1.
Compare and contrast between cognitive and
metacognitive factors.
- Cognitive factors refer to the mental processes
involved in acquiring, processing, and storing
information. These include attention, perception,
memory, and problem-solving skills. Cognitive
factors are responsible for our ability to understand
new concepts and solve complex problems. On the
other hand, metacognitive factors involve our
awareness and control over our cognitive
processes. They include self-monitoring, planning,
reflection, and evaluation. Metacognition allows us
to regulate our thinking by setting goals, monitoring
progress, and adjusting strategies accordingly.
2. How would you encourage metacognition in the
classroom?
- I would teach metacognition in the classroom by
encouraging students to monitor and reflect on their
performance. This will allow them to identify what
they are doing well and what they can improve on.
Once students have established this, they should
be encouraged to set goals that motivate them to
make these improvements.
3. Explain metacognition in your own words. How
do you apply this to improve your own study
skills?
-Metacognition is the process of thinking about our
own thinking. It involves being aware of our
thoughts, understanding how we learn, and
monitoring our own learning progress. In simpler
terms, it is the ability to reflect on what we know
and how we know it. To apply metacognition in
improving study skills, one must first become
aware of their own learning style. Another way to
utilize metacognition is by setting clear goals before
studying. During the actual studying process,
metacognition can be applied by employing various
strategies such as self-questioning and self-
monitoring.
4. Cite at least three (3) examples of teaching
strategies that develop metacognition.
- Teaching strategies such as self-reflection, goal-
setting, and peer collaboration foster metacognition
in students. Self-reflection involves encouraging
students to think about their learning experiences
and identify what strategies were effective or
ineffective. Another strategy is goal-setting. By
setting clear goals for themselves, students are
able to focus their efforts and monitor their
progress. Finally, providing opportunities for peer
collaboration promotes metacognition. When
working with others, students have the chance to
discuss ideas and compare different approaches.
Through this process, they gain insights into
alternative ways of thinking and problem-solving.
5. Elaborate on the teacher’s role in the learning
process.
- A teacher is a role model and facilitator of
learning. The teacher is the one who plans the
learning process, he manages, partners in his
educational work, and at some time valuer of skills
and knowledge of students. The teacher education
work is based on sincerity, passion, and love for
students but also in practicing the profession.
6. What is the construction of knowledge? Cite an
example.
-The process of constructing knowledge involves
connecting new information with existing
knowledge in meaningful ways to widen and
deepen one's understanding. Students can learn by
creating projects that link ideas expressed through
text, sound, videos, and web links. This way, they
can build upon their existing knowledge base and
expand their understanding of various topics.
7. Cite examples of learner-centered instructional
practices in the classroom.
-Learner-centered teaching methods shift the focus
of activity from the teacher to the learners. These
methods include Active learning, in which students
solve problems, answer questions, formulate
questions of their own, discuss, explain, debate, or
brainstorm during class. Another example is
project-based learning. In this approach, students
are given a real-world problem or task and are
required to work collaboratively to find a solution.
This encourages critical thinking, problem-solving
skills, and creativity. Students take ownership of
their learning by conducting research, designing
experiments, and presenting their findings.
8. What are the 14 learner-centered psychological
principles? Pick one and explain.
-Among the 14 learner-centered psychological
principles, I choose the nature of the learning
process which we can find in cognitive and
metacognitive factors. The nature of the learning
process must be (1) active. It means that the way of
learning is participative and dynamic. Also, it must
be (2) volitional which means that the way of
learning is intentional and goal-oriented. Lastly, it
must be (3) internally mediated which also means
that the students are responsible in controlling the
learning process; the students are the center of
instruction and the teacher is also a facilitator.
9. Discuss about the nature of the learning
process.
- The nature of the learning process which we can
find in cognitive and metacognitive factors. The
nature of the learning process must be (1) active. It
means that the way of learning is participative and
dynamic. Also, it must be (2) volitional which means
that the way of learning is intentional and goal-
oriented. Lastly, it must be (3) internally mediated
which also means that the students are responsible
in controlling the learning process; the students are
the center of instruction and the teacher is also a
facilitator.
10. Elucidate: Assessment, there, is for both the
teacher and learner.
