Class July17

Q1) How do pressure groups influence Indian political process?
Do you agree with this

view that informal pressure groups have emerged as powerful than formal pressure
groups in recent years? (2017)
Related Questions:
● Pressure group politics is sometimes seen as the informal face of politics. With
regards to the above, assess the structure and functioning of pressure groups in
India. (2013)
● “Pressure groups play a vital role in influencing public policy making in India.”
Explain how the business associations contribute to public policies. (2021)
Introduction: Definition based
A pressure group is an organized group which works to either secure certain interest (interest or
sectional groups) for its members or support a cause (cause or promotional groups), by
influencing public opinion or government policies. Unlike political parties, pressure groups seek
to influence from outside and do not aim directly to control or share political powers.
Body: Two Parts

● How do pressure groups influence Indian political process? Supply Chain based
(Process of Influencing someone)
● Have informal pressure groups emerged as powerful than formal pressure
groups: Based on differences between formal and informal pressure groups.
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Formal Pressure Groups Informal Pressure Groups Have informal pressure
groups emerged as
powerful than formal
pressure groups?
Yes
Organizational Structure
● Clear hierarchies, ● Loose or The loose and decentralized

leadership roles, and decentralized structure of informal pressure
membership criteria. structures. groups allows for quick
● Lack formal mobilization and adaptability
● Defined organizational
leadership positions to changing circumstances.
structures with or defined
constitutions and organizational
bylaws. structures.
Advocacy Strategies
● Employ professional ● Rely on grassroots Informal pressure groups

advocacy strategies. mobilization and often rely on grassroots
● Engage in lobbying, direct-action tactics. mobilization, direct action
policy research, and ● Emphasize protests, tactics, and public awareness
legal actions. demonstrations, and campaigns to make their
grassroots voices heard.
campaigns.
No
Accountability and Transparency
● More accountable and ● Lack formal Informal pressure groups

transparent in accountability may lack formal
operations. structures. accountability structures,
● Reporting ● Transparency varies making it more challenging to
requirements, and may rely on self- ensure transparency and
financial audits, and disclosure. organizational governance.
mechanisms for
member participation.
Funding and Resources
● Stable and structured ● Resource limitations Formal pressure groups

funding mechanisms. are common. typically have more stable
● May collect ● Often reliant on and structured funding
membership fees, voluntary mechanisms, allowing them

receive donations, or contributions and to allocate resources
secure grants. personal resources. strategically. Resource
limitations are common for
informal pressure groups,
relying heavily on voluntary
contributions and personal
resources.
Conclusion: Opinion based
It is difficult to make a definitive statement on whether informal pressure groups have emerged
as more powerful than formal pressure groups. The power dynamics can vary depending on the
specific context, issue, and the effectiveness of their strategies. Both types of pressure groups
can play significant roles in influencing public opinion, policy-making, and social change, albeit
with different strengths and limitations.
Q2) Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through
microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples.
Related Questions:
● The legitimacy and accountability of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their patrons, the
micro-finance outfits, need systematic assessment and scrutiny for the sustained
success of the concept. Discuss (2013)
● The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP), which is India’s own
innovation, has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and
women empowerment programmes. Elucidate.
● “Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset creation and income
security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of Self Help Groups in
achievinng the twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India. (2020)
Answer:
Introduction: Role of Micro Financing of SHGs
Microfinancing in Self-Help Groups (SHGs) plays a vital role in empowering women economically
and socially, leading to poverty reduction, improved livelihoods, and community development. It
provides access to financial resources, promotes savings, and enables women to start
businesses, enhance agricultural activities, and invest in education and healthcare.

