degreesall yearround, so that
ff.r" pr"rptlsettlements were established' eventuallyaround 70o/oof tinetown'sinhabitantshad
comesjust beforethe answer'following the Firsr madetheir homesbeneaththe surface.This led to
WorldWol.Allthreewordsare needed,as'War'or the constructionofhotels and evenchurchesbelow
'WorldWar'couldequallyapplyto the'Second ground, aswell asan entire undergroundshopping
WorldWari centre:the only one in the world.
34 Europe
Firstcomesthe prompt'in the late 1940swhen
shallownew opal fieldswere discoveredithen Questions 37*40 pase17
'immigrantsfrom Europearrivedin large
37C
numbers'.
The speakersays'thenearesttown to Coober
35 7oo/o/ seventy per cent Pedyis Woomeraibut this doesn'tmeanit'snear.
The speakermentions'hostile conditions'and Thecorrectansweris C because'even that is an
givesexamples.The recordingsaysthat'to cope enormousdistanceaway'.
with thisi'eventuallyaround 70o/o
of the town's
38A
inhabitantshad madetheir homesbeneaththe
Thespeakermentionsthreefacilities'withinthe
surface'.
town itself':'hotelroomsi'ethnicrestaurantsl
and
36 shoppingcentre 'its very own opal museum'.
The prompt is'hotelsand evenchurchesbelow
398
groundibefore?n entireundergroundshopping
The speakersaysthat'a shortdistancefrom
centre',reinforcedby'the only one in the worldi
town'we can find'the DingoFencei
408
The prompt phraseis'anotherattractioniThe
Questions3 l*3 5: script
speakerthen saysthatJustoutsidethe town'
LECTURER Good afternoon.Todaywe'recontinuing
thereare'setsof variousfilmsifollowedby
this seriesof talkson the developmentof the
examples.
AustralianOutbackwith a look at CooberPedy,the
deserttown of opal mines and undergroundliving
which lies 860 kilometresnorth of Adelaideand 690
harsh
south of Alice Springs.The inaccessibility,
climateand almosttotai lack of water madeit a
highly unlikely placefor human habitation,but that
all startedto changein 1915with the discoverythere
of opals,the preciousstoneswhich seemto change
colour accordingto their surroundings.Settlements
wereestablishedfollowing the First World War,
when soldiersreturningfrom the trenchesof France

Test1 Key 125

Questions3740: script
Perhapsnot surprisingly,this hasnow led to the
emergence of a secondaryindustry:tourism. /-
Increasingnumbersof visitorscometo seethe tunnels
and the caveswith their ventilation shafts,the weird
machineslying aboutin the town, and,just beyondit
in the scorchedred desert,the conicalhills thrown up
by the world'sbiggestopal mines.It's a logicalstopping
placefor travellers,too. The nearesttown to Coober
Pedyis Woomera,in the prohibitedareaonceusedfor
launchingspacerockets,but eventhat is an enormous
distanceaway.Within the town itself there areplenty
of hotel rooms and a number of ethnic restaurants-
rememberthat CooberPedyis one of the most
multicultural placesin Australia,with an estimated45
nationalitiesrepresented- and its very own opal
museum.A short distancefrom town there'sa section
of the enormousbarrier that runs thousandsof
kilometresacrossthe country: the Dingo Fence,which
is meant to keepthesepredatorywild dogsout of the
sheep-farmingareas.Another attractionjust outside
town arethe setsof variousfi.lmsmadethere,
including Mad Max 3, aswell as TheRedPlanetand
Until the End of the World- namesthat reflectthe
harshnessof the terrain and temperaturesthere.The
name CooberPedy,incidentally,comesfrom an
Aboriginalexpression meaning'whiteman'shole in
the ground'.Next I'd like to goon to talk aboutBroken
Hill, anothermining town but one that ...

126 IELTS
Practice
Tests
AcademicReading
PassageI
Questions 1-5 page18
1 ParagraphB:x
Thisparagraphexplainshow technological
problemsare no longerlimitingfactors.As the
new constraintis'whatthe human body can
actuallywithstandithe paragraph impliesthat
'spacebiomedicine'is of increasedimportance.
2 ParagraphC: ix
Thisparagraph changes... in
describes'physical
zerogravity'suchasthinner legsand facial
swellingwhich are'essentially
harmlessi
Therefore,thisparagraphmatches(ix)but not
(vii),which mentionsdamagei
3 ParagraphD:vii
Thisparagraphlistsa seriesof differenttypesof
harm causedwhen peopleare in space,
described
as'muchmoreserious'at the
beginning.Theuseof 'unseen'makes (ix)
impossible.
4 ParagraphE:i
Thisparagraphbeginswith cluessuchas
difficultiesi'accident
or seriousillnessl'millions
of
kilometresfrom Earthithengivesexamplesof
thesedifficultiesand putsforwarda tolutioni
5 Paragraph G:vi
Thisparagraphrefersto tarrying out studiesinto
the effectsof spacetravel'and then contrasts
'actuallyworking in space'withsimulating
tonditions in zerogravityiimplyingthat the
work is donebn Earthi
Headingsnot used
iii The medicalproblemsdescribedin paragraphD
are illnesses,
not accidents. AlthoughE doesin
fact mentionaccidents, neitherthis paragraph
nor any other part of the text claimsthey are any
more common in spacethan on Earth.
v The references to humanconditionsareto those
affectingthe body,not the mind.Theremay well
be psychological problemsassociated with these
illnesses,
and with simplybeing in space,but
they are not mentioned.
viii Thereis in fact no mentionanywherein the text
of the originsof spacebiomedicine, or its
developmentup to the presentday.
Questions6andT pase2t
6 (on/from) Mars
The secondsentencein paragraphB says'the
discoveryof iceon Marsmeansthat thereis now
no necessityto designand developa spacecraft
largeand powerfulenoughto transportthe vast
amountsof waterneededi
7 they becomethinner
The only referencein the text to'legs'isin
paragraphC.lt statesthat the'lower limbs
becomethinneri
Questions 8-12 pase21
8 Yes
The statementcorrespondsto the writer's
commentthat'the feasibilityof travelto other
planets,and beyond,is no longerlimitedby
engineering constraintsbut by what the human
bodycanactuallywithstandi
9 Not given
Therearecommentson the damagedone to the
human body during long periodsin space,but
the writer doesnot saythat astronautswill die
after a specificlength of time.
10 No
In paragraphF,the writer statesthat other
peoplehavesaidthis at sometime in the past,
but the writer'sview contrastswith this:'ltis now
clear,however,that everyproblem in spacehasa
parallelproblemon Earth.'
11 Not given
ParagraphE mentionsnew techniquesto'treat
internalinjuries',
but there is no indicationthat
thesewill be any more successful in spacethan
on Earth.The reference to'surgeons' in
paragraphF is Earth-based.
12 No
In the final paragraph,the writerexplainsthat
researchcan,and hasbeen,successfully carried
out underwateron Earth,asthe needto
'simulate'theconditionsin spacemakesclear.For
the samereason, the 'bed'wouldalsobe on
earth.
Test1 Key 127

Questions 13 and 14 page22
13 communicatingwith patients
L
The informationis in paragraphF.Thewriter
mentionstelemedicine'fortreating astronautsin
space'andgoeson to statethat it can be usedto
'commLtnicatewith patientsin remote parts of
the world.'
l4 filtering contaminatedwater
The informationis in paragraphF.Thewriter
mentions'sterilizingwastewater'in spaceand
goeson to statethat this can be usedto'flfer
contaminatedwaterat the sceneof natural
disasters.'
Passage
2 right answer.
Questions 15-19 pase25
15 (deep)canyons
The third paragraph(lines18-32)usesthe
expressions'the 1960s','discovered'
and'in the
rockat the bottom of the sea'(bedrock),
so
tanyons'or'deepcanyons'is the correctanswer.
16 above
Thethird paragraph (lines18-32)says'river
erosionof bedrockcannotoccurbelow sealeveli
but riversflowing into the Mediterranean had
cut into this rock.lt statesthat the sameis true of
caves.Therefore, when the summaryrefersback
to thesefeatures,it is sayingthat both canyons
and cavesmust have been formed abovesea
level.
17 seafloor
Thefourth paragraphmentionsa subsequent
examinationin 1970(lines35-36)'to studythe
seafloornearthe Spanishislandof Majorcaiso
the missingexpressionis'seafloof,withmore
proof in the next sentence.
I8 shellfish
Thefourth paragraphmentions'samples' which
were'two kilometresbelow'(line39).The
samplescontainedtwo kindsof livingthings:
vegetation('plants') and'shellfishlThis is
reinforcedby the adjective'shallow-wateri
19 silt/sandand mud
The phrase'aswell as'in the summarytellsyou
that 19 wasalsoinsidethe samples, and the
referenceto bnce ... carriedby riverwater'(lines
128 |ELTSPracticeTests
43-44)parallelsthe phrase'originally
transpo,rted
by river'inthe summary,so the
answermustbe'silt',or'sandand mudi
Questions 20-22 pase26
20E
The relevantpart of the text is'The ice reflects
sunlightinto space'(line67-68).The
consequence of this is that'the planetcools'.
21 F
The clue is in line 73 -'the waterflowedfaster
and faster.'The previoussentencesaysit isbcean
water'.Beforethat, the text says'thegap
enlarged' and makescomparisons with'Victoria
Falls'and'Niagarai makingit clearthat F is the
229
Theclueis'reheating the oceansand the planet'
(lines82-83).Justbeforethat,the text saysthat
'watersof the vastinlandseadrownedthe falls
and warm water beganto escapeto the Atlantic.'
F is not possiblebecausethe waterflowing over
the fallswas going the oppositeway.
Questions 23-27 pase27
23D
Thetext says'thedeep outwardflow from seato
oceanwas progressively cut off'(lines52-54),so
D is correct.A is falsebecausethe text says
graduallycut off| not'suddenlyclosediForB,
there is no mentionin the text of any fall in the
levelof the Atlantic.C is falsebecausethe
'shallowinwardflow of oceanwater into the
Mediterranean' remaineduntil'theshallow
openingat Gibraltar finallyclosedcompletelylso
immediatelyis wrong.
244
The key part is'the seabecamemore salineand
creaturesthat couldn'thandlethe risingsalt
contentperished... exceptfor bacteria'(lines
56-59).B usesa word from the text - 'bacteria'-
but wrongly makesit the cause.C may be true,
but there is no indicationthat this killedplants
or animalsin the Mediterranean. D is alsotrue,
but this occurredafter most life in the seahad
alreadydied,so it was not a cause.

25 B
The salinitycrisiswas saidearlyin the text to
have'plungedthe Earthinto an iceageisowhen
it ended5.4millionyearsago,the'reheating'
referredto in line 82 meantthe end of an ice age
too.A is contradictedby'reheatingof the planeti
C indicates'Victoria Falis/Niagara'
but
misinterprets the text.D is not supported
anywherein the text.
26 c people-friendly
The prompt is'subsequentiwith the evidence
'somebelieve... that the Mediterranean must
havedriedup and refilledmanytimes'(lines
88-90).A exaggerateswhat the text says:'added
a few wrinklesto Ryanand Hsut scenario'.ForB,
the studiesdid not disprovetheir main
argument,only the'detailsiD is not suggestedin
the text.
27 D
The phrase'notsomethingour specieshasto
worryabout'(line98)impliesthat humanswill
no longerexistwhen'nature'sclosure'occurs. A is
incorrectbecausethe phrase'lfcontinentaldrift
doesresealthe Mediterranean'means it is
possible. B is incorrectbecause,althoughthere is
a lightheartedmentionof 'stockpiling dynamitei
there is no serioussuggestionof technological
measures to stop it happening.c is similarto A:
'if'meansit is possiblebut not certain.
Tr l.
Readingpassage3
Questions 28-31 pase3o
28F
ParagraphF describesthe processof becoming
differentin appearance:'admission of certain
wolves... and exclusionof larger,more
threateningonesled to the developmentof
breedsdistinguishable from
wolvesby size,shape,coat,ears,and markings,'
29)
Thefinal paragraphmentions'prizedbloodlines'
and organizations:one'registers150breeds',
one
'lists196'and another'recognizesmany more'.
30A
ParagraphA makesthe point severaltimes:'dogs
remainassimilar[to wolves]as humans... areto
eachother ... not much differentat all';'dogs
and wolvesdifferby not much more than one
per cent:
31 I
Thisparagraphrefersto a king'saidto love his
dogs more than his subjectshnd to a relativeof
anotherking who shouted'save the dogs'when
'sailorsdrowned'.
Questions 32-35 pases
3o-31
B,C,F,H(anyorder)
B ParagraphB mentions'before the development
of ... permanenfhuman settlementsiwhile
paragraphD mention'wanderingpacks... and
... nomadichumansi
C ParagraphC refersto'the most suppliantwolves',
while paragraphF mentions'wolves that would
know the tricks ofsubservience and couldadapt
to humansin charge.'
F ParagraphF talksof 'animals... scovenging
Ieftovers'(i.e.
eatinganythingthe humansdidn't
want).
H ParagraphF statesthat'Puppiesin particular
would be hard to resist.'
Not used
A Paragraph C describes'the similar... sizeof wolf
packsand earlyhumanclansiwhileparagraphD
mentions'packs of 25 or 30 wolvesand clansof
like-numbered ... humans'.
Test1 Key 129
 ParagraphD statestertain wolves'were
accepted'intoearlyhumangatherings...by
proving ...unthreatening'. L
E ParagraphF states'foodwould have been -
plentiful.'
G ParagraphB statesthat archaeological
evidence
'putswolves... in the companyof man ... before
the developmentof farmingi

Questions 36-40 pase31

36D
Thesecondsentence of paragraphH talksabout
'Romanwarriors'who'trainedlargedogsfor
battleiThe
nextsentence describes
how'the
brutes' armedman'.
couldattack'an
37 E
i.r.grrph I refersto dogsin'seventeenth
centuryEngland'used asa sourceof energy:
'pullingcarts...','working
asturn-spits'and
'powering wheels...i
3
--8 F
Thelastsentence in paragraphG says'Native
Americansamongothersatepuppies'. Neither
thebthers'alludedto here,northe'societies'in
the nextclause,
arementionedby name.
39A
Althoughhuntingis referred
to in B,C,D andG,
paragraph
H refersspecifically
to ancientGreece,
wherepeopleused'speedy Laconians ... to
chaseandkillrabbitsanddeer.'
40 E
Thisisthe seconduseof E.Paragraph
I refersto
'herdinglivestock'
in England,
e.g.workingas
sheepdogs.