-Assessment, whether it be for the teacher or
learner, is an essential component of the
educational process. It serves as a means to
evaluate and measure progress, identify areas of
improvement, and guide future learning. Teachers
use assessments to evaluate their teaching
methods and curriculum. Additionally, assessment
helps teachers identify gaps in knowledge or
misconceptions that may require further
clarification. On the other hand, learners use them
to monitor progress and identify areas for self-
improvement. Through assessments, learners
receive feedback on their strengths and
weaknesses, which helps them set goals for self-
improvement.
11. Describe a successful learner in the
construction of knowledge.
- A successful learner in the construction of
knowledge can connect new information with
existing knowledge and employ thinking and
reasoning strategies to achieve complex learning
goals.
12. Explain: Child development draws the interest
and imagination of anyone who cares for kids.
- Child development is an area of study that
captures our attention because it provides practical
guidance for those caring for children while also
offering insights into human nature as a whole. By
studying child development, we can gain valuable
insights into how to provide appropriate stimulation,
nurture emotional well-being, and foster healthy
relationships.
13. Elaborate: Learning does not occur in a
vacuum.
- Learning does not occur in a vacuum; it is a
dynamic process that involves various factors and
influences. The environment, social interactions,
teachers' guidance, and personal motivation all
contribute to effective learning outcomes.
According to Cottone (2001), learning is an
interactive rather than an individual process. It
involves exchanging ideas, negotiating, and sharing
decision-making together.
14. How can classroom environment have
significant impacts on student learning?
-Significant impact of a positive classroom
environment helps students to learn with ease and
perform better academically while it also has
negative impacts that can hinder the learning and
performance of the students.
15. How will you make your classroom conducive to
learning?
- I will create a conducive learning environment that
involves (1) establishing clear expectations, like,
setting consistent guidelines for behavior and
academic performance, (2) building positive
relationships with students, through taking the time
to get to know each student individually helps build
trust and rapport, (3) utilizing various teaching
strategies that cater to different learning styles, for
instance, visual aids, hands-on activities, and group
work, and (4) technology and providing timely
feedback, or constructive feedback helps guide
students towards achieving their goals while
motivating them to continue working hard.
16. When applied in an educational management
system, how should strategic thinking work?
- In educational management system, strategic
thinking involves looking for ways in advance on
how to deal with a future situations and thinking in
advance on setting long-term goals and planning.
17. Characterize early childhood in terms of
schooling and developmental tasks.
- The developmental tasks necessary during their
first five years center around the mastery of
essential building blocks for learning to succeed in
school. This includes the ability to get along with
other children, make friends, become engaged in
social groups and develop the capacity to manage
powerful emotions.
18. What are the social influences to learning? Give
learning activities or situations that develop
collaborative skills among learners.
-The social influences to learning is by creating a
language environment and an experience
environment which stimulate the mind to grow, and
by systematically rewarding a child for learning.
Some examples of learning activities which will
possibly develop collaborative skills among
learners are (1)pair or group discussion, (2)
completing shared tasks in a pair or group example
matching, sorting and ranking.
19. Diversity is a natural part of life. Describe a
learning environment where diversity is
manifested.
- Diversity is everything that makes people
different from each other, such as race, ethnicity,
gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status,
ability or religious belief. Moreover, a diverse
learning environment manifests itself through (1)
encouraging cross-cultural understanding and
respect, (2) practicing cultural sensitivity, (3)
incorporating diversity in the lesson plan and (4)
giving freedom to the students.
20. Teacher takes responsibility in promoting
learner’s growth and development. What
teaching strategies can you provide to help your
students develop a growth mindset?
- With a growth mindset, you know that you can
change over time, and therefore you are more open
to reflect, learn and grow from challenges. Students
with growth mindset means that they can develop
their skills and talents through effort and
persistence, as well as being receptive to lessons
and feedback. They generally believe they can
improve through hard work and trying new learning
methods. So, us - future teachers, we must prepare
a teaching strategies that promote growth mindset
just like using diverse teaching strategies,traching
the values of challenges, encouraging students to
participate and expand their answers, praising
students on their efforts and setting achievable
goals.
21. Compare and contrast between intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation. Cite examples each.
- Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal
satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation is driven by
gaining rewards or avoiding punishment. Examples
include (1) going for a swim for relaxation or
breaking personal records for intrinsic motivation
while extrinsic motivation is (1) going for a swim for
improving on tournament chances. Another
example is intrinsic motivation (2) causing joy and
happiness through drawing, on the other hand,
extrinsic motivation is (2) driven by financial gain.
22. Elucidate on the effects of motivation on
learner’s effort to learn.