Conclusion: SDG based
The role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) can be highlighted by the fact that they contribute to the
achievement of SDGs such as No Poverty (SDG 1), Gender Equality (SDG 5), Decent Work
and Economic Growth (SDG 8), Reduced Inequalities(SDG 10), Responsible Consumption and
Production (SDG 12), and Climate Action (SDG 13), through empowering women and
promoting sustainable practices.
Q3) How can the role of NGOs be strengthened in India for development works relating to
protection of the environment? Discuss throwing light on the major constraints.
Answer:
Introduction: Definition
The World Bank defines NGOs as private organizations that pursue activities to relieve
suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social
services, or undertake community development.
Body: Two Parts

● Major constraints in working of NGOs: P3I Approach
● How to strengthen the role of NGOs in India for development works: P3I Approach

Conclusion: Summarise
NGOs are the catalysts for social change, the driving force that pushes society towards a more
just and equitable world. Additionally, they play a pivotal role in environmental conservation,
mobilizing efforts to protect our planet's precious ecosystems, promote sustainable practices, and
advocate for policies that ensure a greener and more sustainable future for generations to come.

Q4) “Traditional bureaucratic structure and culture have hampered the process of
socioeconomic development in India.” Comment. (2016)
Answer:
Introduction:
The civil services in India has gradually transformed from rusted steel frame to trusted steel
frame over the years, However, There remains challenges in terms of its efficiency and
effectiveness in the wake of its traditional structure,
Body: Two parts

● Traditional bureaucratic structure and culture hampering the process of
socioeconomic development: P3I Approach
● Reforms in the Civil Service: Life Cycle of Civil Servant based

Conclusion: Initiative based
Mission Karmayogi is a right step in transforming the mindset and capabilities of bureaucrats in
India aimed to enhance the capacity, skills, and performance of civil servants through a
comprehensive and integrated framework by promoting competency-based training, individual
development plans, continuous learning, collaboration, and performance management.

Q5) “Recent amendments to the Right to Information Act will have profound impact on the
autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss. (2020)
Answer:
Introduction: Fact based
The Right to Information (RTI) Act, operationalized in 2005, was seen as a powerful tool for citizen
empowerment. The Act struck a balance between privacy and transparency by barring the
disclosure of personal information if it has no relationship to any public activity or would cause
unwarranted invasion of privacy. The 2019 Amendments to the act makes changes with respect
to the service conditions, term and salaries of the members of the Central Information
Commission.
Body: Cause-Effect Analysis (Provision wise)
Provisions under RTI, 2005 RTI (Amendment) Act, Impact on the Autonomy
2019
The Chief Information The Act removes this ● No security of Tenure:

Commissioner (CIC) provision and states Politicisation of
and Information that the central Appointments
Commissioners (ICs) (at the government will ● Hamper's independence:
central and State level) will notify the term of office causing the losing of the
hold office for a term of five for the CIC and the ICs. autonomy of the institution
years.
The salary of the CIC and ICs The Act removes these ● Undermining roles: It
(at the central level) will be provisions. It states that removes equality of salaries
equivalent to the salary paid the salaries, with the constitutional body
to the Chief Election allowances, and other undermining the role of
Commissioner and Election terms and conditions of information commissions.
Commissioners, respectively. service of the central ● The RTI now placed with the
Similarly, the salary of the and State CIC and ICs central government mercy
CIC and ICs (at the state will be determined by deviates from supreme court
level) will be equivalent to the the central government. judgment in the Anjali
salary paid to the Election Bhardwaj case. The
Commissioners and the Chief judgment provided that RTI
Secretary to the state works as a means to protect
government, respectively. freedom of speech is being
violated.
The 2005 Act stated that at The Act removes these ● Undermining states roles:
the time of the appointment provisions. The removal of selection
of the CIC and ICs (at the committees and
central and State level), if appointments by the centre
they are receiving pension or alone removes the state role
any other retirement benefits from appointments to the
for previous government state information

service, their salaries will be commissions also.
reduced by an amount equal ● Threat to transparency:
to the pension. The Central govt role makes
Previous government service CIC and SIC pawn to
includes service under: (i) the protect government-related
central government, (ii) state sensitive
government, (iii) corporation
established under a central or
State law, and (iv) company
owned or controlled by the
central or State government.
Conclusion: Committee Report based
The 2nd ARC asserted that RTI is the master key to governance that must be held carefully along
with autonomy to the holder. The ARC's viewpoint reflects the belief that transparency and
accountability are vital in a democratic system. By granting citizens the right to access information,
the government can empower individuals to actively participate in governance. Informed citizens
can scrutinize the actions and decisions of government officials, ensuring that they act in the best
interests of the public
Q6) What are the methods used by the Farmers organizations to influence the
policymakers in India and how effective are these methods? (2019)
Answer:
Farmer organizations are collective bodies formed by farmers to represent and advocate for their
common interests and concerns. These organizations can take various forms, such as
cooperatives, associations, unions, or federations.
Body: Two parts