130 IELTS
PracticeTests

Test2
Listening
SectionI
Questions l-6 page 42
1 A Yes,definitely
The prompt isthe next thing is the gassupplyi
Simonasks'Doyou havea safetycertificate?'and you on that.
then specifies'acurrent one'.Theowner replies
'We do'.
2 A Yes,definitely
Simonasks'When did they actuallydo the
inspection?itowhich the owner eventually
replies'justover five months agoi Her first
answeris'earlylastyearibut shethen corrects
this.
3 B Maybe
SimbnasksAndthe electricity.When wasthe last
time all the wiring was inspected?'Although the
owner remembersan'electrician'in flat 34, she SIMONAnd the electricity.When wasthe last time all
can't rememb-er'ifhe lo,okedat everythingthen.'
Sheoffersto'find the bill and check.'
4 C Definitely not
Simonasks'arethereenoughplug socketsin the
flat?'andthey then discussthe meaningof
'enough'inthis context.Theowner saysone per
room and Simon'slighthearted'l'lltake that as a
"no"then,'isconfirmedby the owner'sanswerAll
righti
5 B Maybe
Simonasksabout a'smokealarmiAlthoughthe
owner says'yesithat only partly answers
guestion5.Simon'sfollow-upquestion'isit in
good workingorder?'bringsthe response'l'll
haveto try it out,and let you know,'sothere is
no certainty.
6 A Yes,definitely
Simontalksabout'the previoustenants'and
then asksif any tenants'stillhavekeysto the
door'.Theowner is definiteabout this:'everyone
hasto hand backthe keys... and thosein 3A
havealwaysdone so.'
Questions1-6: script
SIMONHello, this is Simon Marshall.I spoketo you
the other day about renting flat 3A.
OWNEROh yes,hello Simon.What can I do for you?
SIMONWell, there are a few health and safetythings I'd
like to run through if that's OK.
owNERYes,fine.
SIMONRight, well the first thing, bearingin mind it's
quite an old house,is whether there'sany damp.I'm
thinking here of the exterior walls,and the floor.
OWNERWell, I've neverknown any problemswith
damp there.It wasall right last time I checked,
certainly- though that wasbeforethe recentwet
weather.I'd better haveanotherlook and get back to
SIMONOK. Now the next thing is the gassupply.Do
you havea safetycertificate?A current one that is.
owNER We do. All the gasapplianceshavebeen
checkedby a registeredengineer.
SIMONYes,I wasgoing to askabout that. When did
they actuallydo the inspection?
OWNERLet me think ... theysentan engineerto check
somethingearlylast year,but, no, that wasn'tthe
inspection... Oh I remembernow,it wasin the
Spring.In fact I've got the certificatehere somewhere
... I€s,thatt it: March 22nd,so it's just overfive
months ago.
the wiring wasinspected?I know it doesnt haveto
be checkedasoften asthe gas,but it's still important,
especiallyin older properties.
OWNERAs it happenswe had an electricianin when
we redecoratedflat 3A. If he looked at everything
then, he would havechargedus for it. I'll find the bill
and checkit if you like.
SIMONFine.And when wasthat?
OWNEREr ... the decoratorsfinishedjust before
Easter,so that would be about eighteenmonths ago.
SIMONIust one more point on the electrics:are there
enoughplug socketsin the flat?
OWNERIt dependswhat you meanby'enough' really.
SIMONWell I've got quite a lot of electricalthings -
computer,radio, lamps,kitchen appliancesunJ ,o ort
- and I'm wonderingwhether I could plug them all
in without having cablestrailing all over the place.
OWNERI think there'sone per room: that's fairly
normalin olderproperties.
SIMONI'11takethat asa'no'then!
owNER All right.
SIMONNow, anothersafetypoint: is there a smoke
alarm?
owNER Yes,there'sone in the kitchen.
SIMONAnd is it in good working order?
Test2 Key '131
owNER I'll haveto try it out, and let you know.
SIMONRight.Now you mentionedthe previous
tenants:do they,or anyoneelsewho'slived irathe
flat, still havekeysto the door?
OWNERWe'revery strict about that. Everyonehas to
hand back the keyswhen they leave,or we don't
return the deposit.And thosein 3A havealwaysdone
so.
Questions 7-10 pase43
7C
Simontalksabout'a room where peoplecan
leavethings'andasks'Whereexactlyis that?ls it
nextto 3A ... on the third floor?'Theowner
repliesthat'the apartment'son the third,yes,but
the storeroom's a littleway away,'towhich
Simonasks'it'son the samefloot isn'tit?'The
owner replies'Yes, it is.'
8B
The word'70s'refers to when the heatingwas
installed,not the temperature. Although55 is a
temperature, it's not the presentone:'it usedto
be set at 55.'Thecorrectansweris'itt a constant
60 degrees.'
9C
Don'tconfusethe sizeof the yard ('20square
metres')with that of the garden:'about150
metres'.Other figuresto be carefulwith are the
sizeof the motorbikeengine('50cc')andthe old
man'sage ('nearly90').
108
The ownerfirst says'70cm'but then corrects
herselfby saying'No,sorry,that wasthe old one.
Thisone's80.'90is the numberof channels
available.
132 IELTS
PracticeTests
Questions7-L0:script
SIMON OK.'Now there are a few other practical details.
Firstly, you mentioned a room where people can
leave things like suitcasesand bags and things. Where
exactly is that? Is it next to 3A, which I take it is on
the third floor?
OWNER Well the apartment's on the third, yes, but the
storeroom's a little way away,just past the second
door to the right. Under the stairs,in fact.
SIMoN But it's on the samefloor, isn't it?
OWNERYes,it is.
SIMON Fine. Now another thing I wanted to check is
that there's hot water in the apartment.
OWNER Oh yes, it runs off the central heating - that
was installed back in the 70s I think - so there's a
permanent supply.
SIMON But is it really hot? Not just warm, or
lukewarm.
OWNERI supposeit depends what you mean by hot,
but it's at a constant 60 degrees.
SIMONThat soundsfine.
OWNERYes,it used to be set at 55, but last year the
tenants asked us to increase it, so we did.
SIMON I'm glad about that! OK, now can you tell me a
bit about the yard, and the garden? How big are
they?
owNER Well the yard, at the side of the house, is about
20 squaremetres.
SIMON Oh, so there's room for my motorbike, then.
Actually it's only a 50 cc moped, but I like to keep it
off the road at night.
OWNER)bs, there's more than enough spacethere,
even with all the wheelie bins.
SIMONAnd the garden?
OWNERThatt much bigger.About 150 square metres.
sIMoN Who looks afteiii, by the way?
owNER Old Mr Collins. He's almost 90 but he's out
there every day.
SIMON And the last point: the TV What size screenis
i t?
owNER lt's 70 centimetres wide, I think. No, sorry,
that was the old one. This one's 80. You can get
ninety-odd channelson it, so I'm told.
SIMON Really?So there's a satellite dish on the roof, is
there?
OWNER No. it's cable TV here. It doesn't cost much
between everyone) though.
SIMON That's very interesting. OK, thanks for your
help. I'll be in touch again soon.
OWNER Thank you. Bye for now
SIMON BYC,
Section2
QuestionsI I and 12 pase
+a
11 B
The prompt is the referenceto a'surveyiThe
figureof 32o/o is givenfor the numberof students
toping with lonelinessi Becarefulnot to mishear 14
sixteenhundredasa percentageand chooseA.
Don't interpret32o/o to mean people who do not
sufferloneliness, which would give answerC.
12A
Althoughyou hearthe prompt'reportby
researchers'and then 'personalwelfareand
healthservicesiyouhaveto wait until the
speakersays'610/o of all peopleusingcounselling
serviceswere aged under30.'Bis wrong because
'30'is not a percentage.The figure57o/oisonlyfor 16 primary school
'men'includedwithin the 61olo already
mentioned.
Questions11and 12:script
COUNSELLOR Lonelinessis somethingwe all suffer
from in varying degrees,but young peopleliving on
their own can be particularly vulnerable.Many who
leavethe famrly home find they are lessconfident
and havemore difficulty in finding their feet than
they expected.Often, going to work or study in
anothertown or city will be the first time they have
lived awayfrom home.Although this may sound like
an adventurefor thosedying to get awayfrom the
glareofthe parentaleye,for othersit is a daunting
prospectwhich generatesapprehension,uncertainty,
and evenfear.In fact,in a recentsurveyof over
sixteenhundredpeoplewho had recentlyleft home,
32o/osaidthat understandingand copingwith
lonelinesswasa crucial issuefor them and made
them feelhighly stressedand distracted.An annual
reportby researchers lastyearrecordeda noticeable
increasein the number of individualswith
homesickness, transition,and isolationissues.
Acknowledgingthat feelingsof lonelinessand
isolation could impedeprogressat work or study,
they examinedthe number of peopleusing the
welfareand health services.They found that young
peoplein particularwereproneto difficulties.Last
year610/o of all peopleusingcounsellingservices
wereagedunder 30 and of this group, 57o/owerc
men.
Questions 13-20 pase45
13 first year
Thefirst prompt is'Leavinghome'.Thespeaker
describescausesof loneliness, then says'Forthis
reason,in the firstyear a latof young people
sufferfrom loneliness.'
(other)people
The word'lronically'is a clue.Thespeaker
contrasts a 'sense of isolation'with being
'surrounded by people most of the timeiand
tonstantly amongpeople'with'a senseof being
alonei
15 on their own
The speakersay'lt is often thosewho are more
usedto being on theirown who deal best with
the transitionalperiodof leavinghome.'
The sentence'ltmay be the firsttime you have
had to make new friends sinceyou started
primary scltool'expresses the sameidea as the
statement.
17 far (away)
The prompt hereis'long-distance relationship'.
Thetext refersto'that specialpersonwho lives
so far away.'
18 everyone/everybody
The prompt hereis the sentence'One of the
waysof combatinglonelinessis to remember
that it's not your faultiThespeakersays'everyone
hasto dealwith (it):
19 activities
The questionparaphrases the part of the text
that sayspeople can get involvedin activities
which interestthem as a way of meetingmore
people.'
20 support services
The promptsarethe word tounselling'and'For
more information'.Thespeakersaystontact the
town hall'ssupportservices.'
Test2 Key 133
Questions13-20 information, or to be put in touch with an individual
counsello-6
contactthe local town hall's support"
COUNSELLOR: Leavinghome involvesa major change
t- services.
in lifestyle,work patternsand degreeof
independence. Youwill be awayfrom home,family
and friendsand areno longersupportedby familiar
surroundings.For this reason,in the firstyear a lot
of young peoplesufferfrom loneliness.Ironically,
this senseof isolation comesat a time when you are
likely to be surroundedby people most of the time.
Living in a busy ciry travellingon crowdedbusesand
trains,you will be constantlyamongpeople,but this
can sometimescompoundyour senseof beingalone.
Seeingotherswho appearat easeamonglarge
crowds,mingling and making friends,can makeyou
feel excludedand inadequate.Adapting to a new
environmentmakespeopleuncertainof what to do
or how to behaveand breedsinsecuritieswhich can
makefor a realsenseof isolation.lt is often those
who are more usedto being on their own who deal
bestwith the transitional period of leavinghome.
Other reasonsfor feelingaloneinclude high
expectationsof the big city whereyou have'the best
time of your life'and meet'lifelongfriends'.It may
be the first time you havehad to makenew friends
sinceyou startedprimary school and perhapsyou
arereluctantor finding it hard to replaceold friends
whom you miss.Thereare alsopressuresto juggle
work and socializingwhich may leaveyou feelingleft
out, or it couldbe that you havea long distance
relationshipand feeltorn betweenyour new lifestyle
and that specialpersonwho livesso far away.
Because lonelinesscanleaveyou with a senseof low
self-esteem whereyou becomeself-conscious and
feelyou havebeenrejected,it is very difficult to
overcome.You may be reluctantto eventry and
make new friends or takepart in socialactivities,and
will alsofind it difficult to say'no'to things,leaving
you feelingexploitedand weak.One of the waysof
combatinglonelinessis to rememberthat it's not
your fault, and that it's somethingeveryonehasto
dealwith, despiteappearances. Counsellorsadvise
thosefeelinglonely to speakto someonethey know
about their feelings.They alsoaskthem to consider
joining groupsand societiesand to get involvedin
activities which interestthem asa way of meeting
more people.Of course,overdoingit and jamming
your schedulewith too manythingsjust to avoid
being alonewill not work, but meetingotherswith
common interestsmay be a stepforward. If you still
feellike you needsomeoneto talk to, you could try
group counsellingwhereyou will be ableto talk to
and receivesupportfrom a smallnumberof people
with the samedifficultiesasyou. For more

134 |ELTSPracticeTests
Section3
Questions2l-24 pase46
21-23 A,E,F (anyorder)
A PaulasksA directly,'lsit nearthe College?i and PAULAWhere exactly is the Centre? Is it near the
Katy'sanswermeans'yes':'just roundthe corner
from here'.
E Whentalkingabout PCs,Katyrefersto'materials
in over fifteen different languages'.
F Katysays'thesamehardware(i.e.Macintoshand
PC)permitsaccessto the lnternetwith its many
languagelearningand discussion sites.'
Incorrect options
B Katysaysthe'books... audioor videocassettes'
are'ata wide rangeof levelsof difficulty.'
C Katy refersto'referencebookswithout tapesi
D Katytalksaboutdaily'newspapers, but the
Centrein fact receivesthe'weeklyinternational
editionof the SpanishnewspaperElPais'.
24 C, D (any order)
Thefirst prompt is Paula's question'Whatabout
TV?ifollowedby Katyt mention of the second
flooriKatytalksof 'televisions to view live
satellitetelevisionbroadcasts in seven
languages'and then liststhese,
C KatymentionsTurkishafterthe main list-
'Turkishbroadcasting can be viewedliveon
request:
D Katysaysthat'TheCentrerecordsthe newsin
French,German,Arabic...'
Incorrectoptions
A Englishis not includedin the first list.
B Japanese is not includedin the firstlist.
E Portugueseis mentionedin the first list of live
broadcasts, but not amongthe list of news
recordings.
Questi ons 2 I-24: scri pt
KATY Hi, I'm Katy Shaw and I work at the University
Language Centre. Your tutor tells me you might be
interested in using the Centre, so I'm here at the
College to explain a bit about it and of course to
answer your questions.
College?
KATY It's actually on King's Road: just round the
corner from here, in fact.
IEFFOh I know it, yes.I wondered what that building
was.
STEVEYes,what's there?
KAIY Well, the library has about 4000 books,
pamphlets and transcripts to go with some of the
L2,500 items on audio or video cassettes.These are at
a wide range of levels of diffrculry covering language
learning material in over 100 languages.There are
also reference books without tapes including
dictionaries, grammars, grammar workbooks,
vocabulary workbooks and model letters, as well as
texts on academic writing and effective study habits,
etc. Audio cassetteworkrooms are on the first floor.
by the wav.
Srevr Do tirey get any foreign-language press there,
too?
KATYYes,the library subscribes to a number of
European daily and weekly newspapers including
Le Monde from France, L'Espressofrom Italy and the
weekly international edition of the Spanishpaper
El Pais.
JEFFWhat about learning with computers? Can you do
that there?
KATY CALL, or Computer Aided Language Learning, is
available on the first floor.
JEFFHow many PC's are there?
KATY Counting both Macintosh and PC platforms,
there are nine at present. There are materials in over
fifteen different languages,and new material and
language categoriesare being added as library funds
permit. The programs cover verb drills, grammar
exercises,activities to accompany multi-media
textbooks, pronunciation, translation and some
multi-media applications. The same hardware
permits accessto the Internet with its many language
learning and discussionsites.
PAULAWhat about TV? Thatt a good way of learning
a language too.
KATY Yes,definitely. We agree. So on the second floor
of the Centre there are televisions to view live
satellite television broadcasts in seven languages.
PAULAWhich ones are they?
I(ATY Currently, we've got Arabic, French, German,
Test2 Key 135
 Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian. Ttrkish Incorrectoptions
broadcasting can be viewed live on request. The C Katyexplainsthat the librarianwill'offeryou
Centre records the news in French, German, Arabic, adviceon how much time is neededto make
Italian,Japanese, Spanishand Russian.And English, progressin the Ianguage.'
too. D Katyexplainsthat the librarianwill'help you
makethe bestchoiceof books.'
E Katy refersto'suggestionson how to improve
Question 25-30 pase47 your languagelearningtechniquesibut doesnot
mention other languagesyou havelearned.'
25-27 B,E,F(anyorder)
B The prompt is from Paula:'How do we sign up?'
29-30 AnswersA, E (any order) '
Katysays'youneed to go to the Centrewith a
A The promptsareJeff'squestions'Can shecopy
valid UniversitylD or a letter ... indicatingyour
tapesfor us to take home?Or can we borrow
status:
them?'Katysays'thelibraryis a resourcecentre
E SteveasksAre thereany formsto fill in?ito
and referencelibraryonlyl but makesit clearthat
which Katyreplies'l'mafraidsoiandthen
A is correctwhen shesays'youcan do as much
specifiesht the ground floor ReceptionDeski
self-studylisteningand readingwork there as
Shethen confirmsE by referringto'registration: you want.'
F Katyrefersto the'needto take part in an
E Katy'scomment'international copyrightlaw
induction'into 'properoperationof the Centre's
prohibitsusersfrom copyingmore than 5% of
computers, televisions,videosi
any one title in the academicyear'implies that
Incorrectoptions
somepagesmay be copied.
A Katysaysyou can'avoid payinga fee.'
lncorrectoptions
C Althoughshe mentionsa'Departmental
B Katyrulesout taking booksaway:'itt not
Administratorithisis in the contextof writing
possibleto take home materials, that'sto say
the letter.
booksor cassettes.'
D Thereis a referenceto'languagerequirementsi
C Katyrulesout copyingtapes:topyrightlaw
but this meansthe studeni'srJquirements, not
doesn'tpermitthe libraryor its staffto make
the Centre's.There is,therefore,no need to'take a
copiesof cassettesfor use by studentsoutside
test:
the Centre.'
D Steveasks'i1 O,[ to photocopy,themltowhich
it
28 A,B Katyreplies'thelibrarystaffwill handleany
AlthoughKatysays'tellthe librarianwho you are photocopying.'This makesD impossible,
on your firstvisit',this is not one of the optionsin confirmedby'you placea photocopyorderwith
28. the librarian.'
A Thefirst relevantreferenceis when Katysays'let
her (the librarian)know what - if any *
knowledgeof it (the language)you already
have.'
B Katytellsthe othersto'saywhat reasonsyou
havefor learningthe language.'

I 36 IELTS
Practice
Tests
Questions25*30:script Section4
PAULASoundsgreat.How do we sign up?
KATY-Io avoidpaying a fee,you needto go to the
Centrewith a valid UniversityID card,or a letter Questions 31-34 pase48
from your Collegeor DepartmentalAdministrator
31 {the) US/USA/America
on headedpaper indicating your status,length of
Theyear'1893'is mentionedand'Whitcomb
stayand languagerequirements.
Judson'isreferredto as'anotherAmerican
STEVEAre there any forms to fill in?
inventorwho took ... the ClaspLocker... to the
KATYI'm afraidso!Youdo that at the groundfloor
World'sFair... in theUS;
ReceptionDesk.Yourregistrationis for one
academicyearonly and needsto be renewed 32 success
annually.You should tell the librarian who you are Thefirst cluecomesbeforethe'Hookless
on your first visit, and you will needto takepart in Fastener' is mentioned:'thebuyingpublicbegan
an inductionto the library service,includingthe to take an interest'.
Followingthe reference
to
proper operationof the Centre'scomputers, 'Sundback', the speakerconfirmsthe answer:'it
televisions,videosand so on. soldquite welli
PAULACan shehelp us choosethe right materials,too?
33 1919
KATYYes!The librarian can give adviceand assistance
Both'Kynoch' are heard
and the'ReadyFastener'
in locatingmaterial,makingbestuseof the textsand
beforethe date'in 1919'.
tapes,and so on. Let her know which languageyou
want to study and what - if any - knowledgeof it 34 Goodrich's
you alreadyhave.Also saywhat reasonsyou havefor The speakersaysthat'the Zipper'wasdesigned
learningthe language.Your answerswill help the and given its modernAmericannameby BF
librarian help you makethe bestchoiceof books and Goodrich.'The surnameis repeatedand there is a
tapesfor your needs.Shecan alsooffer you advice play on words:'madeMr Goodrichextremelyrich
on holf much time is neededto makeprogressin the indeedi
language,and can offer suggestionson how to
improveyour languagelearningtechniques.
IEFFCan shecopytapesfor us to takehome?Or can Questions 3I-34
we borrow them?
LECTURER I think you all havea copyof the printed
KATYThe library is a resourcecentreand reference
notesand diagram... but I shouldpoint out before
library only.You can do asmuch self-studylistening
we go any further that there area few mistakesin
and readingwork thereasyou want, but it's not
thosenotes,so pleasecorrectany you notice aswe go
possibleto takehome materials,that'sto saybooks
along.Right, asyou can see,we are going to be
or cassettes. And copyrightlaw doesn'tpermit the
looking at the zip, or zipper asit's known in the US,
library or its staff to makecopiesof cassettesfor use
which is whereit had its originsin 1851.In fact,it
bv studentsoutsidethe Centre.All materialmust be
wasinitially giventhe rather lesscatchyname of the
usedon the premises, I'm afraid.This ensuresthat
Automatic ContinuousClothing Closureby the
materialsare alwaysavailablefor studentsworking
personthat inventedit: EliasHowe,who also
on their own and not out on loan for long periods,
designedthe first sewingmachine.It wasn'tuntil
r$ich could harm users'progress.
1893,though,that someoneactuallytried to market
STEVESo if we can'ttakebookshome,is it OK to
the zip, when Whitcomb |udson,anotherAmerican
photocopythem?
inventor,took what he calledthe ClaspLockerto the
KATYThe library staff will handleany photocopying,
World's Fair held that yearin the US. His hook and
though internationalcopyright law prohibits users
eyesystemwasa commercialdisaster,and it was
from copyingmore tban 5o/oof any one title in the
anotherfifteen yearsbeforethe buying public began
academicyear You placea photocopyorder with the
to take an interest:this time a more reliablemodel
librarian or an assistantand orderswill be processed
with facingsetsof teeth namedthe Hookless
betweenone and two o'clock,or after five thirty.
Fastener, designedby a Swedishengineercalled
PAULAHow much doesit cost?
GideonSundback. Attachedto clothing,pursesand
KATYTenpenceper page.Paymentis by photocopy
other items,it sold quite well. Graduallythis new
card,which you canbuy from the InformationDesk
alternativeto buttonscaughton, aspeoplerealized
on the groundfloor....