- Motivation affects a learner's effort to learn in a
good way, as students tend to invest more time and
energy in their learning , leading to better
outcomes.
23. Interrelate child’s development and learning.
-Learning leads to development. It awakens the
developmental processes through social
interactions with peers and teachers in such a way
that it would not occur if the child were in isolation.
24. How do student’s development and life
experiences affect learning?
25. Discuss about “people first” language. Cite an
example.
- The words we use to describe others don’t just
reflect how we view them. They also shape our
perceptions of the people we’re discussing. That’s
why it’s important to be mindful of the language we
employ when we talk about people with disabilities.
No one is a disability, an injury, or a health
condition. They are people. And that’s the guiding
principle of People-First Language. People First
language emphasizes describing individuals by
their identity or abilities, not their disabilities. It is a
language that puts the person before the disability
and describe what a person has, not who a person
is.
26. What are the crucial objectives of childhood?
Pick one and describe.
- Among these objectives, one that stands out is the
acquisition of knowledge and skills. These skills
encompass problem-solving abilities, critical
thinking, communication skills, creativity, and
emotional intelligence. By developing these
competencies at an early age, children are better
equipped to navigate challenges in adulthood
successfully.
27. Contrast between phylogenetic and ontogenetic
principles of development.
28. Differentiate between the two predictable trends
of child growth and development.
- When we say growth, it is the physical increase in
size or amount that is easily observed. On the other
hand, development is a cognitive, social and
emotional changes of a person.
29. Elaborate about John Locke’s espousal that
children are not innately bad, but, start out like a
blank slate instead.
- John Locke's theory suggests that children are
born as a blank slate which means that there is no
innate ideas or characteristics being formed, only
by experiences shape their character and abilities
over time.
30. Discuss about nature vs. nurture issues of
human development by citing examples.
- Nature refers largely to our genetics. It includes
the genes we are born with and other hereditary
factors that can impact how our personality is
formed and influence the way that we develop from
childhood through adulthood. Nurture
encompasses the environmental factors that impact
who we are. An example of this is a child was born
with lack of intellectual intelligence (e.g. writing,
reading, telling stories). As she goes older, her
writing skills improved because she was Influenced
by her friends who also loves writing.
31. Distinguish the issues on continuity from
discontinuity by an illustration. Explain.
- One of the prevalent discussions on development
is continuity versus discontinuity. Continuity refers
to the view that development is gradual, continuous
process. Discontinuity refers to the view that
development occurs in a series of distinct stages.
Continuous Development: Gradual and ongoing
changes throughout the lifespan
ADULTHOOD
INFANCY
Discontinuous Development: Involves distinct
and separate stages with different kinds of abilities
occurring in each stage.
ADULTHOOD
INFANCY

32. Develop and share a scenario or situation
relating stability vs. change as issues on human
development.
33. Expound about Robert Havighurt’s
Developmental Task Theory
-Havighurst's theory of development tasks
emphasizes the various tasks individuals are
expected to complete at different stages of their
lives and provides valuable insights into the
pressures individuals face at different ages in their
lives.
Developmental tasks vary by the stage and
could include learning to walk , achieving personal
independence, preparing for marriage and family
life, managing a home, developing adult leisure-
time activities, and adjusting to retirement and
reduced income.
Havighurst divided human life into six
developmental stages. First, Infancy and Early
Childhood which typically lasts from birth through
age five. Second, Middle Childhood which typically
lasts from age 6 to 12. This is the stage humans
learn about self, morals, values, and personal
independence. Third, Adolescence which typically
lasts from age 13 to 18. This is when humans learn
maturity, emotional independence, and planning for
the future. Fourth, Early Adulthood which typically
lasts from age 19-29. Adults manage to select a
mate, raise a family, manage a home, and further
their career. Fifth, Middle Age which typically lasts
from age 30 to 60. This is the stage humans
establish a standard of living and support their
families, often both caring for their children and
parents. They maintain jobs, find new leisure
activities, manage social responsibilities, and adjust
to physical changes. Lastly, Later Maturity which
typically lasts from age 61 through the end of life. At
this stage, humans have worsening health and
strength. A changing work schedule, adjustment to
lower income, and coping with the death of loved
ones often occur during this time.
34. Talk about multicultural teaching
- Multicultural Teaching enables student to
understand diversity and realism. Understanding
your student in terms of of stages of development
and encouraging cultural storytelling are some
examples of multicultural teaching.