● Methods used by the Farmers organizations: based on methods used by any
pressure group
● Effectiveness of the measure: Example based

Government should be accommodative of the demands of Agrarian reforms by the farmer

organizations as they are closely related to multiple SDGs, including SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG
2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG
10 (Reduced Inequalities), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 15
(Life on Land).

Q7) Citizens’ Charter is an ideal instrument of organizational transparency and
accountability, but. it has its own limitations. Identify the limitations and suggest
measures for greater effectiveness or the Citizens Charter. (2018)
Related Question:
● Though Citizen’s charters have been formulated by many public service delivery
organizations, there is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizens’
satisfaction and quality of services being provided. Analyze.
Answer:
Citizen’s Charter is a document of commitments made by a Government organization to the

citizens/client groups in respect of the services/schemes being provided to them or to be provided
to them. The objective of Charter exercise is to build bridges between citizens and administration
and to streamline administration in tune with the needs of citizens.
Body: Three parts

● Citizens’ Charter is an ideal instrument of organizational transparency and
accountability
● Limitations of Citizens’ Charter: P3 Approach
● Way forward for Citizens’ Charter

Conclusion: Based on ARC Recommendations
It is required to undertake large scale implementation of Sevottam model which aims to

establish a culture of service excellence, accountability, and continuous improvement in
government organizations, ultimately enhancing the overall experience of citizens and
promoting good governance.

Q8) Exercise of CAG’s powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and the States is
derived from Article 149 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether audit of the
Government’s policy implementation could amount to overstepping its own (CAG)
jurisdiction. (2016)
Answer:
Introduction: Fact based.

Article 148 of the Indian Constitution establishes the position of the Comptroller and Auditor
General of India (CAG) as an independent office. The CAG upholds the Constitution of India
and ensures compliance with parliamentary laws in the realm of financial administration. Dr. B R
Ambedkar emphasised the significance of the CAG as one of the most crucial officials under the
Indian Constitution.
Body:
Powers and functions of CAG:

● Article 149: The accounts of the Union and of the States shall be kept in such form as
the President may, on the advice of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India,
prescribe.
● Head of Indian Audit and Accounts Department.
● Guardian of the public purse and financial system of the country.
● Controls financial administration at both the central and state levels to maintain
uniformity in account keeping.
● Conducts audits of government accounts and expenditures.

● Ensures accountability, transparency, and efficiency in financial administration.
● Submits audit reports to the President or Governor, who then presents them to the
Parliament or State Legislature.
● Provides recommendations for improvements in financial management and governance.
● Plays a crucial role in promoting good governance and preventing financial misconduct.

Conclusion: Quote based.
In the case of Arvind Gupta v. Union of India (2013), the Supreme Court ruled that the functions
of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) to assess the economy, efficiency, and
effectiveness of the government's resource utilisation are inherent in the 1971 Act. The court
found no constitutional issues with the regulations governing the preparation of Performance
Audit Reports and affirmed their validity.
Q9) Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems
that women face in both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your
Answer. (2017)
Answer:
Introduction:
Established in January 1992, the National Commission for Women (NCW) is a statutory body
created under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990. Its primary objectives include
evaluating the constitutional and legal safeguards for women, proposing necessary legislative
actions, facilitating grievance redressal, and providing policy advice to the government on
matters impacting women.
Body: 3P/I Approach

Conclusion: Futuristic.
Given the important role of NCW in women empowerment in India, it should be provided with
more autonomy and power to recruit its members based on merit with increase in representation
of women in the commission. The reports and recommendations of the commission should be
given their due importance while framing women centric policies.