Test2 Key 137

 the advantages of a fastenerthat only neededone
hand to operate,that childrencould use,that left no
visible gaps,and so on. The British firrrl Kynoch
beganproducing and sellingthe ReadyFastenerin
largenumbersin 1919,and a few yearslaterthe
Zipper,designedand givenits modernAmerican
nameby BF Goodrich, madeMr Goodrich
extremelyrich indeed.
Questions 35-39 pase4e
35 pin
The prom.ptfqr diagram is'Let'slook first at
th.e
the right-handsideof the illustrationiThe
descriptiongoesclockwisefrom'tape'to'heat
sealpatch'tohlongsidethe heatsealpatchis a
smallpieceof metal ... to enablethe two halves
of the zip to join.'Thespeakerstates'thisis
known as the pin'.
36 box
Detailson 36 are given:bppositethat,on the
other half of the zip in the diagram,is a device
which correctlyalignsthe pin.'Thisis then
identified:'thebox,asit'scalled,beginsthe
joining of the zip halves.'
37 {metal) teeth
Theanswermustbe plural:'running up the
insideedge of eachhalf are dozens,possibly
hundreds,of metal teeth.'Thereis a second
reference:'movingup and down the teefh...'
38 pulltab
The p,romptis the referenceto h pieceof metal
calledthe slideriThespeakersays'thisis
operatedby meansof a pulltab,'andthen
confirmsthe first word:'theweareror userpulls
it.'
39 top stop
The speakergivesthe prompt'to preventthe
slidercomingoffthe teeth at the other end,'
beforespecifyingthat'there is a top stop on both
sidesof the zip.'Studyof the diagramwill
confirmthis lastpoint.
138 |ELTSPracticeTests
Question 40 paqe+e
408
In B,butline'indicates only the most important
points,while'development' coversboth the brief
historicalbackgroundand the descriptionof the
'still widely used'separablezip.A overstatesthe
scopeof the talk only one kind of zip fasteneris
explained. Althoughthe secondpart of the text
focuseson one kind of zip,as statedin C,the
speakerhasno commercialmotive:theonly t
particularmakeshe mentionswere lastmade in
the 1920s.The speakerbrieflyrefersto the zip's
bccasionaltendencyto trap partsof the wearer's
anatomy;but this is the only,passing,mentionof
the'dangers'in D.
Questions35-40:script
LECTURER If its usein trouserswasa major factorin
establishingthe zip asa fashionicon, despiteits
occasionaltendencyto trap parts of the wearer's
anatomy,another major breakthroughcamewith the
separablezip: the kind that opensat both ends.This
type, still widely usedin a rangeof items from
jacketsto tents,is shownin the diagram.Let'slook
first at the right-hand sideof the illustration, at the
material attachedto the item of clothing, the bag or
whatever.This is the tape,which is usua"llymade-of
fairly tough fabric.At the end of that there'swhat is
known asthe heat sealpatch:the cotton and nylon
laminatedmaterial usedto reinforcethe tape.Now
alongsidethe heat sealpatch is a small pieceof
metal, usedonly on a separatingzip, whosefunction
is to enablethe two halvesof the zip to join. This is
known asthe'pin'. Oppositethat, on the other half
of the zip in the diagram,is a devicewhich correctly
alignsthe pin. The'box', asit's called,beginsthe
joining of the zip halves.Running up the inside edge
of eachhalf are dozens,possiblyhundreds,of metal
'teeth',eachof which hasa small hook and an
equallytiny hollow. Moving up and down the teeth,
to open and closethe zip, is a pieceof metal called
the slider.This is operatedby meansof a'pull tab', so
calledbecause, Iogicallyenough,the weareror user
pulls it in one direction or the other.To closethe zip,
a wedgeinsidethe sliderpushesthe hook of each
tooth on one sideinto the hollow of eachoffset
tooth on the other; to openit, the wedgeforcesthem
apart.To preventthe slider coming off the teeth at
the other end,there is a'top stop' on both sidesof
the zip.This basicdesignhaschangedlittle in the
manyyearssinceit wasfirst introduced,although
nowadays,of course,zips- zippers- are availablein
a whole rangeof shapei,sizesand materials.
 8 bonding
Academicreading bonding'isgivenas a
In the text,the'necessary
beneficialconsequence of 'mutualgrooming.'
Passage1
Questions 9-13 pase53
Questions 1-5 page5l
9F
B The referenceis in lines71-73!peoplemay
The textilefactoryis mainlymentionedfrom line unconsciously exaggeratesymptoms... because
25 where'workerscomplainedof being bitten.'lt it getsthem a breakfrom unappealingwork.'
statesthat'dermatitissweptthrough the However, while the
the text says'unconsciouslyi
workplace'and'seemedto be transmitted questionreads'theyknow it will.'
through employees' socialgroups.'
10 T
c Thetext saysthat'the lab workers... spentthe
Line34 mentionsan 'infestation'that'spread day laboriouslyexaminingthe resultsof ... tests'
through officestaffgoing through dusty records and'textileworkersand clericalstaff ... found
that had lain untouchedfor decades.'lnline 76 what they had to do tedious'(lines73-78).Both
staffporing
there is furtherevidence:tlerical 'laboriously'
and'tedious'indicate'boring'.
over records.'
11 NG
A Youmight reasonablyassumethis to be true,but
Lines11-13 referto the laboratorywherethere it isn'tmentionedanywherein the text,despite
was'a problem,attributedto cablemitesiand the overalltopic.
saysthat'a concertedeffort was made to
exte'rminatethe mites.' 12 T
Thetext states'fewwill accept... what
B psychologists calla hystericalcondition.Inthe
Thisrefersto the factoryagain.Lines26-28 state past ... expertreassurance was enough;these
that'workerscomplainedof being bitten by daysthere is a mistrustof conventional
insectsbrought into the factoryin imported medicine'(lines84-89).
cloth.'
13 F
A The prompt is lnternetin line 92,followedby the
Thisrefersto the laboratoryagain.Lines11-13 mentionof 'an epidemiciHowever, the final
state'thatthe problem ... startedto spreadto sentencesays'Onlyan awareness of the power
relativesof the victims.' of the illusioncanstop it.'

6-8 pase52
Questions Question 14 pase53
6 individualscratching 14D
Lines53-67 relateto the chart.Thechart The gist is that certainparasites and insectbites
requiresthe causeof group scratching.Thetext are all in the mind,Option A only relatesto the
saysthat'individual would'prime
scratching' contentof paragraph7; B only to paragraphs2,
them (thegroup)to scratchitchesof their 4,and 5;C mentions'scratchingi part of the main
own'(cause/effect). theme,but'yawning'and'laughing' areonly
7 alerted others incidentalreferences in the text;E relatesonly to
Thisis given as a consequence of individual the final part ofthe text.
lt would have'alertedothersthat
scratching'.
therewere biting insectsor parasitespresent.'
The phrase'bitinginsectsor parasites'
corresponds to'pests'in the chart.

Test2 Key 139

Passage
2 Questions 20-24 pase57
:'
Questions 15-19 pase54
15 Sectionll:i
The reference tompleted in 1875'makesit clear
this was the originallift.Thesecondand third
paragraphsof this section,beginning'the
operatingmechanismconsistedof ...',explain
how it worked.
16 Sectionlll:e
Thefirst paragraphof this sectionstatesthe
problemsof 'pitting and groovingof the
cylinders and pistons'and theircause,whilethe
seconddescribesthe attemptedremediesand
effect.ltalsomentionsa problemwith'the boiler
for the steamenginei
17 SectionlV:h
Thefirst paragraphof this sectiondescribesthe
structureaddedto the original,which included
'the A-framesi'theplatform'and'the new
operatingmechanism'.The way this machinery
worked is discussedin the secondparagraph.
18 SectionV: a
The only sectionwhich sayswhat the lift was
actuallyusedfor is V.Thefirst paragraphof this
sectionconsidersits usewith cargovessels, and
the second,its tourismfunction.
19 SectionVl:c
Cluesincludethe contrastwith'demolition'and
wordssuchas'save'and tonservediAlthough
the secondparagraphof this sectionmentions
'replacing'and a'replicai
the third explainsthat
they in fact restoredthe lift to its 1875system
and structure.
Not used
b coverstoo manysections- ll,lll & lV.
d dealsonlywith the firstthing mentionedin
the text.
g is too narrow:only the first paragraphof
sectionlV discussesthe supports.
j is incorrectbecauseat no stageis therea
tompletely new lift':the secondis built on top of
the first,and the third returnsto the structure
and operatingsystemof the first.
14A IELTS
PracticeTests
20 platform
The answerto 17 indicatesthat the relevant
sectionis lV.Thefirst paragraphof sectionlV
describes'the platformthat now formedthe top
of the framework on it was locatedthe new
operatingmechanism, which includedseventy-
two pulleys.'
2 1 A-frame
As'the platform... formedthe top of the
frameworkiyou can seewhat wasthere'to
support'this platform:the A-shapedstructures
'at eithersidei
22 pulley(s)
The pulleysare mentionedas part of the
bperating mechanism' on the'platformiand
agalnwhen describing how the 'wireropes...
ran ... aroundpulleys.'
23 (boat carrying)tank
Thetanksarethe biggestmoving partsin the
diagram,ableto be'raisedor lowered'.The
explanation
of the mechanism - the ropes
runningaroundthe'pulleys'- providesfurther
clues.
24 (castiron) weights
Theirlocationis given-'at the sideof the
structure'- and their connectionto the tanksvia
the pulleysis describedin the first sentence,of
the secondparagraph.
Questions 25-27 pase58
25 Franceand Belgium
In Sectionll,the text statesthat'the lift becamea
prototypefor largerversions... in Franceand
Belgium,'
26 a hydraulicpump
ln iection fl, the iext statesthat'a hydraulicpump
drivenby steamsupplied... additionalenergy
... to effect... movement.'
27 cylindersand pistons
Thefirst paragraphof Sectionlll statesthat'the
canalwater used'wastorrosive,and therefore
causingthe damage.'Thedamage'refers backto
'the pitting and grooving of the cylindersand
pistons'.
Passage3
Questions 28*34 pase61
28 size
Thesummarycoverslines58-79.Question 28
requires
a nounmeaning'the tiniest... to the
onefromthe listthatfits issize.
biggestiThe
29 never
An adverbis required.Thetext says'thiskind of
Iife is all we know'(lines63-64),which
paraphrases the summary'wehavenever
observedany other kindsof organism'.
30 mistake
A noun is needed,probablyin a fixed expression.
The text says'scientists
... tend to look for ...
vital signsthat betrayearthlyorganismswhen
we haveabsolutelyno reasonfor thinking that
life elsewhereshould be earthlike'(lines66-70).
In other words,they are making a mistake(not a 33C
'breakthrough').
3 1 planet
Followinghnotherithismust be a singularnoun.
The text refersto'Mars'and'Martianmeteoritesi
which referto a planet,not an entiregalaxy.
3 2 narrow
An adjectiveis requiredto qualifydefinitioniThis Questions 39-40 pase63
word appearstwice in the text:on the first
occasionthe writer is concernedthat the
definitiontannot be basedmore broadly'(line
71),i.e.that itis narrow.Thereis no suggestion
that the scientists'definition haschangedsince
the previousone.
3 3 composition
Thisneedsa pluraloruncountablenoun
contrastingwith'behaviouriThispart of the
summaryrelatesto the phrasein the text'what it
does,ratherthan what it is made of'(lines
75-76:the word that means'whatit is made of'
is composition.
34 defining
A verb -ing form is required.Theanswerrelates
to fines76-79:'itis difficult ... to make sucha 40D
definitionstick,preventingthe term from
becomingso inclusiveas to be meaningless.'
Questions35-38 pase
62
3sc
The questionparaphrases the sentence'Butas
Cohenand Stewartshow in their novel,it is
possibleto imagineentities... which appearto
be alive,but which bearabsolutelyno
resemblance to terrestrial
organisms'(lines
90-94).
36A
The questionparaphrases the sentenceAliens,
he (Aldiss)argues,are a manifestationof a
fundamentalhuman urge to populatethe
universewith "others"'(lines 43-45).
378
The questionparaphrases the sentence'lnhis
latestnovel ... Banksdescribesorganismsthe
sizeof continentssupportingentirecivilizations
astheir intestinalparasites'(lines
111-114).
Thequestionhasa similarmeaningto the
sentence'Theirargumentwith astrobiologyis
not that aliensmight not exist,but that we
(humans)caRnot help be constrained in our
search'(lines55-57).
39A
The writer'sviewson astrobiologyare in the first
four paragraphs. He saysthat'astrobiologyis
arguablythe trendiestbuzzwordin scienceafter
genomics'(line 1).B is not possiblebecausehe
asks,'lsastrobiology a new namefor repackaged
goods (exobiology)?' (line 14)and answers'No,
for two reasons'. C statesastrobiology'has
proved'the existence of fossilsin a meteorite,
whereas the text says theseare'much-disputed
claims'(line 21).D contradicts the text,which
says'Significantly, Nature magazine recently
lookedat astrobiologyin all its forms,'soa
scientificpublicationtook it seriously.
D correctlysumsup the writer'smain purpose
overall.A is too generaland vague.B dealsonly
with part of the text nearthe start not its main
purpose.C givesan incorrectinterpretationof
what the text actuallysays.
Test2 Key 141

Test3
Listening
SectionI
Questions l-6 pase74
Example A Edinburgh for three months, so I'd like someadvice
Lisa,in responseto Dan'senquiryon'what to
bring with meisays'mostimportantof all are
your documents', so theseare essential.
1A
The prompt comeswhen Lisasays'let'sstartwith
cashiShesays'makesurewhen you get hereyou
havesomecashon you,'specifying'Pounds'and
'fifty,asan absoluteminimum'.
2A
AlthoughLisasays'youwill needwarm clothing,'
shethen says'youreallydon't needto bring
much'asit can be bought cheaplynearby.
However, sheadds,'Domakesure... that you
have... a thicksweaterand a jacketi
3C
Danwonders'whetherto bring my computer,'
and Lisawarnsof incompatibilitywith the
electricitysupplyand the riskof breakage.
Dan
asksaboutcarryingit'ashand luggageibutLisa
saysthis may not be possible,
adding'myadvice
is to leaveyoursat home.'
4C
Dan asks:'lsthereanythingelseyou'dadvise
againstbringing?'Lisa firstmentionsitemsnot
includedin the table ('householdor cooking
things'),but sayslaterAnd importingfood,of
course,isn'tallowedby Customs.'
5B
Lisaintroducesthe answerby saying'thereone
or two things l'd suggestyou find room for in
your suitcase,'and then suggests'perhaps
a few
of your favouritecassettes or compactdiscs?'
However, shedoessay'youmight be ableto find LISAUsually,yes.But becauseof all the tight security
them in the shopshere,'reinforcing
recommendedratherthan essential.
142 IELTS
PracticeTests
6B
Lisasays'somephotographsof peopleand
placesthat arespecialto you could be nice ...
Itt just a thought,'whichis a recommendation.
Questions1-6: script
LISAHomestayLanguageLearning;Lisa McDowell
here.How canI helpyou?
DANHello.My name'sDan...
LISAHEIIODAN.
DaN and I'm going to be living with a family in
on what to bring with me. I'm flying in via Singapore
on the fifteenth.
rtSA Right.Well perhapsmost important of all are
your documents:vaccinationcertificate,sponsor's
letter and the certi$'ing letter from us for
Immigration.
DAN Yes,I've got all thosein order,I think. What I'm
really wondering about are money and clothes,and
things for my room. Personaleffects,in other words.
LISAOK. let's start with cash.You'll alreadvhave
money in your bank accounthere,of course,but
makesurewhen you gethereyou havesomecashon
you. Poundsthat is, not eurosor dollars.
DAN How much do you suggest?
LISAI'd sayfifty, asan absoluteminimum.
DAN OK. Now the next thing is which clothesto bring.
What do think?
LISA Well,asI'm sureyou know it can getpretfycold
here, so you will needsomewarm clothing. There
are shops nearherethat sellwinterclothesquite
cheaply, so you.really don'tneedto bring much.Do
make sure, though, that you haveat leastone thick
sweaterand a jacketwith you when you arrive here:
the temperature's likely to be a lot lower than in
Singapore!
DANThanksfor the warning!Now somethingelseI'm
not sureabout is whether to bring my computer.Itt
a laptop,so it won't take up much room.
Lisa TWoproblems:firstly, it might not be compatible
with the electricitysupply in this country, and,
secondly,there'sa risk of it gettingbroken in transit.
Someonetravelling herehad herssmashedonly last
month.
DAN But surelyI can carryit ashand luggage?
right now you may haveto checkit in. So my advice
is to leavevours at home.
DAN OK, t ttrint I will. Is there anything elseyou'd
adviseagainstbringing?
LISAWell you won't needhouseholdor cookingthings: LISAIt's'Wark', Lewisand Amy Wark.
they'll all be provided.And importing food, of DANSothat'sW-A-L-K?
course,isn't allowedby Customs.Though I imagine LISAIt's actuallyW-A-R-K, but we'll be posting full
you alreadyknew that. detailsto you later this week.
DANWell, er,yes. OeN Right,fine. And I'd better put someessentialsin
LISABut there are one or two things I'd suggestyou my hand luggage.Enough for a night or two in case,
find room for in your suitcase... asyou say,anything happensto my main, er, cases.
DANYes? LISAYes* I'd recommenda changeof T-shirt and
LISAPerhapsa few ofyour favouritecassettes or socksand so on, plus any medicationyou may need.
compactdisks?Of course,you might be ableto find And a toothbrush.of course.
them in the shopshere,but then againyou might DANAnd my tights.
not. LISAYour tights?
DAN That'sa good idea.Anything else? DANYes,for the flight. Wearingthem helpsprevent
LISAYes- somephotographsof peopleand placesthat deep-veinthrombosiswhen you're flying long
are specialto you could be nice.They can really distances, not gettingany exercise.
makeyour room feel like home. It's just a thought. LISAOh yes... I've heardaboutthat.Now talking
DANHmm. I'll seeif I've got a few good ones. about exercise,there'sone last thing. When you've
packedyour baggage,checkyou can carry it - all of
it - at least500 metres,without any help.You may
Questions 7-10 paset4 haveto do that!
DAN OK. Well, thanksfor all your help.You'vecleared
7 Wark up a lot of points.
Lisasays'makesureall your casesare clearly LISAYou'rewelcome.Havea safejourney, and we'll
with your host family'sname
labelled,in English, look forward to seeingyou next month. Bye.
and address'.Dan asks'Whatnamedo I write'and DANBye.
Lisa.replies'Wark Lewisand Amy Wark'.Dan says
'W-A-L-K'butLisacorrectshim:'lt'sactuallyW-A-
R-Ki
8 his hand luggage
Dan says'l'dbetter put someessentials
in my
handluggageitowhichLisareplies'ld
recommenda changeof T-shirtand socksand so
on.'
9 wear tights
Theyboth mention'tights'beforeDan givesthe
prompt'forthe flighti He then refersto 'wearing
themi and explainsthe healthreasons:'Wearing
them helpspreventdeep-veinthrombosiswhen
you'reflying long distances.'
10 500 metres
The prompt comeswhen Lisasays'whenyou've
packedyour baggage.'She then says,theckyou
can carryit - all of it - at least500 metres.'