Multicultural education refers to any form of
education or teaching that incorporates histories,
text,values, beliefs and perspectives of people from
different cultural backgrounds. At the classroom
level for example, teachers may modify or
incorporate lessons to reflect the cultural diversity
of the students in of particular class. Generally
speaking, multicultural teaching or education is
predicted of the principle of educational equity for
all students, regardless of culture, and it strives to
remove bariers to educational opportunities and
success for students from different cultural
background.
35. Share your views about differentiated
instruction.
-Differentiated instruction is a teaching approach
that tailors instructions student's different learning
needs. It let students show what they know in
different ways. It's the process of tailoring lessons
to meet each students individual interest, needs,
and strength.
36. Describe an inclusive classroom.
- Inclusive classrooms are typically defined as
classrooms designed for all students so that
students with special needs, disabilities, or
impairments can learn among peers (who may
or may not have certain needs) in age-
appropriate, general education environments.
37. Interrelate the terms: ovum, zygote and
fertilization.
- The ovum serves as the female reproductive cell
while fertilization results in the formation of a zygote
through fusion with a sperm cell.
During fertilization, the sperm and egg unite in
one of the Fallopian tubes to form a zygote. A
zygote is a fertilized egg that results from the union
of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male
gamete (sperm).
38. What are teratogens?
- A human teratogen is an agent that alters the
growth or structure of the developing embryo or
fetus, thereby causing birth defects.
39. Characterize the transitional stage of
adolescence.
- Adolescence is the period of transition between
childhood and adulthood.It's a transitional stage in
physical and psychological development that is
generally confined to the period from puberty to
legal adulthood. It also period of multiple transitions
involving education, training, employement as well
as transitions from one living circumstance to
another.
40. Explain about the correlational study of
research in child and adolescent development.
- The study of child and adolescent development is
important because it allows us to understand the
cognitive, emotional, physical, social and
educational growth that children go through from
birth and into adulthood. It also allows us to learn
about the different milestones that children are
expected to meet as they get older.
41. What are preschool teachers supposed to do
with preschoolers?
- Preschool teachers play a vital role in the
development of children. They introduce children to
reading and writing, teach basic skills such as
identifying colors, shapes, numbers, and letters. 47. Speak about experimental research design.
They use games , music, books and other tools to - The experimental research design is a research
teach concept and skills. method used to investigate the interaction between
independent and dependent variables, which can
42. Describe the impact of teacher’s research be used to determine a cause-and-effect
involvement to the teaching-learning process. relationship. An example of an experimental design
- Teachers research involvement can improve their would be randomly selecting all of the schools
teaching by staying updated on best practices and participating in the hand washing poster campaign.
tailoring their methods to student’s need. The study The schools would then randomly be assigned to
of human growth and development is included in either the poster-group or the control group, which
the curriculum to understand how students learn would receive no posters in their bathroom.
and develop. They found significant influence in
four leading aspects namely knowledge,
enrichment, school, culture, teaching practices and
curriculum design.
43. Why is the study on human growth and
development included in your curriculum.
-The study on human growth and development
include to our curriculum as it helps us to gain
understanding of our own life experiences, help
others understand there going through, understand
the relationship of society and individual growth
lead more effectively, and support the physical and
mental health of others.
44. Interrelate the components of educative
process.
-The components of the educative process include
curriculum design, teaching methods, assessment,
and classroom management, all aim at facilitating
learning.
45. How will a high school teacher ought to help
their students?
-High School Teachers ought to help their students
by teaching and preparing them to become
independent adults, on how to deal with things as
the students enter the world of adulthood and
encourage them to learn a lot of things about the
real world.

46. Which between heredity and environment

exerts a greater influence on human
development?
- Both heredity and environment exert a greater
influence on human development. Although
heredity is the first thing that shapes one’s
personality, for example, studies show that adoptive
kids are more likely to show traits of their birth
parents than their adoptive parents. These are the
traits that flow through the genes of the person and
are more or less beyond human capabilities to
control or alter naturally.
However, personality developed out of the
environment in which a person lives or grows up
can be controlled and modified to shape the child's
nature accordingly. If one is to grow up in an
abusive family, there are high chance that such a
child will have anger issues and abusive traits
whereas when a kid is introduced to a positive
environment it is likely to pose a positive effect.
This is based on the simple saying that the child
does what it sees.