Q10) How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary
courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the
tribunals in India. (2018)
Answer:
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 introduced a new Part XIV-A to the Constitution, establishing
Tribunals as quasi-judicial bodies under Article 323A or 323B through legislation enacted by the
Parliament and State Legislature. The purpose of Tribunals is to resolve specific matters
brought before them, relieving the burden on the regular judiciary and providing specialised
expertise for quicker dispute resolution. While not equivalent to a court of law, Tribunals
possess certain powers similar to a civil court, such as the ability to issue summons and receive
witness testimony.
Body:

Constitutional Validity of tribunals:
● They were not present in the original draft of the constitution but were included by an
amendment (42nd).
● Tribunals do not enjoy the same Constitutional protection as High courts and ordinary
courts.
● In 1986, the SC ruled that the parliament can create alternatives to HCs, but such
institutions must have the same efficacy as the High Courts.
● Sampath Kumar v. Union of India (1987): The Supreme Court ruled that the
establishment of tribunals for specialised adjudication does not infringe upon the powers
of the ordinary courts and is a valid exercise of legislative authority.
● Again in 1997, it ruled that tribunals can decide on the questions of validity of statutory
provisions in lines with powers of any ordinary court.
● L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997): Supreme Court held that tribunals, as long
as they meet certain requirements like judicial independence and adherence to
principles of natural justice, are constitutional and do not violate the basic structure of
the Constitution.
● R. Gandhi v. Union of India (2010): The Supreme Court held that tribunals are not
subordinate to the High Courts, but they are subject to judicial review by the High Court
and the Supreme Court.
● Madras Bar Association v. Union of India (2014): The Supreme Court upheld the
constitutional validity of the National Tax Tribunal Act, affirming the legitimacy of
tribunals in matters related to taxation.
Competency of tribunals:

Conclusion: Way Forward.
In order to enhance the working competency of tribunals we must implement the suggestions of
the law commission, which recommended a committee led by the CJI to oversee appointments
to important posts in tribunals, a single nodal agency under the Ministry of Law and Justice
should monitor tribunals to ensure uniformity, Vacancies in tribunals should be filled six months
in advance and Multiple branches of tribunals should be established for better accessibility.
Q11) “Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders have
resulted in inadequate ‘protection and prevention of degradation’ to the environment.”
Comment with relevant illustration. (2018)
Answer:

In the pursuit of economic growth, different sectors and stakeholders may have divergent
interests and priorities, resulting in conflicting policies that hinder environmental conservation
efforts. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a global framework for addressing
such challenges and promoting sustainable development.
Body: Stakeholder/Component based.

Environmental Policy of one Policy of another Resulting Inadequate
aspect sector/Stakeholder sector/Stakeholder Environmental
protection
Air 1) Energy Subsidy in 1) Energy being 1) Due to limited

Agriculture for food made available for development of
security manufacturing and renewable energy,
2) Punjab farmers service based coal fired plants are
need to burn stubble economy established
to decrease 2) Factories need to 2) Hazardous air
production costs increase production quality in delhi
in Delhi and
Transport facilities
needed
Land Land resources Land resources Encroachment of water

needed to establish needed to expand bodies and
FPI clusters and overpopulated IT deforestation
manufacturing hubs cities
like the defence
corridor
Water Water needed for Water flow hindered Not able to maintain
irrigation facilities, by development of ecological flow in rivers
manufacturing etc, Hydro power plants to leading to hindered
RIver Interlinking also increase clean ability of rivers to clean
diverts river flow energy production themselves
Forests 1) Forests getting 1) Forests cleaned for 5 states showed

cleared for Palm river interlinking decreasing trend in
plantations to projects, National forest cover in last
decrease import highways etc survey
dependence, 2) Forest cleared by
2) Forest cleared by Timber suppliers
Jhum cultivators for
sustenance
agriculture
Ecology/Env as a 1)Development of 1)Increased 1)Creation of

whole Nicobar Islands development will ecological and
Import for National increase tourists and environmental
Strategy, Shipping residents who will imbalances will
Industry compete for threaten the
2)Government eases resources Biodiversity hotspot
EIA rules for 2)Companies try to 2) Degradation of
economic circumvent EIA rules environment.
development and to decrease cost of
employment production and faster
generation approval