7-10:script
Questions
LISA|ust a few points about packing:makesureall
your casesare clearlylabelled,in English,with your
host family's name and address.]ust in casethey go
missingon the way.It hasbeenknown to happen.
DANWhat name do I write, by the way?

Test3 Key 143


Section2
:
Questions 11-13 pase75
11-13 A, C,F (anyorder)
A Sallybeginsby sayinghlthough one in four
peoplehassomekind of disability, the
proportionamong studentsis much lower.'
OptionA is similarto this.
C Shesays'some(universities) havequite sticky
problems'forwheelchairaccesscausedby
'ancientbuildings,cobbledstreetsbuilt centuries
ago,and so on.'
F Referringto the disabilityadvisor,shesaysbften
this personis a token ... an extraresponsibility
givento a secretary.They don't know what the
situationis in practice,and they don't haveany
realauthorityto changeanything.'
Options not used
B Afthough she mentionsthe age25,and the fact
that'universities don't do much to encourage
access,'sheis referringto the disabled,not
studentsover 25.
D Thismay be a legalrequirementin some
countries,but it is not stated by Sally.She is
talkingabout a documentthat explains
universitypolicy,not actualfacilities.
E Thiscontradictswhat she says:'Most universities
and somestudents'unions havea disability
advisor.'
a situation,someuniversitiesmakean extra special
effort to provide for studentswith particular
disabilities,while othershavespecialist
accommodation.In fact, all universitiesshould have
a written policy statementon studentswith
disabilities,settingout what facilitiesthey have,what
their attitude is, and what they'repreparedto do.
But,havingsaidthat,only you canproperly
understandthe challengesof any disability you have,
and so,beforeacceptinga placeat a university(or
even,while you're consideringapplying,if only to
raisethe universities' awareness), it's good to talk to
them and find out how much they can (and will) do
for you. The problem is who to talk to. Most
universitiesand somestudents'unionshavea
disability advisorwho is supposedto know what
facilitiesthey alreadyhaveand will help with further
arrangementsif necessary or possible.However,all
too oftenthis personis a token.Sometimesit's just
an extra responsibilitygiven to a secretary.They
dorit know what the situation is in practice,and they
don't haveany real authority to changeanything.So,
giventhat for any prospectivestudentit's bestto visit
a universitybeforeapplying,it's an especiallygood
idea for studentswith disabilitiesor specialneedsto
checkwhetherthe placereallydoescomeup to
scratch.In general,the universityshould provide
personalcareand assistance, and thereare certain
key featuresto look out for if you havea particular
disability,including the following.

Questions11-13:script
PRESENTER Welcometo StudentTimes,the
programmewith all the lateston what'shappeningat
universitiesaround the country.Todaywe'll be
discussingdisabledapplicants,and the kind of
support they can expectto find - or not find - at the
universityof their choice.With me to tell us more is
StudentDisabilityAdvisorSallyThylor.Good
morning, Sally.
SALLYGood morning,Hugh.I'd like to startby
pointing out that althoughone in four peoplehas
somekind of disability,the proportion among
studentsis much lower.This is partly becausemost
studentsare under 25 andmany peopleonly develop
their disabilitiesasthey get older - but it's also
becausesomeuniversitiesdon't do much to
encourage access. It is true,though,that somehave
quite sticky problemswhen it comesto, for instance,
wheelchairaccess- ancientbuildings,cobbledstreets
built centuriesago,and so on. When facedwith such

144 |ELTSPracticeTests

Questions 14-19 pase75
14 lifts that work
The prompt for the sectionis'if your mobilityis
impaired,'andthen fire and emergency
procedures,'which precedethe gap.Theword
the speakergoeson
'lifts'aloneis not sufficient:
to exclude'theusualonesthat seemto be out of
order halfthe time.'
l5 hearingimpairment
Studyingthe precedingand followingdisabilities accommodationor teachingrooms.Then,when
in the table shouldprovidecluesto the type of
answerneeded,and the first sentenceof this
sectionincludesthe words'hearingimpairmen(.
16 visualdoorbells
Theflashingsirensabovethe gap providesa
clue,and an explanationof what'visualdoorbells' any kind of hearing impairment. Thereshouldbe
actuallydo followsthe useof the expression:
they'light up when somebodycallsroundto see
you.'
17 clearmarkings
Followingthe referenceto'Brailletranslators', the
partsof the buildings(stairs, floors,etc.)come
b.eforethe mention of clearmorkings.
18 extra time
Answeringthis correctlyrequiresyou to
understandreferencewords:in'youshouldbe
allowedextratime to do so,"so'refersto
completingexams,and in'Thisappliesto work in
generaltoo,"This'refersbackto having exfra
tirnein the previoussentence.
19 emergency
Afterthe mentionof 'medicationand/ortherapyi
Sallygivesthe answer:'make surethat in the
event of an emergency, -
it is clearwhat you and
-
other people who may be involved haveto do,'
you
meaningthe procedures mustfollow
Question 2O pase76
20D
B is correctbecauseit reflectsthe advisory
contentand tone of the text,which addresses
the readeras'you'.A relatesonly to the
beginningof the text.C is wrong becausethere
is no mentionof a specificuniversity(oneaim of
the text is to enabledisabledstudentsto make
an informedchoiceof university). D is incorrect
because, althoughthere is generalcriticismof
universitiesat the beginning,includingcriticism
of the lackof effectivedisabilityofficers,it is
balancedwith someexplanationand praise.
Thereis no realcriticismof facilities,
so this
cannotbe the main purpose.
Questions 14-20: script
sALLYFirstly,if your mobility is impaired,checkthere
are ramps and easyaccessto all buildings,not just
you're inside,look for clearinstructions on fire and
emergencyproceduresfor the disabled.Also make
surethere are lifts that work - not the usualones
that seemto be out of order half the time - and
checkfor suitablelavatoryfacilities.Thereis a
different set of things to look for if you sufferfrom
inductionloopsin lecturetheatres, flashingsirensin
all rooms,and, in accommodation,visual doorbells
that light up when somebodycallsround to seeyou.
If it is your sightthat is impaired,thereobviously
needto be Brailletranslatorsof booksand
documents.In all buildings,the stairs,floors,
doorwaysand windows must haveclear markings,
and there alsohaveto be specialfire and emergency
proceduresfor you. If you sufferfrom dyslexia, you
will needa computer for generaluseand in exams.
And, asexamsmay takeyou longer to complete,you
shouldbe allowedextra time in which to do so.This
appliesto work in general,too. Thereare of course
many other possiblehealth difficultiesthat you may
sufferfrom, suchasdiabetes,epilepsy,or heart
conditions.If this is the case,checkthe availabilityof
access to appropriatetreatmentincludingmedication
and/or therapy.Finally,makesurethat in the event
of an emergency, it is clearwhat you - and other
people who may be involved- haveto do.
Test3 Key 145

Section3
i.
Question s 2l-26 pase76
21 C
Lizsaysbne of the most usefulthingswas
chattingto peoplewho'd alreadybeentherefor
a year,so-calledseniorstudents.'
228
Lizdescribes'thegreatatmosphereat the formal
dinner',saying'itwas one of the high pointsof
the whole week.'
23F
The prompt comeswhen Lizsays'theytook us
round the city centre'.After Mark'scomment,she
says'itwas very worthwhile.'
24E
Marksays'maybethey could havetaken us to a
better night club.Themusicat the placewe
went to was lousy.'
2sA
Lizsays'theyshowedus round everythingon the
campusipromptingMarkto complain'itwas
everything... I could havedone with less
informationon everybuilding,'suggesting there
shouldhavebeen'moreon placeseveryone's
likelyto use... .'
26D
Liztalksof hn afternoonsessionon how to drive
in this countryiMarksays'lwasa bit
disappointed,'and'it might havebeen more
helpfulif it had includedstufffor pedestrians.'
Questions 2l-26:script
Iuue Soyou wereboth on last year'sOrientation
Course,then. How did it go?
LIZ I loved it. The activitieswerewell organized,and I
met peoplefrom all over the world.
MARKYes,it wasusefi.rl.
IULIA And you think I should sign up for this year's
course?
LIZ Yes,definitely.Apart from being fun, it really does
prepareyou for all the things you haveto do in your
first coupleof weeks.In fact, one of the most useful
things waschatting to peoplewho'd alreadybeen
therefor ayear,so-calledseniorstudents.They'd
beenon the Orientation Coursethe yearbeforelast,
and recommended it to us.Oh, and therewasa great
146 |ELTSPracticeTests
atmosphereat the formal dinner,too. It wasso
colourful,,yrithpeoplein their traditional dressfrom
Asia,Africa, SouthAmerica.It was one of the high
points of the whole week.
MARKThat wasright at the end, of course.The first
thing they did, on the Monday,wastakeus on a
guidedtour of the StudentsUnion.
Llz And after that they took us round the city centre,
showingus things like the bus station,the main
shops...
MARKAnd the bestpubs ...
LIZ Right.So it wasvery worthwhile.
MARK Yes,though maybethey could havetakenus to
a better night club.The music at the placewe went to
waslousy.
LIZ That'sa matter of taste,surely!Well anywaythe
next day they showedus round everythingon the
campus.
MARKAnd believeme it waseverything.We must have
walkedmiles.I could havedonewith less
information on everybuilding in sight,giventhat I'll
probablyneverneedto go into half of them, and a
bit more on placeseveryone'slikely to useat some
time or other.Like the sportsblock, the health
centre,the bicycleand car parks...
LIZ Which remindsme, therewasan afternoonsession
on how to drive in this country,which seemedto me
a bit weird * you know, for a universitycourse.
MARKI supposeit's becausethere'vebeen accidents
involving studentswho aren'tusedto peopledriving
on the left. I wasthere actually.
LlZHow wasit?
MARKWell, I must sayI wasa bit disappointed.There
were someusefuldriving tips, but it might havebeen
more helpful if it had included stuff for pedestrians.
How to avoid gettingrun over,for example.
LlzYou didn't go to the sessionon'safety',then?
MARK NO.
LrzWell apparentlythat dealtwith road safetyfor
pedestrians,alongwith lots of other aspectsof
course.I wasn'ttheremyself,but that might be
somethingworth going to, Julia.
Questions 27-30 pase77
27D
The prompt is from Julia:'what's the
accommodationlike?'Marksays'Theroom will
havechairs,table,wardrobe,bed,mattress,
blankets,sheets,'soD is right.A is wrong
becauseJuliaasks'Doyou havea room to
yourselfor do you haveto share?', to which Liz
replies'You'll havean individualroom.'Bisn't
possiblebecauseLizsaysthe room'will be in a
different hall from the one you're booked into for
the year.'Cisn'tpossiblebecauseLizsaysthe
rooms'areboth on the campusso you won't
havefar to go.'
288
Liz says'it'sunlikelyto reacheventwenty
degreesiso it cannotbe eitherC or D. Markt
point'it shouldn'tdrop below about ten,at least
duringthe day',meansthat A is not possible, so
taking Lizand Mark'scommentstogethergives
the answerB.
298
The prompt comeswhen Lizsays'theygaveus
freeemailaccess.'Mark says'lthink it was
twenty; which Liz confirmsby saying'Yes, you're
right.'Ais wrong becauseLiz'sfirst statement
'thirty minutes,if I remembercorrectly'is
incorrect.C and D arealsowrong:Lizmentions
'ten'andfifteen'minutesin relationto the extra
time she paidfor,not freeemailtime.
30c
Juliaasks'Whendoesthe courseactuallystart
and finish?'Mark saysMondayis'whenthings
get going.'JuliaasksAnd that'sit, is it?'andLiz
confirms,'Yes,there'snothing after that.'
AlthoughMarksays'alot of peopleget thereon
the Sunday,'this is not when the activitiesbegin.
A and B arethereforewrong.Markdoessay
'most peoplestayovertill Saturday,'but not for
activities,
so D is wrong.
27-30: script
Questions
IULIAI like the soundof the wholething. Tellme,
what'sthe accommodationlike?Do you havea room
to yourselfor do you haveto share?What do you
haveto takewith you?
LIZ For the orientation course,you'll havean
individual room in one of the halls of residence.
That'll be a different hall from the one you'rebooked
into for the year,but they'reboth on the campusso
you won't havefar to go.
MARKAnd you won't haveto taketoo much with you.
The room will havechairs,table,wardrobe,bed,
mattress,blankets,sheetsand so on.
LIZ Thkea warm coat or jacket,though. It may well
rain and it's unlikely to reacheventwenty degreesin
lateSeptember.
MARKBut it shouldn't drop below about ten, at least
during the day.Which is something,I suppose!
IULIA Right. Now I know they can't do much about the
weather,but did you havethe feelingthat they were
looking after you on the course?
LIZ Yes,we did. Thereweresomelittle touchesthat
showedthey'd thought about what it waslike to be
starting a courseof study abroad.
JULIASuchas?
LIZ Well it's just a small example,but they gaveus free
email accessto contactpeopleat home.Thirty
minutes,if I remembercorrectly.
MARKActually I think it wastwenty.
LIZ Yes,you're right. I wason for over half an hour and
paid for an extra ten or fifteen minutes.Not that it
wasmuch!
f ULIAEmailsdon't takelong to write anyway.
LIZ No, they don't.
IULIA So,just one more thing: the timetable.When
doesthe courseactuallystart and finish?
MARKWell a lot of peopleget there on the Sunday,
though youd haveto find a room for an extra night
asthe courseaccommodationis only bookedfrom
the Monday,when things get going.
LIZ Then they ll keepyou busy all week,until the
dinner on the Friday.
IULIA And that's it, is it?
LIZ Yes,theret nothing after that.
MARKThough most peoplestayover till Saturday,
partly to recoverfrom the party but alsobecause
they can then move straight into their permanent
rooms.
IULIAI think I'll do that.Well,thanksa lot for all your
advice.I'm sureI'll enjoythe course.
LIZ I wish I could go on this year's,too!
Test3 Key "147

Section4
i"
Questions3l-33 pase78
31 sixth/6th
The lecturerspeaksof 'disagreementasto
exactlywhen,or even in which centuryi before
stating'theconsensus nowadays,though,is that
it was in the sixth'.
32 ChineseArrows
The speakersays'fireworkswere in use by the
seventhcentury in Arabia,where they were
called"Chin eseArrows",'
with the'mi Iitary'
referencehelpingto confirmhrrowsi
33 Europe
The speakersays'lttook a long time for them to
spreadto Europeiin fact it wasn'tuntil the twelve
hundredsthat fireworksmadetheir appearance
there.'
Questions3I-33: script
LECTURER Good afternooneveryone, and welcometo
this short talk on the subjectoi fireworks.Now,
fireworks,asI'm suremany of you know, were
inventedin China,thoughtherehaslong been
disagreementasto exactlywhen, or evenin which
century.The consensusnowadays,though, is that it
wasin the sixth, asthereis considerableevidenceof
war rocketsbeing madethen. We alsoknow that
fireworkswerein useby the seventhcentury in
Arabia,wherethey werecalled'ChineseArrows',
reflectingtheir military potential.It then took a long
time for them to spreadto Europe:in fact it wasn't
until the twelvehundredsthat fireworksmadetheir
appearance there.
Questions 34-37 pase78
34 shell
The speakersaysa shellisbften a sphereabout
the sizeof a peachiwhichdescribes34 in the
diagram.
35 7Slseventy-fivemm/millimetres
The referenceto the'mortar'comesafterthe
answer.The speakersays'ashellof this kind is
launchedfrom a 75 millimetrediametermortar.'
Herediametermeanswidth.
36 500/fivehundred mm/millimetres
Thespeakerrefersto the mortaras a'steelor ...
shatterproofplasticpipeiThenext sentence
refersbackto the pipe:'thisis likelyto be 500
millimetreslong.'
37 lifting
Thereis a descriptionwhich matchesthe
diagram:'atthe bottom of the pipe,belowthe
shell,is placeda cylindercontainingblack
powder.Thishasa long fusewhich projectsout
of the tube.'Thencomesthe answer:'whenthis is
lit, it quickly burns down to the lifting charge!
Questions 38-40 pase7e
388
B is correct:the text says'someshellscontain
explosives designedto cracklein the sky,or
whistlesthat explodeoutwards:A is wrong
becausethereis no mentionof danger,despite
the useof wordssuchas'explode'and 'burstingi
C contradictsthe speaker:'the sectionsof a
multibreakshellare ignitedby differentfuses.'
39C
C is correctbecausethe speakersays'tocreatea
specificfigurein the sky,forinstancea heart
shape,you createan outlineof the figurein starsi
A is incorrectbecausethe speakersays'ifthe
starsare equallyspacedin a circle... you will see
... explosionsequallyspacedin a circle,'nota
heart.B is alsoincorrectthereis no suggestion
that the starsthemselvesare'heart-shaped'.
408
B matchesthe descriptionof 'TheSerpentine
(which)sendssmalltubesof incendiaries
scatteringoutwardsin randompaths,whichmay
culminatein explodingstarsiA matches'the Ring
Shell(which)is producedby starsexploding
outwardsto producea symmetricalringiC
matchesthe Palmwhichtontains largecomets,
or charges... thesetraveloutwards,explodeand
then curvedownwardslikethe limbsof a palm
tree.'

148 IELTS
PracticeTests
Questions34-4A:script shell. You then place explosive charges inside those
stars to blow them outward into the shape of alarge
LECTURERThe basicingredientsof fireworkshave
heart. Each charge has to be ignited at exactly the
changedlittle to this day.Their explosivecapacity
right time or the whole thing is spoiled. Many other
comesmainly from black powder,alsoknown as
shapeshave particular names,like the Willow. This is
gunpowder,which is producedfrom a mixture of
formed by stars that fall in the shape of willow tree
charcoal,sulphurand potassiumnitrate.A modern
branches spreading a little to the side and then
aerialfirework - the kind usednowadaysin bie
downwards. The high charcoal composition of the
public displays,not the small rocket type that |ou
stars makes them long-burning, so they may even
might rememberfrom your childhood - is normally
stay visible until they hit the ground. The Ring Shell
madein the form of a shell, often a sphereabout the
is fairly basic. It is produced by stars exploding
sizeof a peach.Insidethe shellare a number of stars
outwards to produce a symmetrical ring of coloured
surroundedby black powder,and running through
lights. More complex is the pattern created by the
the centreof the round shellis a chargethat makes
Palm, which contains large comets, or charges in the
the firework explodewhen it reachesthe desired
shape of a solid cylinder. These travel outwards,
altitude.This is known asthe bursting charge.When
explode and then curve downwards like the limbs of
this explodes,it ignitesthe outsideof the stars,which
a palm tree. The Serpentine,the last one for noq is
begin to burn with bright showersof sparks.Since
different again. When this one bursts, it sends small
the explosionthrows the starsin all directions,you
tubes of incendiaries scattering outwards in random
getthe hugesphereof sparklinglight that is so
paths, which may culminate in exploding stars. It can
familiar at firework displays.A shell of this kind is
be quite spectacular.
launchedfrom a 75 miilimetre-diameter mortar,
which in somewaysresemblesthe type usedby the
military. The mortar is a steelor - increasingly,for
safetyreasons- shatterproofplasticpipe.This is
likely to be 500 millimetres long and sealedat one
end.The other end is aimed at the sky and at the
bottom of the pipe, belowthe shell,is placeda
cylinder containingblack powder.This hasa long
fusewhich projectsout of the tube.When this is lit,
it quickly burns down to the lifting charge,which
explodesto launch the shell.In so doing, it also
lights the shell'sfuse.The shell'sfuseburns while the
shell risesto its correctaltitude,and then ignitesthe
bursting chargeso it explodes.More complicated
shellsare divided into sectionsand burst in two or
three phases.Shellslike this are calledmultibreak
shells.They may contain starsof different colours
and compositionsto createsofteror brighter light,
more or lesssparks,etc.Someshellscontain
explosivesdesignedto cracklein the sky,or whistles
that explodeoutr,vards with the stars.The sectionsof
a multibreak shellare ignited by different fusesand
the bursting of one sectionignitesthe next. The
shellsmust be assembledin sucha way that each
sectionexplodesin sequence to producea distinct
separateeffect.The pattern that an aerialshellpaints
in the sky dependson the arrangementof stars
insidethe shell.For example,if the starsareequally
spacedin a circle,with blackpowderinsidethe
circle,you will seean aerialdisplayof smallerstar
explosionsequallyspacedin a circle.To createa
specificfigure in the sky,for instancea heart shape,
you createan outline of the figure in starsinsidethe

Test3 Key 149


Academicreading
PassageI
Questions l*4 page82
1B
The long synonymfor skin-'this imperviousyet
permeablebarrier'- is followedby'is composed
of three layers.'
Cluesincludebutermost'and
'epidermis'(on ... the surface),
aswellasthe
'dermis'and'innermostlayer'(belowthe surface).
2H
Therearetwo experimentsin this paragraph.The Questions7-Il pase
neuroscientist tellsthe writer'Openyour eyes'
after the first experiment.In the second,the
writer sayshe has'visualproof':he can seewhat
is happening.
3J
The writer addresses the readerdirectly-'lf you
evertouch a hot burner'- and usesthe
imperativeto indicateadvice-'just put your
finger in cold water.'Thephysicalresultsof this
('noblister... no scar')arethat damagewill be
avoided.
4D
Thefirst sentenceof D mentions'experiments
decadesago,now consideredunethicaland
inhumane,'inwhich they'kept baby monkeys
from being touchedby their mothers.'
Questions 5 and $ pase82
5B
The relevantparagraphis E ('insufficient
touchingin earlyyearscan havelifelongresults'
corresponds to the question),and the beginning
of paragraphF.Therearetwo clueswhich
confirmB:'wheretouch is limited,adult
aggressionis highiand the correlationof 'high
ratesof physicalaffectionin childhood with low
ratesof adult physicalviolence.'Atakesthe word
'apathetic'fromthe text, but there it is used
about monkeys.C contradictsthe text,and also
impliesa changein behaviouraschildren
becomeadultsthat is not stated in the text. D is
contradictedby the first clauseof paragraphF:
'the effectsof touching are easyto understand.'
150 IELISPracticeTests
6C
C is confirmedwhen the writer admits'myskin
... hasbeen deceivingme my entirelife,'and
that'my skinfeelspressureand temperature
(but) it's my brainthat saysI feel wet.'A is
incorrectbecausethe writer doesnot suggest
there is anythingwrong with his skin,or that it is
in any way unusual.B is incorrectsincein
paragraphsG and H the neuroscientist explains
that the skincannotfeel'wetness', only'pressure,
pain and temperatureiD is incorrectsince,in
additionto the above,the writer admitshis
mistakeby saying'l now realize...'
83
7E
Earlierin paragraphC,the writer states'Wecan
livewithout seeingor hearing- in fact,without
any of our other senses'soE is correct.Thefact
that option Ewill not fit any of the other answers
grammaticallyhelpsto confirmthis.OptionJ
lookspossiblebut is incorrectsinceparagraphC
refersto some'babiesborn without effective
nerveconnectionsbetweenskinand brain.'
8H
Thewriter twice explainswhy a substancefeels
wet in paragraphH:'Thecombinationof
pressureand cold ... is what makesmy skin
perceivewetness,'and'myskinfeelspressure
and temperature.lt's my brainthat saysI feel
wet.'Youneedto be carefulwithother
sensations,and the combinationof cold and
painin optionA - pain is not mentionedin
relationto wetness.
9D
ParagraphI paraphrases question8 and option D
together:'.'Don'tbe misledby the referencein
optionC to the skinbeingthin - this hasno
connectionwith ticklishness.
10 G
Theanswerto this followsthe answerto
question8 in paragraphl:'Gentlestimulationof
pressurereceptorscan resultin ticklishness;
gentlestimulationof pain receptorsin itching.'
11 B
Paragraph J explainshow a smallcut -'l nicked
myselfwith a knife'- healsup quickly-'lt's only
been a few days but my little self-repairis almost
complete.'Thisis because'epidermal cellsare
 migratinginto the wound to closeit upi i.e.it can
mend itself.ParagraphB had explainedthat the
epidermisis the outer layer.
Questions 12-14 pase83
12 True
The beginningof paragraphF states'theeffects
of touchingare easyto understandlin contrast
with'the mechanicsof it'- in other words,how
our senseof touch works.Thatevenscientists
find it difficultis shownwhen Bolanowski,a
neuroscientist, says'noone knowsexactlyhow it
takesplace.'
13 Not given
Although'pressure' is mentioned more often
than'temperature' or'pain'in the examples
given,there is no suggestionthat this is because x Thetechniqueof pickingonly one kind of lock
the skinis any more sensitiveto this stimulus
than to the other two.
14 False
Thefirst indicationthat the statementis falseis
'-Repairsoccurwith varyingsuccess.' Although
the writersays'mylittle self-repairis now
complete... we recoverquicklyfrom slight
burns,theseare minor injuriesithiscontrasts
with the final sentence:'Severe burns,though,
are a different matter.'
Passage
2 The overviewof the systemat the beginningof
Questions 15-19 pase84
15 SectionA: viii
Thefirst sectionfocuseson'locksmithslwho
open lockslegally,and'burglarsiwhodon't,as
and the'determi ned
welI as'spiesi'detectivesl
intruderi
16 SectionB:vii
SectionA outlinesthe connectionbetweenkey,
lockand bolt,usingthe exampleof the dead-
bolt.
17 SectionC:ix
Thissectionmainlydescribesthe workingsof a
pin loc( which,as pointedout at the beginning
of the secondparagraph, is a kind of cylinder
lock.
18 SectionD: ii
Thissectionexplainsthe useof lock-picking
toolsto open a lock.
19 SectionE:vi
As wellas addingmore informationabout pin
locks,this sectionalsointroducestwo other
kindsof lock'wafer'and'tubulari
Headingsnot used
i Thereis no discussion of this anywherein the
text.AlthoughSectionE describesthe more
secure'tubularlockiit saysthey are usedon
'vendingmachinesi
iii SectionD mentionstwo typesof tool,but there
is no adviceon which to choose,or how.
iv Thisis the topic only of the first paragraphin
SectionC.
v How to open a lock with a different key is not
discussed in any of the sections.
(pin)is explainedin SectionD.AlthoughE
mentionsthe relativedifficultyof picking
differentkinds,it doesn'texplainhow to do so.
Questions 20-22 pase86
20 housing
Thisis describedin SectionC as'theouter part of
the lockwhich doesnot move',with further
references suchas'verticalshaftsthat run down
from the housing'.
2'l cylinder
C explainsthe role of the cylinder:'thekey turns a
cylinderin the middle of the lock.'Thenext two
paragraphsconfirmthe positionof 'the central
cylindef,referringto'shafts that run down from
the housinginto the cylinder;
22 pins
The secondparagraphin C explainswhat and
wherethey are:'lnsidetheseshaftsare pairsof
metalpinsof varyinglength,held in positionby
are more references
smallsprings.'There in the
next paragraph.
Test3 Key 151
 pase87
Questions 2315
23 (aithe) (tension)wrench i decentralised' (i.e.segmented)
The wordsthat.explainthis are'insertthe tension
wrenchinto the'keyholeand turn it ... Thisturns 31 No
the cylinderso that it is slightlyoffsetfrom the
housingaroundit'.
24 (a/the) pick
The text says'Whileapplyingpressureon the
cylinder,slidethe pick into the keyhole,'
25 (the) ledge (in shaft)
The text hasmentioned'aslightledgein the pin
shaftsland now says'The/edgekeepsthe upper
pin wedgedin the housing,so it won't fall back
into the cylinder.'Thisledgeis maintainedby
'applyingpressurewith the tensionwrench.'
Questions 26-27 pase87
26 moderate security
The beginningof sectionE saystheselocksbffer
moderatesecurityiNoticethe similarityin
meaningto relativelylow securityabove,andin
form (adjective+ noun)to the one belowthat:
superiorprotection.
27 water
The secondparagraphof sectionE dealswith
this type of lock.Theclues'relatively
low security'
and'mostcars'arein the lastsentence.
Passage
3 makesargumentor discussionimpossible.
Questions28-31 pase
eo
28 Yes
Thetext saysthe outcomeof 'manymergersand
strategicalliancesand joint
acquisitions,
venturesbetween Britishand European
companiesis that they do not achievetheir
objectivesand end in tears'(lines18-21),i.e.they
often fail.
29 Yes
Thetext statesthat'The resultis a management
culturewhichis ... focusedalmostentirelyon
the shortterm'(lines56-58).Thisis referring
backto the objectivesof 'project management
principles'(line
45).
152 |ELTSPracticeTests
30 No
In lines68-70,the writer says,'inflattenedand
brganisations,
there are very limited career prospects.'
Thisis contradictedin lines88-94:'European
organizations continueto be structured
hierarchically... with explicitchannelsof
reporting... Decisionmaking...remains
essentiallytop-down'(i.e. orderscomefrom
above).
Questions32-37 paseeo
32 increasing
The references in the text to a'long-hours
working culture' (line98) and'excessively long
working hours'(lines108-109)makeincreasing
correctand the alternativeadjectivedeclining
clearlywrong.
33 reach
A verb is neededhere,so it is a choicebetween
reachandpredict.Thefirst of these more
accuratelyreflectsthe text reference'ifthe
targetsareto be achieved'(lines 108-109).
34 agreement
The nounswith similarmeaningsareargument,
agreementand discussion.The text mentions
bngoingdispute'(line 112)andbbjections'(line
113)in relationto measuresof performance.
However, the negative'nor'inthe summary
35 manufacturing
The two adjectiveslikelyto fiL aremanufacturing
and office.Thecontrastin the text is between
activities
in'labsibfficesi
and'marketing
departments'onthe one hand,and'a factory
producingcars'onthe other (lines117-122).The
answermust be manufacturing.Also,clerical
meansofficein this context,so the alternative
would not makesense.
36 pressure
The possiblenouns arc pressureand temperoture.
Don'tbe misledby the apparentsimilarityof the
latterto'burn-out'in the text (line 126):there is
no connectionin meaning.
37 unwilling
The choiceof three nouns - willing,able and
unwilling- makescomplete understandingof
the text essential.Theverb form'would work'
indicateswillingness(not ability)to continue
workingto 65,but asthe figureshavebeen
reversedto give a negativeperspective(807oas
opposedto'a fifth'in the text),the answertoo
must be negative.

Questions38-39 pase
Pdee:el
''

;;;:,;'
Lines133-135state'theEuropeanmanagement
model allowsfor family-friendly employment
policies,'and
althoughthe text saysthis may also
be the casewhere projectmanagement
principlesoperate,it specifies'intheory'and
then goesto suggestwhat happensin practice.
39 (annual)leave
The idea of tight deadlinesis containedin the
lines143-147:'the business planhasto be
finishedby the end of the month,the advertising
campaigncompletedby the end of next week ...
to achievemeasurable targets.'The writerthan
asksthe rhetoricalquestionabout'takingour full
annualleavei

Question 40 paseet .
: lr

oo
io", criticizingthe effectsof the American
model in the UKand comparingit with the
European, the writerasks'Whichof thesetwo
modelsis preferable?'(line 195)and then gives
argumentsin favourof the Europeanone for
Britain.A incorrectlyinterpretswhat the writer
says,and alsodealswith only an incidentalpoint.
C is beyond the scopeof the text: no new model
is put forward,just a choice betweentwo
existingones.D is not the'main purpose'ofthe
text.Althoughthe topic is mentionedin several
paragraphs, it is as an examplefrom only one
sectorof the economy.

Test3 Key 153

Test4
Listening
SectionI
Questions 1-4 pagee8
driving licence
Afterthe prompt'piecesof identity',Terry
mentions'a valid passport'andsays'the next one
is a drivinglicence,and againone from your
countrywould be OKi
benefit book
Terryreadsout'a birth certificateibut this cannot sau
be usedas Samis not under 18. He then
suggests? benefitbookland she replies,'Yes,
could bring thati Sheasksabout'a letterfrom
your employeribut Terrysays,'that'snot actually
on the list,so we'll haveto assumeyou can't.'
insurancecertificate
Samaskswhat she can use'to prove where I livei SaiuUh-huh.
and Terrymentions'abill for counciltaxiandjust TERRYAnd for somebanks,at least,that meansyou ll
after that'a n insurance certificate'.
Samsays'l've
got one of those.'
electricitybill
Samasksabout'a bill for my mobileibut Terry
says'l'mafraidit would haveto be for a fixedline
phone.'Shethen suggests'anelectricitybill'and
Terryindicatesshecould usethat'if it'sin your
name;towhich she replies,'ltis.'
Questions 5-7 pasee8
9.30-3.30
FollowingSamt questionabout'theirbusiness
hoursiTerrytalksof 'a changeat somebanksin
the lastyearor soiso 9.00until 4.00is wrong.He SAMYes,Icouldbring that. Or a letterfrom my
then saysit isbpen from nine thirty in the
morningtill half pastthree in the afternoon.'
ground floor
Samasksfor confirmationthat'it'son the top
floor of the Centrebuilding,'towhichTerry
replies,'That's where it usedto be,'i.e.it is no
longerthere.He goeson to say'it'son the
154 IELTSPracticeTests
7
ground floor now.'
no / nothing
After mentioning'incentives...to open accounts,'
5am asks'ifthey are offeringanything,'andTerry
replies,'l'm
surethey'dsayso on their"new
clients"page if they were,'andthen 'no,there's
nothing mentionedthere.'Terry then mentionsa
free gifti
Questions 1-7: script
TERRYExpatsHelpline;Terry Davieshere.What can I
do for you?
Hello Terry,I've beenin this country for a while
and I've just been offereda job in the ciry so I think
I'm going to needto open a bank account.I haven't
had one before, so I'm wonderingwhat papersI
need.
TERRYWell basicallyyou'll needto be ableto prove to
the bank that you re who you sayyou are and that
you live whereyou sayyou do, OK?
haveto showthem two separatepiecesof identity, so
I'll run through the list if you like.
SAM Yes,please.
TERRY OK, I'll bring it up on the screen.Let'ssee...
here it is ... right, the first thing it saysis'a valid
passport'.
sa^uMio.', Australian.
TERRY Yes,that would be fine of course.The next one
is'a driving licence',and againone from your
country would be OK. Then that'sfollowed by'birth
certificate'...oh hangon, that'sonly if you'reunder
18.
SAMWhich I'm not.
TERRYRight, so not that then. But you can alsoshow
them a'benefit book', for instanceif you're in ill-
health or unemployedor getting income support.
employer,maybe?
TERRYWell that'snot actuallyon the list; so we'll have
to assumeyou can't.
sAM OK, And to prove whereI live?
TERRYAgain, there are severalpossiblethings listed
here.For instanceyou could usea bill for council
tax, or somethingelsefor whereyou live, suchasan
insurance certificate.
SAMI've got one of those.Somewhereamong all my
papers.But what about bills?Things like phone bills,
I mean.
TERRYAs long asit hasyour addresson it, yes,fine.
SAMSo a bill for my mobile would do, would it?
TERRYAh - I'm afraid it would haveto be for a fixed
line phone.You could useother types of household
bill, though.As long asyou get them through the
post.
sAM How about an electricitybill? That'll saywhereI
live.won't it?
TERRYIf it's in your name,and not that of a er ...
landlord,yes.
SAMIt is, so l'[ probablytakethat then.
TERRYThere'sone other you might want to use:a
'vehicleregistrationdocument'.If you havea car or
motorbike or something,of course.
SAMNo I haven't,actually.
SAMNow I believethere'i a bank actuallyinsidethe
CommercialCentre,and I might open an account
there,seeingashow thatt whereI'll be everyday.
TERRYYes,that would seemto makesense.I know
peoplewho bank there.
SAMI actuallyread about it in a city guide- my cousin
picked it up when he washere a coupleof yearsago
- and Fmadea few notes.Do you mind if I run
through them with you now just to makesurethe
detailshaven'tchanged?
TERRYFine - go ahead.
SAMOK, first question:it's still a branch of the
Popular Bank,is it, the one with links to Australian
banks?
TERRYNo, it's actuallybeentaken over by anotherbig
banking group: the SavingsBank.It still seemsquite
popular,though, especiallywith peopledoing
businessin the Asia/Pacificarea.
SAMAnd when is it open?Monday to Saturday?
TERRYI'll haveto checktheir websitefor that. Give me TERRYThere areplenty of other bankswithin walking
a secondor two, will you.
SAMSure.
TERRYRight,I've got it ... 'customerservice'... and
it's ... just weekdays, I'm afraid.
SAMDoesit saywhat their businesshours are?
TERRYI'm just looking for that, it's on a different page
for somereason... I think there'sbeena changeat
somebanksin the lastyearor so ... yeshereit is ...
it's open from nine thirty in the morning till half
past three in the afternoon.
SAMAnd it's on the top floor of the main Centre
building is it, next to the TravelAgency?
TERRYThat'swhere it usedto be, but they'vesince
moved it to a slightly biggerplace.It's on the ground
floor now
SAMAnd one last thing on this: I know most banks
giveincentivesto young peopleto open accounts
with them, but apparentlythis one didn't. Do you
know if they are offering anything thesedays?
TERRY I'll just check... I'm surethey'dsayso on their
'new clients' pageif they were ... no, there'snothing
mentioned there.
SAMThat'sa pity.I wasquite looking forward to
getting my freegift!
Questions8-10 paseee
8F
Terrysays'turnleft'from the Centre,going past
the'PostOfficeland then'turn left up Bridge
Street'pastthe'ShawTheatre'and'takethe first
rightiTheRoyalBankisbn the right,directly
oppositethe ParkHotel'(notthe lnternetcaf6).
9A
Afterturning'right'fromthe Centreand going
hlong MarketStreet'until'thejunction with West
Streetitheadviceis to'turn right againiand tarry
on up asfar asthe nextjunction,whereyou take
a left.'Aftercrossingthe road and turning left,
the bankis'thethird buildingon the right'(not
B,the first).
10c
Samcan go'eitherway from the Centre:up West
Streetor BridgeStreetand then along pastthe
City HalliThebank isbn the other sideof the
road,right next to the TouristOfficeiso it must
be C,not D.
Questions8*10:script
distanceyou know. It may be worth shopping
around to seewhat they'vegot to offer: longer
openinghours, including Saturdays,perhapsless
crowded...
SAMCan you tell me how to getto a coupleof them?I
know wherethe CommercialCentreis, so thatk
probably my best starting place.
TERRYSure.For the RoyalBank you needto turn left
when you leavethe Centre,go along Market Street
pastthe PostOffice,and turn left up Bridge Street,
pastthe ShawTheatre.Then you take the first right.
You'll seean Internet caf6on the other sideand the
Royalis just a bit further along on the right, directly
oppositethe Park Hotel.
SAMOK I've got that. What about the Northern Bank?
Test4 Key 155
TERRYFor that one you turn right asyou comeout of
the Centre,and go along Market Streetuntil you
cometo the junction with WestStreet.There,you
turn right again,and carry on up asfar as the next
junction, whereyou take a left. You'll seethe bank
from there:it's the third building on the right.
SAMFine.And the lastone,the NationalBank?
TERRYYou can go either way from the Centre,really:
up WestStreetor Bridge Streetand then alongpast
City Hall. The bank is on the other sideof the road,
right next to the TouristOffice.Youcan'tmissit.
sav Great.Thanksa lot for you help.
TERRYAny time. Bye.
SAMtsye
Section2
Questions l1-14 pase1oo
11 worksamples
Followingthe prompt for Step 1 'preparationis a
keyto success,'and the referenceto the first
point'beginby collectingtogetherall the
documents,'thespeakergivesthe answer,
adding'you could alsotake someyvorksamples,
selectingfrom what you havedesigned,drawn,
or written,for instance'.
12 job description
SandyintroducesStep2 by statingthat'the
moreyou know ... the better preparedyou will
beibefore advising'requesta job description
from the employer'.
13 employees
After referringto the Chamberof Commerceand
library,they suggest'networkwith peoplewho
work for the company,oremployeesof
companiesassociated with iti
14 experienceor skills
The speakermentions'thenext step'andthe
adviceis to'matchyourqualifications to the
requirements,' then'think about somestandard
interviewquestionsand how you might
respond,'andfinally'ifyou don't haveany
experience or skills... think about how you might
compensatei
156 PracticeTests
IELTS
QuestionsI 1-14:script
PRESENTER-Today I havewith me SandyRichardsonof
the local WorkforceCenter,and she'll be talking
aboutthat criticalsteptowardsthe goalof
employment:the interview.Sandy,what is an
interview for, and what'sthe bestway to approachit?
SANDYA job interviewis simplya meetingbetween
you and a potential employerto discussyour
qualificationsand seeif thereis a'fit'. The employer
wantsto verifi' what they know about you and talk
aboutyour qualifications. Ifyou havebeencalledfor
an interview,you can assumethat the employeris
interestedin you.The employerhasa needthat you
may be ableto meet,so it's your goal to identi$' that
needand convincethe employerthat you're the one
for the job. As everyoneknows,interviewscan be
stressful,but when you'rewell preparedthere'sno
reasonto panic.Preparationis the key to success in a
job search,and you can begin by collectingtogether
all the documentsyou may needfor the interview,
suchasextracopiesof your resumd,listsof
references, and lettersof recommendation.You could
alsotake somework samples,selectingfrom what
you havedesigned,drawn or written, for instance.
And make sureyou havea pen and pad of paper for
takingnotes.The next stepis to find out aboutthe
post.The moreyou know aboutthejob, the
emploler and the industry,the betterpreparedyou
will be to targetyour qualifications.Alwaysrequesta
job description from the employer,and research
employerprofiles at the Chamberof Commetceor
local library.You could alsotry to network with
peoplewho work for the company,or with
employeesof companiesassociatedwith it. The next
stepis to matchyour qualifications to the
requirementsof the job. A good approachis to write
out your qualificationsalongwith the job
requirements.Think about somestandardinterview
questionsand how you might respond.Most
questionsaredesignedto find out more aboutyou,
your qualificationsor to testyour reactionsin a
given situation. If you don't haveany experienceor
skills in a requiredarea,think about how you might
compensatefor thosedeficiencies.
Questions15-20 pasetoo
15 ten minutes
Don't be misledby the referenceto'30 seconds':
that contrastswith 'plentyof time:Theadviceis
not to arrive'tooearlyiin other words '10 minutes
at mosti
16 take your time
Sandyrecommendsyou should'listencarefully
to eachquestion'andthen 'tokeyourtime in
respondingi
17 ask for clarification
The prompt is'if you are unsureof a questioni
foflowedby the answerin'don't be afraidto ask
for clarification.'
18 salary
The prompt comesin the referenceto'your
salaryrequirements',followedby the clue'avoid
the questionuntil you havebeenofferedthe jobi
The answeris heardagainin the warningabout
Questionsabout salaryaskedbeforethere is a
job offeri
"19 confident
Firstthere is a clue:'themore you learnfrom the
experience, the easierthe next one will become.'
Thisis followedby the reason:'You'll become
much more confident.'
20 appearance
The speakergivesexamplesof changesto
appearance, suchas clothing,visitingthe
hairdresser's,and havinga shave.Then the
speakerparaphrases the given sentence:
'Rememberthat your appearanceis a key
indicatorof whetheryou havethe right attitude,
so it can pay to give somethought to how you
look.'
Questions15-20:script
Sandy During an interview it's important that you be
yourself. Get a good night's sleepand plan your
travel to tre there in plenty of time, so that you're not
arriving out of breath with 30 secondsto spare.
Don't, though, presentyourself for the interview too
early: ten minutes at most. In the interview, listen
carefully to each question asked. Tirke your time in
responding and make sure your answers are positive.
It's important to expressa good attitude and show
that you are willing to work, eager to learn and are
flexible. If you are unsure of a question, don't be
afraid to ask for clarification. In fact, it's sometimes
a good strategy is to close a responsewith a question
for the interviewer. In general, focus on your
qualifications and look for opportunities to
personalize the interview. Briefly answer questions
with examples of how you responded in comparable
situations, from either your life or previous job
experiences.Something you should avoid are'yes' or
'no'responsesto questions,but don't dwell too long
on non-job related topics. Use caution if you are
questioned about your salary requirements.The best
strategy is to avoid the question until you have been
offered a job. Questions about salary asked before
there is a job offer are usually screening questions
that may eliminate you from consideration, so be
warned. On the other hand, it isn't inappropriate to
show your enthusiasm if your first impressions of the
interview and of the employer are good ones, so, if
the job sounds like what you are looking for - say so.
Keep in mind that the interview is not over when
you are asked if you have any questions. Come
prepared to ask a couple of specific questions that
again show your knowledge and interest in the job.
Close the interview in the same friendly, positive
manner in which you started. When the interview is
over, leave promptly. Don't overstay your time. Think
about the interview and learn from the experience.
Evaluate the successand failures. The more you learn
from the interview, the easier the next one will
become. You'll become much more confident. To
close,here are a few more tips. First, maintain good
eye contact throughout the interview, and be aware
of nonverbal body language.Second,dressa step
above what you would wear on the job, go to the
hairdresser's,have a shave,et cetera. Remember that
your appearance is a key indicator of whether you
have the right attitude, so it can pay to give some
thought to how you look. And, finally, don't be a
clock watcherl
Test4 Key 157

Section3
:
Question s 21-24 pase 101
21 university
The speakersaysthat'employerswill be at least
as interestedin how well a studenthas
performedacademically, and how the whole
experienceof universityhasdevelopedthe
student as a person.'
22 interesting
Thetutor suggests'selectingmodulesthat will
interestyou'and'in which you think you will be
particularlysuccessful.'
23 vocational
Thetutor saysbn certaindegreecourses...
modulechoicecan be important.Thisapplies
mainlyto vocationalcourses.'
24 careersservice
The prompt is'academicdepartment'anda
furtherclue ishnything you'renot certainabout'
which comesafter the answer.Thealternativeto
the'academicdepartment'onthe recordingis
'the university'sCareersService'.
Questions2I-24:script
TUToRAs you know, this weekyou chooseyour
modulesfor the first yearof study,so this
introductory meetingis aimed at helping you make
informed choices.I think the bestway to do this is
on a question-and-answer basis,so who'd like to
start?Pat?
PAI Yes,there'ssomethingI've beenwondering about:
will my choiceaffectmy careeropportunities?
TUTORWell, for most studentsthe choiceof LevelOne
moduleswon't be crucialin termsof a latercareer.ln
fact, many graduatelevel jobs will acceptgraduates
from a rangeof degreecourses.Employerswill often
be at leastasinterestedin how well a studenthas
performedacademicallpand how the whole
experienceof university has developedthe student
asa person,asin the detailof the courseoptions
chosen.Selectingmodulesthat will interest you and
in which you think you will be particularly successful
is thereforealsolikely to makegood sensein career
terms. On certaindegreecourses,though, module
choicecanbe important. This appliesmainly to
vocational courseswherethe degreeconfersan
accreditedprofessionaltraining aswell asuniversity
education.Usuallythe modulesstudentsare required
to takewill include all thoseneededto meet those
professionalrequirements.Your academic
department,in this caseChemicaland Process
Engineering,and the university'sCareersService
will be ableto adviseyou, and will be pleasedto help
you sort out anythingyou're not certain about.
PATRight.
Questions 25-29 pase1ol
2sA
Rajavis talkingaboutAppliedChemical
Engineering when he asksabout'the
lnformationTechnologypart of the moduleland
the tutort replymentions'wordprocessing'and
'spreadsheets.'
26C
Pat'squestionrefersto'Science1 in Chemical
Engineeringiand the tutor explains:'students
who havealreadystudied physicsare excused
the physicslectures,while those who've done
biologyareexemptfrom attendingthe biology
lectures.'
278
WhenSoniaasks'howis that module (Fluid
Mechanics)
tested?lthetutor says'Thattone of
thosewhich still useswritten exams.Thesit-
down,formal type.'
28A
Referringto the topics coveredin Applied
ChemicalEngineering, the tutor mentions
'interviewing techniques,presentationskills,
and producingwritten reports'.
29C
Patasksabout'theteachingapproachiand the
tutor says'youare encouragedto learnby
working out the solutionsto problemsfor
yourself.'
%

'158 IELTS
Practice
Tests
Question 30 pase101 In practiceit meansthat studentswho havealready
studied physicsare excusedthe physicslectures,
30c while thosewho've done biology are exemptfrom
AfterSonia asksabout'theSpanish1Amodulel attending the biology lectures.In the secondpart of
thetutorexplains:'Themodulecomprises thirty- the module you're assessed on your project work in
sixhoursof class mainlyintutorial
contact, one ofthose subjects.
groupsof sixteento twenty,andstudents
are PATAnd doesthe teachingapproachdiffer, too?
expected to do approximately
sixty-four
hoursof TUTORYes,particularly in one respect:you are
privatestudyi encouragedto learn by working out the solutions to
problems for yourseH.
PATI like the sound of that.
TUTOROK, anything else?
Questions25-30:script SONIAYes,I believeit's possibleto do a modern
RAIAVI'd like to ask a few things about the Applied languageaspart of the course.Can you tell me a bit
ChemicalEngineeringmodule. about the SpanishlA module?
TUTORFine.What would you like to know? TUTORCertainly.The main emphasisin 1A is on
RAIAVWell, apart from the work on practica' understandingand speaking,but studentsalsolearn
engineering,what other topics are covered? to carry out somestraightforwardreadingand
TUTORSomethat might surpriseyou. One that writing tasks.Basicaspectsof grammar are also
studentsalwaysseemto like includesinterviewing introduced and practised.The module comprises
techniques,presentationskills and producing written thirty-six hours of classcontact,mainly in tutorial
reports. groups of sixteento twenty, and studentsare
RAIAVHmm ... they sound interesting.How are they expectedto do approximatelysixty-four hours of
taught? private study.
TUTORThrough lectures,practical classesand SONIAIt soundsinteresting.I did someSpanishat the
persontrltutorials. Applied ChemicalEngineering CervantesInstitute last year.Passedan exam,in fact.
lastsall year of course,so there'splenty of time. TUTORAh, I'm afraid that meansyou can't do 1A. The
RAIAVAnd what about assessment? regulationssay'this module may NOT be takenby
TUTORThrough project work, usually,or dissertation. studentswith a qualification in Spanish'.Though you
Not examsas such. coulddo18...
RAIAVIs that the samefor the Information Technology
part of the module?
TUTORYes,things like word processingand learning to
createspreadsheets are testedin a similar way on this
module.
SONIAThat's not the casein someother modules,is it?
TUTOR No, it isn't. Are you thinking of any in
particular?
soNIA Yes,I'm consideringdoing Fluid Mechanics.
The work on flow analysislooks interestingand I like
the look of someof the other topics,too. So how is
that module tested?
TUTORThat's one of thosewhich still useswritten
exams.The sit-down, formal tlpe I'm afraid!
SONIAOh that doesn'tmatter. I quite like that kind as
it happens.
TUTORPat,you've got a question.
PATYes,I waswondering about ScienceI in Chemical
Engineering.How is that organized?It's a bit
different from other modulesisn t it?
TUTORYes,it aims to give the necessarybasisof
physicsand biology for those studentswho haven't
studied the relevantsubjectat A level or equivalent.

Test4Key 159
Section4
LECTURER
' Armageddon
Questions 31-33 pase102
31 90,000I ninety thousand
The prompt for questions31-33 is'First,the
numbersiThelecturertalksof 'a rockymeteorite
... travellingat around90 000 kilometresan
houri
32 4 km / four kilometres
The answercomesin the sentence'themeteorite
vaporizedin a ball of fire,carvingout a crater
about 4 kilometresdeep.'
33 40 km / forty kilometres
The answerfollowsimmediatelyafter 32:'... and
40 kilometresin diameteri
Questions 34-36 pase lo2
34C
Althoughthe speakerrefersto'some of the most
photogenicimpactcratersin the world ...
Acramanis not one of themiwhich is confirmed
by'half a billionyearsof erosionhastaken its
toll.A saltpan surroundedby low hillsis all that
remains.'Ais incorrect:althoughthe lecturer
mentions'ashallowseaiitwas'300kilometres
away'atthe time of the impact'590millionyears
agoi LakeAcramanis referredto later,but this is
'small'andwould not containseawater.B
contradictsthe correctanswerC.
35A
The key sentences are:'thetrue natureof the
placedawnedon geologistGeorgeWilliams...
in 1979...gazingat a sheafof newlyacquired
satelliteimagesiB is incorrectsince,althoughhis
firstvisitto Acramanwas indeedin 1980('ayear
later'),by then he alreadyknew what had
happened.Although there is a word from the
text ('textbook')in C,it is used as part of the
metaphor'atextbookexampleof an impactsite'.
368
Rockfrom Agaman wasalsofound elsewhere
('thesamematerialturned up at sites500
kilometresfrom Acraman'), not just the Flinders
ranges'morethan 300 kilometreseastof
AcramaniA is incorrectsinceit impliesrockfrom
Acramanwasactuallyfoundonly in the Flinders
mountains.C impliesthe rockwas not found in
the Flinders.
160 IELTSPracticeTests
Questions3l-36: script
LakeAcramanin SouthAustraliais
for the purist. No other meteorite
impacton Earthhasstampedthe surroundingrocks
with suchan abiding,unequivocalgeologicalrecord
of collision,earthquake,wind, fire and tsunami - the
giant wavesformed by major earth movements.The
story it tells is elemental,without dying dinosaursor
evenBruceWillis to complicateits simple messageof
destruction.First,the numbers:about590million
years ago,a rocky meteoritemore than 4 kilometres
across and travelling at around 90 000 kilometresan
hour slammed into an areaof red volcanicrock
about 430 kilometres northwestof Adelaide.Within
secondsthe meteoritevaporizedin a ball of fire,
carving out a craterabout 4 kilometres deepand 40
kilometres in diameterand spawningearthquakes
fierceenoughto raisel0O-metre-hightsunamisin a
shallowsea300kilometresaway.Ancient,stableand
unglaciated, the bedrockof Australiapreserves some
of the most photogenic impact cratersin the world.
Acramanis not one of them.Half a billion yearsof
erosionhastakenits toll. A saltpan surroundedby
low hills is all that remainsto mark the siteof the
cataclysm.The true nature of the placedawnedon
geologistGeorgeWilliamsof AdelaideUniversityin
1979.Gazingat a sheafof newly acquiredsatellite
images,he sawthe small,circularshapeof Lake
Acramansurroundedby a ring of faults and low
scarps40 km across,and an outer ring twicethis
size.A yearlaterhe madeit to the site.On islands
near the centreof the lake,Williams found bedrock
shatteredin a conicalpattern that expertsconsidera
suresign of a meteoriteimpact. Exceptfor a crater,
which had long sinceeroded,the areawasa textbook
exampleof an impactsite.In 1985further intriguing
evidenceturned up. Vic Gostin,anotherAdelaide
geologist,had been studyinga thin band of
fragmentedred volcanicrock in 600-million-year-
old shalein the FlindersRanges,more than 300
kilometreseastof Acraman.To his bewilderment,the
volcanicchunksturned out to be a billion yearsolder
than the shale.Where had they comefrom?
Comparingsamples,Gostinand Williamsfound that
their rockswereidentical:the red rock in the
FlindersRanges had beenblastedtherefrom
Acraman.Later,the samematerialturned up at sites
500 km from Acraman.
Questions 37-40 pase102
37 (the)earthquake/ shockwaves
Thespeaker talksof'theearthquake... the shock
wavesarrivedoffshore... stirringup the water
... asthe seabedshook.'
38 (the)explosion
Thelecturersays'shatteredrockfrom the
arrivedby air.Pebblesand boulders
explosion
crashedinto the water.'
39 sand
Thereis a mentionof 'a cocktailof silt andsand',
thentloudsof siltiandlaterthe speaker says,
'sandtook up to an hourto cometo rest,finally
beddingdownwiththe silt,'adding'This mixture
wouldeventuallyformthe nextlayer.'
40 (the)(huge)waves
Thespeakertalksof 'layersof increasingly
fine
sanddistortedon top into a wavy,scalloped
pattern,'andthenexplains howtheywere
shaped:'huge wavesrolled leavingthe ripples
in,
on the surfacethat laterhardenedinto rocki

Questions3740: script
LECTUREREverywhere,the bands of fragments
showedthe samestructure: coarsepebblesat the
bottom, then a cocktail of silt and sand,then layers
of increasinglyfine sand distorted on top into a
wavy,scallopedpattern. Theselayersalso show,step
by step,how the meteorite transformed the floor of
an ancient seahundredsof kilometres away,
accordingto Malcolm Wallaceof Melbourne
University.First camethe earthquake.Tiavelling at
about 3 kilometres a second,shock wavesarrived
offshorewithin a minute or two of the collision,
stiring up the water with clouds of silt asthe seabed
shook.Then shatteredrock from the erplosion
arrived by air. Pebblesand boulders crashedinto the
water,reachinga depth of about 200 metreswithin a
minute. One day they would becomethe lower band
of the Flindersrock. Sand took up to an hour to
come to rest,finally bedding down with the silt that
was alsonow settling on the seafloor asthe effectsof
the earthquakediedlway. This mixture would
eventually form the next layer.About an hour after
the meteorite'simpact, huge wavesrolled in, leaving
the ripples on the surfacethat later hardenedinto
rock.'Clearasmud'is not an orymoron. In
Acraman,the arid timelessAustralian Outback has
preservedthe closestthing the Earth can boastto a
perfect pockmark - the pinnacle of imperfection.

Test4 Key 161

Academic
Reading
PassageI
Questions l-5 page105
1F
Referringto the cause,the text mentions'light's
importancein our dailylivesiadding'Light is
almostlike air.'Describing
the effect,it says'we
hardlypay any attentionto it,'andA human
would no more lingeroverthe conceptof light
than a fish would ponderthe notion of water'
(lines18-22).
2H
Thereis a list of 'exceptions'tothe not paying
attentionto light:'arainbow,a sunset,'etc., are
the causes;tertainmomentsof sudden
appreciation'are the effects(lines23-24).
3A
Lines62-65 state'Somuch of vital importanceis
communicated by visiblelight'(thecause)and
then'almosteverythingfrom a fly to an octopus
has a way to captureit - an eye,eyes,or
somethingsimilar'(theeffect).
4D
The effect'Blackis the way shadowson the
moon looked'isgiven beforethe cause:'because
the moon hasno atmosphereand thus no skyto
bouncelight into the unlit cranniesof the lunar
surface'(lines89-92).
5E
Thecauseis givenin lines128-131:'Even though Questions ll-13 pase
light can be manipulatedto go fasterthan light'
('186,282milesa secondiinthe next paragraph), 11 a little blue
matter can't.lnformationcan't.'Theeffect is
stated:'There's no possibilityof time travel'.
Effectsnot used
B Althougha'darkband'ismentionedasoccurring
between'rainbows'(line 100),no causeof this is
given in the text.
C Thetext doesreferto'an Earth-based laser'(line
49) as'themain power sourcefor long-distance
spacetravelibutthis would take placeat a
'sizeable fractionof the speedof lighti not at
over''186,282 milesa second'.ltcould not be the
effect of any other of the causeslisted.
G The fact that they can detect infra-redlight is not
the effect of any of the causeslisted.
162 |ELTSPracticeTests
Questions 6-10 pase106
6 Yes
The writer portrayslight as an exceptionin
'modern physics'by saying'lightwon't reduce.
Lightis light- pure,but not simple;andthen:'No
one is quite surehow to describeit. A wave?A
particle?Yes,the scientistssay.Both.'(line15).
No
The writer disagreeswith this:'Youcan't
appreciatethe beauty of a roseif you ponder
that the colourred isjust the brain's
interpretationof a specificwavelengthof light
with creststhat are roughly700 nanometres
apart'(lines34-38)
Not given
Althoughthere is a mentionof the'moonsof
Jupiter'andthe fact that'the sun ... giveslifeto
our planet'(line61),the writerdoesnot suggest
this is a possibilityon other planets.
9 Yes
The keysentences light is ...
are:'Visible
biologicallyconvenient'and'Toseelong,
stretched-outradio waves,we'd haveto have
huge eyeslikesatellitedishesiThewriter's
opinionis clear:'Not
worth the trouble!'(lines
71-74)
10 Yes
The writer statesin lines93-94 that'Lynchis a
man who,when he looksat a rainbowspots
detailsthat eludemost of us.'
106
Referringto the'view acrossthe canyon',Lynchis
quoted as saying'thereasonthosemountains
overthere look a littleblue... is becausethere's
sky betweenhereand thosemountains'(line
103).
12 a spaceship
Thepeopleare'science fictionwritersand certain
overly imaginative folks'who have'dreamedof'
and'fantasized'that'you could makea spaceship
... you could zip around the universe'(line
119).
13 cesiumgas
The writerstatesWangcreated'apulseof light
that went fasterthan the supposedspeedlimit'
and Wangsays'Wecreatedan artificialmedium
 of cesiumgasin which the speedof a pulseof
lightexceedsthe speedof light'(line125).
Questions1Ll6 paseloe
14 True
Surveysby the BritishAGRare givenas evidence
that employers'seek ... personalskillsand
consideredtheseskillsmore importantthan
specialistknowledge'(lines36-41). Examplesof
theseskillsthen follow
15 False
Thesentencebeginning'Clearly, salary
...'(line50) is the first indicationthat
differentials
the statementis false.This is laterconfirmedby
'the averagesalarypaid to an MBAwith good
work experienceis ... aroundtwo and a half
timesthe averagestartingsalaryfor a young
postgraduate'(lines62-67).
16 Not given
Thefour listedquestionsin lines82-91 are
points for the readerto considel not statements
of fact or of the writer'sopinion.Thethird point,
therefore- despiteits similarityin meaningto
the statementin 16 - is not given,asthere is no
informationthat the writer believesthis to be
oftenthe case.
Questions 17-21 pase1oe
17C
Quacquarelli is quoted in lines 5}-66,referringto
'new graduateswith a masters- or evena
doctorateiThewords'ln my view'introducehis
comment:'the salaryimprovement... largely
reflectsthe recruit'sage and earning
expectancy.'
18A
AlthoughHeskethis quoted in the first
paragraph, you haveto find the secondsection
that quoteshim for the answersto both 18 and
21.In paragraph6, he saysA postgraduate
immediatelyhasan uphilltaskexplaining(to
employers)an additionalyear,or threeyears,of
study' (lines74-77).
198
Blackman's wordsare introducedby the verb
'explains'inline20.Therestof this paragraphis
summedup by the wordsin question19.
20D
The prepositionAccordingto'in paragraph9
introducesBeech's comment'TheMSc... is
suitablefor studentswith a good first degree-
particularlya non-business first degree- but
littleor no business experience'(lines
98-102).
21 A
The relevantquote is introducedbyAnthony
Heskethposesthe questionwhetherholdinga
seconddegreemay even be a disadvantage'
(lines67-69).Question21 paraphrases his
statement
'l haveseenmanyreportsoverthe years
suggestingthat employersview postgraduates
as eminentlylessemployablethan thosewith a
first degree'(lines69-72).
Questions22-27 page110
22 job
The summarycoversmost of the finaltwo
paragraphsof the text.ltsfirst sentence
paraphrases Maberly:'Whatever your firstdegree
... a postgraduatebusinessdegreecan help you
gain a competitiveedge in an over-crowdediob
market'(line 120).
23 skills
Thefirst part of the sentencecorrespondsto'a
businessmastersdegree... will enableyou to
developskil/sdirectly relevantto employers'
needs'(line122).
24 motivation
Line 126-'128'Recruitersare highlyselectiveand
a vocationalqualificationis additionalevidence
paraphrased
of motivation,'are by the sentence
containingquestion 24.
25 options
Much of the sentenceconta:ningoption 25 in
the summarycorresponds to lines129-130,
which includethe words'weighup the options'.
26 company
The sentence'Tryto get sponsorshipfrom a
company'becomespreferablywith financial
assistance
from the... in the summary.
Test4 Key 163
27 future
The lastsentenceof the summarycoverslines
136-137:'Ultimately the choiceis yours- but
focus on the future,andon your target
employer'sexpectations:
Questions28-33 pase111
28 ParagraphB:ix
The recordsare'normallyconstructedin a
restrictedarea'and,in the next paragraph'local'
not from'a vastareaacrossEurope,northern
Eurasiaand North AmericaiParagraphB alsosays
theserecordsgo back'morethan 5000years',
comparedwith the'600 years'inthe Briffastudy.
29 ParagraphC:iii
The paragraphsaysthere are'quitea lot of
chronologies for study'and'itis
available
possibleto comparethe recordsfrom different
areasyear by yeariThereis then a referenceto
'an analysisof 383 modernchronologies, drawn
from a vastareaiaswellasto reading'theice
record'.
30 ParagraphD: vii
ParagraphD focusesmainlyon the processby
which volcanoescauseglobalcooling,which
then leadsto patternsof thickerand thinner
ringsin certaintrees:'northern
conifersiand
more specifically:'pinei
31 ParagraphE:vi
The end of D refersto testing'thefindingsfrom
the pine densityrecordifollowedby'what
Europeanoak was doing acrossthe
same...period' in E.Thequestion'Was oak
respondingin the sameway asthe conifers?'is
answeredin E.Thereare references to'this
comparisoniandoak(s)and conifer(s) are
compared.
32 ParagraphF:i
Theparagraphbegins'Take the caseof 1816'and A Whiledendrochronology
sayswhat happenedthen.lt laterdescribes
events'inthe run-upto 1816;refersto',the
period'1810-20'and'three unusualelementsin
lessthan ten years'.Thebeginningof G also
refersbackto the topic of F as:'thecaseof 1816 D Althoughring patternsmay overlap,thereis no
and'the yearsjust beforeand after iti
33 ParagraphG:viii
Paragraph G states'Wecan interrogatethe trees
in areaswherethere is no historicalor
instrumentalrecordlmaking it a uniquerecord.
Thereare more referencesto other timesand
164 |ELTSPracticeTests
placesin the sentencebeginning'Furtherbackin
time ...'
Headingsnot used
ii Paragraph C talksof studyingice layersin
Greenlandin a similarway to the studyof tree
rings,not to treesfrozenin that ice.
vi AlthoughparagraphF mentionsthe defeatof
Napoleon's invasion',
it speculatesabout whether
naturaleventscausedthis,not whetherit caused
climatechange.
x Youmay expecta paragraphabout this,but
there isn'tone in the text.Thewriter probably
assumesthat likelyreadersalreadyhavethis
knowledge.
Questions 34-36 page'1
14
348
Paragraph A says'Matchthe ringsfrom young
treeswith thosefrom old forestgiantsiand
paragraphB refersto bverlappingthe patterns
of wide and narrowringsin successivelyolder
timber specimensi
3sc
(paragraphA) and'timber'(paragraphB)
'Rafters'
are both made of wood; both are precededby
bld'or'olderiThey arealsoincludedin the
processof makinga record:'Match. . . and you
havea still longerchronology'and'succegfully
constructedlong tree-ringrecordsby
overlapping ... i
36F
Thisrefersto the thronologies'described in
paragraphB,which'datebackmore than 5,000
years'.'Theserecords,'
it says,are'normally
constructedin a restrictedarea,usinga single
speciesof tree.'
Points not used
canactuallyprovidea
completerecordof the weather,this is limitedto
the partsof the world 'southof the tundra'(the
cold northernregions)'andnorth of the tropics'
(thewarm areanearthe Equator).
suggestionthat the numberof ringsis the same.
E Thisconfusesthronologies... that date back
morethan 5000years'- the resultof scientific
research- with dendrochronology itself.There
is
no indicationthat this is an ancientscience.
 37-40 pase 114 40 D
Questions
D usesthe word how to indicatethat the text
37A will focuson waysthat the studyof tree rings
ParagraphE states'theconiferstell only part of can providemore informationabout the natural
the story'withina descriptionof the resultsof backgroundto human events.A coversonly a
studyingthe oak so A is correct.B is incorrect part of the text which - as the end of paragraph
sincethe phrasebnly part of'meansat least E makesclear- servesmainlyto showthe
potentialof dendrochronology. B is basedon a
someof it must complementthat of the oak,
while the previoussentencesays'theoaksclearly misunderstanding of the text,while C overstates
do respondto the volcanoesin somecases', its scope.
partlyin line with the studyof conifers.Thisalso
makesC impossible, plusthe contrastsbetween
oak and coniferfindingsin paragraphE.Thelast
sentenceof paragraphE does indeed referto
'globalcoolingiand the periodof studyof the
oak recordwasfrom AD 1400to the presentera,
but there is nothing in the text to support
option D.
38A
ParagraphF describesthe trop failures'and
'unseasonable coldiwhich in turn was causedby
'the massiveeruptionof TamboralThe
earthquakementionedin B happenedthree or
four yearsbeforeTambora.C is not supportedby
- evidence:despitethe mentionof a'volcanicacid
layer'formingin the ice of 'Greenlandand
Antarctica'followingTambora,there is no
evidencethat that this led to any meltingof the
ice caps.D clearlyrelatesto'the defeatof
Napoleon's invasionof Russia':the outcomeof a
war took placethreeyearsbeforeTambora.
398
A exaggerateswhat the text says:it talks of
'throwingnew light on far darkermomentsin
human history'and tircumstantialevidencethat
could supportsomeof the stories', not of
revealingnew historicalfactsabout humanity.B
is more limited in scope,suggestingthe
possibility('perhapsitould')of provingthe
above,reflectingthe referencesto'legendsiC is
incorrectsince,althoughthere is a referencein
paragraphG to'abrupt environmentaleventsi
theserelateto naturaloccurrences. D is incorrect
sincethe end of paragraphG focuseson the
practicalpossibilitythat it might be ableto
confirmeventsdescribedin religioustexts.

Test4 Key ;55

5am le writinganswers
Test1
Writing ThskI page32

The line4raph iltustrate-s sta.de-nts who came- -from Inclone-sia, Halagsia,

Singapore-, arrl Hong kong in A*stralia betuee-n 1182arrL 2OOO.
The- number oi students cominq lrom Ha-lagsia in 1182to in 1113
incre-asec\ ste-ac\ilg lrorn about S",OOOstucLe-its to trctst uncler IO,OOO
students ulereas that o1 the othe-r co*ntries increase;cI sharplg
betwe-en about 2,OOO students and about rc,AOO sta.de-nts.The nunber
o1 the ove-rsea sta.dents in 1113to in 2OOO -fluctuate- signilicantlg
betueen abo*t IO,OOOsta.dents and just urrle-r 2O,OOO sta.de-nts uith the
exception oJ st*de-nts cominq lrom Irrloresia-.There- ,.,as a- cLranaticaltg
incre-a,se in the n*mber o{ oler"ea stuclents {rom Irrlonesia. in l'113 to in
lldl8, pe-aking at 2b,OOO st*de-nts.There- a:,as a slightlg drop in the n*nbe-r
o{ students {rom I-rrLore-sia in 1118to in 2OOO {rom 2b,OOO students to
abo*t 23,OOOstudents.
The,re ai,as a consira.ble- rptice- in the- number oi the oversea
students with S-ti,re- increase be-tue-e-n 1182to 2OAO, except sta.dents
lrom Hatasio".

Comments
Thecontentof thisanswerisgood,in that it reportsthe mainfeaturesof the graph,and
alsodrawsparticular attentionto the significant
features.lt
alsoattemptsto summarize
the mainmessage of the graphin theconclusion. ltsweakness liesin itslackof cohesion.
Thewriterhasstrungthe sentences togetherbut theydo not flow easilyfromoneto the
nextasthereareno linkingwords.There aresomestructuralandspellingerrors, but
thesedo not interferewith communication.The writerhasmostof the vocabulary he
needsto writeaboutgraphs.This answerwould probablynot achieveBand7.

"t66 IELTS
PracticeTests
Writing Thsk2 page34

Tn re-ce-nt ge-ars, trave-lling bg plane has become a ve-rg comrron me-a^s

oi transport {or ma^g people-. l'lainlg bec-aotse- it's practic-a-I, qttic-k and.
e-asy),b*t it also bec-a,ne- incrediblg che-ap and acce-ssible- lor a.tl.
conseqLentlg, peofle are hlhtg encoLra-ged to choose- it and air tra{{ic
is incre-asing rapiag. Atthou3h taxing {t\ht ticKe-ts 6ore heavitg coutd
enable- to red*ce air trallic conside-rablq, this decision coulcl also lead.
to mang draubo,oks.
First o-f atl , i{ plane tic,Ke-ts becone more expensive, rnarrg pe-ople
alht rec-onsider their wag o{ trave-lling.Therefore-, this wo*ld ce-rta-intg
enc-oLrages dlore o{ them to taKe a train to trave-t short cLista-nces,
lrom a E*ropean co*ntrg to a-nothe-r, {or e-xa.mple.
As a resutt o{ this, air tra#ic c-ot*ld dec-rease- and new airport
constrLytion not be- ne-e-ded-
On the- other hand, to me it is obvio*s that peopte uitt choose- to
travel using a co.r or a coach as an atternative- Dag.The-relore-, this
uootld le-ad to lots o{ noise and pollution on the- roads, mosttg during
holida.gs. Hore-over, e-c-onomic-all!, the- choice- o{ ta-xing +luht tickets
he-avitg c-oxld be se-e-n as a discrimination o,s travelting abroacl c-ould onlg
'be- allorded bg ae-a.tthg pe-opte. Fino,ttg,hlh c-osts ltgiry m$ht simptg
diadvantaae to*rism as it aootld slou down cxlt*ral and economic
e-xchanges betueen co^ntr ie-s.
To st+m up, ahe-n be-aring in mind the- consegLLences oi heavg taxe,s on
plane tickets, it doe-s not se-em to be- an appropriate solution against
noise or pollution. Besides, travelli"g bg plane is needed and important
to mal nta,i n goods e xchange s, toctr ism co mmLLni cat ion, te-chnot o,qq
de-velopme-nts ---

Comments
Thisis an excellentanswerin all aspects.There is scarcelya mistakein grammar,despite
the useof complexsentences, and it is cogentlyarguedwith effectiveuseof link words,
displayinga rangeof logicalrelationships.The caseis arguedconvincinglywith good
examples.The text is well plannedwith a clearintroduction,whichis not merelya
repetitionof the question,and a meaningfulconclusion. Thisanswerwould probably
exceedBand 7.

Samplewritinganswers 167
Test2
Writing Thsk I page64

The diaqram itta.strates the- e-nvironmental issrtes bu o, oroduct ove-r its

.JJ
li-fetirne-.
According to the- diagram, lirst ste-p {or the- lile- cgcle- oi a prod,t+ct
is prodxct planning a"nd de-sign uhich is the most slni-fbant ste-p {or
cttstome-rs as an appe-arance-. Se-condlg, s*ppliers have to pre-pare- all
oi the- mate-rials uhich theq ne-e-d. to use- lor the- prod.t*c-t. Tt wot*ld.
r,'PPe-ar that most oJ the- /e-opte- are rnore- liKe-lg io .on urn aboxt the
materials that are xse-d d*ring the- prodatction be-car,tse- o{ the qua,litq.
AJte-r the prooess oi p.o.,tu-e-nt oJ the- mate-rials is.uo.hLa, ille-
cgcle- is {otloue-d. bg production ste-p. As long as a prod,*ct is re.a-d,g to
se-ll, initia-l ste-p carries on with packogin3, printing and phgsicat
distrib*tion. Tn addition to this ste-p, Lhe-re- are- iarietq o4 Daqs how to
maKe- the- prod.xct mor€- inpre-ssive anc) r)e-rrand.in4 in ihe- comietitive-
marKet.That's whg, perhaps the- most important pioce-"t is sa/es,
houe-ver good. qutalitq ol mate-rials uas utse-d..Dhite- sxpptie-rs are- trqinq
to selt oig x-ina' o{ p:roauct, the-q shoottd. persua-d.e cxstome-rs lor ulthtu.
its qutailtj or {xnction as o .hoie-.
In the- case- 01 sale-s, a larqe- proportion o{ peofle use- varie-tie-s oi
te-chnics hou to e-#e-ct c*sto'me-rs in the marke-t eve-n uith
exaqqeration. From cttstome-rs point oi vie-w, theq invariabtq locxs on
lu
uhaYthe-q need. So, another esse-ntial point lor -surpptier" to me-et
ctrsto^e-/)s ne-ec)s.
Conse-g*ent19, proda.cts are starte-d to be- use-d bg castorners
uhether theq'ie- satisiie-d or not. Unless theq are- it's more-
"oiit+ie-d.,
liKetg Jor thd prod.xct to be- give-n back to th'e- service.

Comments
Althoughthere are someerrorsin structure,and there might havebeen more
commentson significantstagesin the process, this is an adequateanswerto the
question.Thewriter displaysthe abilityto usea rangeof structuresand vocabulary.
Becausethe generallanguageis of a high leveland flows coherently,it would reachthis
band level,althoughcommentson the environmentalfeaturesof the processare
lacking.This answerwould probably achieveBand 7.

1 68 IELTS
PracticeTests
Writing Thsk2 page66

Noua-daqs, pe-opte- a-re a-ble to re-a.ch e-asilg to linancial so*rce-s bq

linanciil instr*ments sxc-h as r.ortyage- toins and. cred.it card.s.rtere-
are ma-nq people- aho spencl 6oneq bq ocsinqc-red.it carcl or loans uithoutt
re-pagiry-o,bitiig. Tt is the- aim ol /"tig to'present some be-ne-{its a"nd.
dro-wbacks uhe-n people are- not able to borroul easit4 r(Aneq.
The-re are some- advantaqes, when banks d.on't rc-ni, ,.oni,4 to Deopte
e-asilg.To start with, pe-o/e"are controted. the-ir expencLitiol in ord.er
not to spe-ncl too m*ch mone-g rnore than the-ir re-paging abititg. As a
res*lt, this is a possible cauZe- that te-o,cJ-s to d.e-cre-Zi"\ crimd. in
soc-ietg. F*rthermore, uhen fina,ncia-t instit*tions have- 7ess risks , theq
r
c-an leAd. r.oneg to people with low inte-rest rate. Dhat is more,
e-c-onomg uitt Oe sa{er uhen {ina.ncia"l institutions have no risKs. For
e-xamPle-, in 111b,the-Thai linancial instit*tions lent too m*ch mo^e-q to
pe-ople- aho cot*lcl not re-pag. Conseg*e-ntlg, it is one- oi the- ca*se-! oj
the- crisis in the- Thai e-conomu in 1117.
Houever, uhen banks are-stricter abouct le-nd.inq rno^e4 to peopte,
pe-ople neecL to lind, another {ina.ncial soLLrce tuch a" to-borroa moneq
{rom malias or ille-gal linancia-l institr*tion. As a c-onse-qLLent, this d.oeslt
sr,tpport ec-o^omg a-nd dange-r oi their li4e,. Hore-ove-r, ba-nks tose- the
opportxnitie-s to e-arn more mone-q and to increa-se- monitorin4 c-ost.
' In c,onclusion, T think e-verg {ini,nc-ial instruments are- impo/tant in
econorng and enc-oLLra^e e-co^omg to be- stronger. However, ae should
be- care-{utl o{ how to Lse- it bec-a-*se- it uill bi a oause o{ economic
problems such as in the crisis of theTha.i e-conomq.

Comments
Thereare manygood featuresin this writing.Thequestionis answered, givingweight
to both sidesof the argument.There is a clearintroductionand conclusion.Thewriter
makesgood useof an examplefrom his own experience, and displaysappropriate
vocabularyfor tacklingthe topic.Theideasarewell linkedthrough cohesivedevices,
and any structuralerrorsare minor.Thisanswerwould probablyachieveBand7.

Samplewritinganswers 169
Test3
Writing ThskI page92

fhe- graphs give, in{ormation aboatt the nrmber ol $e-r'w-le sta.dents

pe-r IOO na.le strlde-nts in prinerg, se-c-ondarg and tertiarg edutcation-
In ge-neral, mor€- 6o9s than girls ue-re- stttdging at school both in
l11o and 2OOO in all the- c-o*ntries, except in tertiarq ed*cation in
developed c-o*ntries, o-ncl the ntmber o{ girts per b-ogs uas b$er
in 2OOO than in ll'lO in the- tuo countrg groips ancl in a-tt the e-cI*cational
sta4es.
J

Tutrning to the detail, the-re- Dere npre- bogs tha-n girls in primar!
and sec-ondarg education- As can be seen, deve-lopin.q countries sa-D a
bigger d.iscre-iancg betwe-e-n the- numbe-rs of mate oi) 4.,,',ole stttcle-nts
that de-ve-loped Lotl^tries, with the number o{ girls per IOO bogs at 83 in
l11O and 87 in 2OOO in prinarg education. and 72 in l11O a-nd 82 in 2OOO in
secondarq edxc-ation. Hoae-ver, in devetope-cl countries, the balance- oJ
the tuo io,s m*ch close-r to the id.eat, particxlartg in second.arg
edutc-ation, with 18 girls per IOO bogs in l11O ancl 117n 2OOO
Re4arding tertiarg ed*cation, the balance Da-s e-ven Dorse than in
o"ng other levels o{ e-d*cation in cleve-loping co*ntries aith bb girls pe-r
IOO boqs in l11O and 75 in 2OOO. On the- other hand, in deve,loping
c-oxnt/ie", the- n*mbe-r oi girts overtook that o1 bogs at IOSpEr bO bogs
in l11O and ll2 in 2OOO.

Comments
It is hard to fault this pieceof writing.lt picksout clearlyall the main trendsshown in
the figures,giving an overallvieryand then describingthe detailclearlyand accurately.
The languageis sophisticated and complex,usinga wide rangeof vocabularyand
structures.ltis clearlylinkedtogetherand is nearnativespeakerin styleand useof
language.This answerwould probablyexceedBand 7.

170 IELTS
PracticeTests
V/riting Thsk2 page94

Rece-ntlq c-ompanies started to ttse ne-a Daqs o-nd techniques to c-ompete- uith
others ind. uin the- maxim;.m nLtmb&r o{ ctiints, one- o{ thoe-s ,r,o,usis to re-crxit
talente-cl clirec-tors, thoes d.irectors sho*lc\ rxn the c,ompanies"and. maKe-
e-ssential decisions.The-re4ore, dire-c-tors rece-ive- hiqhe-r so,larqs than others,
However spec:tators be-lieve that clirectors gel nore thin the-,4 d.eserve.
^lc:^g
T wot*lcl o{re-.e- that d.ire-c-tors o{ lar4 c,ompanie"s re-ceive mxch biiae-r
salaruls than"other which encre-a,se-s br4"time-, bltt I belie-ve that d,ir#tors
d.e-sirve- these so-laries -for a nxmber-o{ reasons. Pe-rhaps the most important
is the- lact that the progre-ss o1 the c-ompang re-lg on the-ir c)ic-isions, the
c-ornpetition betwee-n the- compa-des is viciou-s a-nd hard, and so, aea-k
e-stablishment cant survive uith ooct qood te-o.dership. Tn addition, diractors
worK ve-rg hard. more than some- pe-dprc- emagine-, theg have to stud.g the
marke-t, re-ad arv-lgse everg smal de-ta,il to.maKe the rig,ht dicision.
12d
F*rthe-rmore, directors are- alawgs in lear and aorrime-nt, theg are a-fraid oi
giviry urong conclusions a-nd dec-isions, wic-h mQht caLse gre-at be-re-avement to
the- companq and eventuallg lee-d to the lose o{ qood position.
tloae-ve-rj the-re- are ma-n4 uho d.isa,qre-e- uith "n',e-,arquinq that d,irectors
receive salaries more tho-n-theg.e-oig c)e-se-rve. AncL Zo^ianie-s should. cut
{rom the-se- salaries a-nd use that moneg {or creating ne-u 1ob opportxt*nitq,
improving or building ne-u lac-ititie-s,taKd LLp e-quci"pme-ntZ,inc.r:eas the
^eD
salarie.{o4 other uiorkers, or inve-st this nonu in the- market.
J

Comments
The argumenthereis compelling,althoughslightlymoretime is spenton defending
the'for'argumentthan the'againstiThewriter attemptsto usea wider rangeof
vocabularyand structuresthan is perhapsactuallywithin his competence,but this is a
good try.He losesmarksfor incorrectspelling,and punctuation.There
are relativelyfew
structuralerrors.Thisanswerwould probably not achieveBand7.

Samplewritinganswers 171
Test4
Writing Thsk1 page115

The- data shous c-aLLses uhich bring pe-ople- to hospitat {or teena-gers and
people- of all aqe-s.
The- cate-qoiie-" c-an be d.ivid,e-cl into two qroLLps whic-h are the c-aLLse-s
involve-c) uit4 vehicle-s a-nd the others.The- {"or-e-r sa,D a. clear patte-rn
betaeen the ge-nde,rs a-nd ages.Te-ena-.qe-rs ure-re- more- tifelq to be
hospito.lize-a iq acdde-nt" .d.bte-d. to
'/e-hicte-s than adutts ind.
bogs than girli we-re- invotved, in the-se- c-aLLses.The- nost c,ommon-o.e- ca-use in
this group ao-s total transport accid,ents uith 7?1 c,ases o{ bo,1s, 323 oi
girls,557 o1 total teenagers and 3O5 oi total popa.tation per IOO,OOO
Lase-s respec-tive-lq. Pe-de-strian aas the least .ortrton casu-e oj
hospitalisation in this qroup uith *nde-r 50 c,a-ses per IOO.OOO{or alt the-
pre-se-nted. aqe and. sZ-x qroLLps.
On the- otie-r hand., thL aistrib*tions in the- other caLLse-svarie-d bct
c-ase. Fo.ltsand c-omplications are- more c,ommon in adults tha-n in
teenage-rs with complications o{ ntedica-lcare- be-inq the most c-omrnon
cause o{ hospita-tisation {or the tota,l popttlation alnonq all the c,aLLses
tisted in the- table, at l43t per IOO,OOOc,ase-s. Assaa.lt iau.t the- so.me
profite- as the c'aLLses involve-d with vehic-le-s. Accidental poisoning was
the onlg .a-LLse which more girls than bogs uere- involved. in the- {able-.

Comments
Thewriter hasbeenableto dealonly with the significantdata,and disregardthat which
obscuresthe generaltrends.He hasan excellentcommandof the languageneededto
makecomparisons, and his pointsareclearlylinked.Thewide rangeof structuresis
usedwith almosttotal accuracy.
Thisanswerwould probablyexceedBand 7.

172 IELTS
PracticeTests
Writing Thsk2 page116

Stude-nt {ees have bee-n a constant sutb1ec.t oi debate alt round the-
uorlds in re-ce-nt gears.There- are- ma"ngdil{e-re,nt opinior's aboxt this
isslte and educational sqstems and {inancial support to stucLe,r,ts {rom
state-s have chanaea siiti{icanttd.
In m! opinionsltheri. are a ,iu^aer o-f points that neec) to be ta<er,
into c,oAsic)eration her e.
Firsttq, the e-clcccation o{ stude-nts is extre-nelq expensive the-se- da,4.
St*de-nt"s have to pa4 a qre-at d.eo-l o{ mone1 {or"vario*s thinqs, al
"uch
ar-;r-;onmod.ation, str.d,en{ fie-e-s or books.fhe-importance- oi t6is is that
ma\oritu o{ stutdents can not allord the-se- thinas. I consider that
sho*ld. be loccnd, in financ-ial aid. lrom itotu" to stude-nts.
"oiutioi"
Tn a-cldition, considering gi{te-d stttde-nts uho do not have mone-g to
pag lor e-d.ttcation.t be-lieVi that states shoulc\ {inance their ecluLation.
For insta-nce, manq scientists have re-cie-ved moncg lor e-ducation in m!
co*ntrq.A{te-ruo/as, theq have d.isc-overed and. inientec) a varietq o{-
things ilhi.h have- been bine'ficia-l {or the societq. So, states
"houia
alwd.,4s support talented. stud.ents uho d-o not hive- moneg. Futrthermore-,
stat-e-s' financ-iat sxpport c-an be an e-xtremelul motivatin/ and.
e-nLoLLraqin fiactor {or stuclents. Tn othe-r ,o/d,", in te-ris o1 teisutre-
ancl hoilCo-gs, the-g c-an do mang things which theg cannot d.o withouct this
states' aid, sttch as hobbies sport o-ctivit-ies or travelling. Houeve-r,
st*de-nts can LLse this moneg in urong plrposes, bttt gene-rallg T claim
that this is a qood investment {or co&ntrq.
On the- othZr hanc), consid.ering the- h$h ntmbe-r o{ pe-opte- uho uo.nt
to stxdg, T obre-ct stronqlq that h$h e-d*cation shoutd be- onlg provide-d
bq state-s. t Jai- that it'ote-s Lan not patq all e-xtra costs o1 e-cLucation
1-or st*d.e-nts. 4s a re-sult, T argrte that sLate-s ancL stuclents shoxtd,
reach a corr\Promise- reqo-rdinq this isscte-.
Tn conclusion, althou{h the."u are o, number o{ aiffe,re,nt points of
vieu re:qarc)inq costs oi universitg stucJ.ie-s,I c,taim that this shoutlcLbe-
{inanc-e'ba Ooih stud.ents ancl states. Horeover, states sho*ld provrd.e-
4*nd.s uhi-ch ao*ld su-pport gilte-d. stLt-cle-nts.

Comments
Thisis generallya good answerin that it is clearlyargued,in languagewhichis almost
alwaysaccurate, althoughthereare a few spellingmistakesand awkwardconstructions.
Cohesive devicesarewell used.Oneslightminuspoint is that the argumentis veryone-
sided,and the writer seemsto run out of ideaswhen he comesto put the opposing
argument.Also,he doesnot displayquite the flairand rangeof vocabularyone might
expectat this level.Thisanswerwould probablyachieveBand 7.

Samplewritinganswers t/5
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174 O UC L E S
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