In order to achieve our related SDG goals of 13(Climate action), 14(life below water), 15(Life on
land), 16(Partnerships to Goals) etc, there is a need to achieve policy convergence and
integration across sectors for harmonious usage of resources. We must indulge in multi
stakeholder deliberative policy making to achieve good governance in a development led setting
with an environmental touch.
Q12) What is a quasi-judicial body? Explain with the help of concrete examples. (2016)
Answer:

A quasi-judicial body is an entity that possesses certain characteristics of a judicial system but
not all. It can include arbitrators or tribunal boards. These bodies provide a platform for parties
to resolve disputes without resorting to court proceedings. Their authority is confined to specific
areas of expertise, and their decisions can be appealed in a court of law.
Body:

Conclusion: Summarise.
Quasi-judicial bodies play a vital role in ensuring efficient administration and addressing the
backlog of cases in courts and tribunals. These bodies were established to provide specialised
expertise and expedite the dispensation of justice. The recommendations of the Law
Commission, NCRWC, and other bodies can be incorporated to enhance the effectiveness of
these quasi-judicial institutions.
Q13) Implementation of information and Communication Technology (ICT) based

Projects /Programmes usually suffer in terms of certain vital factors. Identify these
factors, and suggest measures for their effective implementation. (2019)
Answer:
Introduction:
ICTs, encompassing various communication technologies such as the internet and wireless
networks, are instrumental in facilitating the implementation of policies. When combined with

social sector development initiatives, service delivery, and the advancement of public
infrastructure, ICTs contribute to effective policy implementation.
Body: Component based. (Components of program implementation)
Factors hindering the effective implementation of ICT-based projects/programs:
Way Forward:

Conclusion:
The rapid growth of Information Technology (IT) is enabling citizen-centric services,
transparency, and accountability. IT promotes efficient service delivery, eliminates fraudulent
practices, and enables targeted and real-time delivery of services. The government's initiatives,
such as Digital India mission, PMGDISHA, and Digital Locker, aim to tackle the challenges
associated with ICT programs.

Q14) “Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people’s
participation in the governance system are interdependent.” Discuss their relationship
with each other in the context of India. (2016)
Answer:
Introduction:
According to the UNDP, citizen participation is a crucial aspect of good governance, recognizing
their legitimate role in influencing decisions that impact their lives, businesses, and
communities. In India, legislative measures such as MGNREGA, RTE, RTI, NFSA, and the
constitutional amendments of 73rd and 74th Acts have facilitated increased people participation
in decision-making processes. These initiatives aim to ensure active engagement and
involvement of citizens in shaping governance.
Body:

The Indian Context: Steps taken to maintain and develop this interconnection

Conclusion:
In a democratic republic like India, political power originates from and is granted by the people.
The Indian Constitution recognizes the significance of people's participation in the development
process, as stated in Article 40 of the Directive Principles of State Policy. The Government of
India has implemented measures such as the Right to Information Act, the MyGov app, and
social audits to facilitate and encourage active engagement of citizens in the pursuit of effective
governance.

Q15) Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer
Scheme is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment. (2022)
Answer:

The government's delivery system is regarded as a means to promote socialist principles by
ensuring equitable access to essential resources. The Public Distribution System (PDS), which
aimed to address food scarcity by distributing subsidised food grains, faced issues such as
leakages and corruption. As an alternative, the introduction of direct benefit transfer (DBT) is
seen as a progressive step. Currently, 315 schemes across 53 ministries have been brought
under the DBT system. Since its implementation, significant savings of 2.23 lakh crores have
been achieved by eliminating middlemen and ensuring direct transfers to beneficiaries.
Body: Stakeholder approach.

Conclusion: Futuristic.
Recipients, especially the most vulnerable, could be provided with the choice to switch to cash
transfers or continue receiving subsidised food, ensuring their protection against any
shortcomings in the implementation process. This flexibility allows individuals to make decisions
based on their specific needs and preferences, promoting a more efficient and inclusive system
of benefit delivery.
Q16) “Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance”. In this context

suggest reforms in Civil Service for strengthening democracy. (2020
Answer:
Introduction:
Institutional quality is not just a luxury, but a necessity for sustainable economic development. It
provides the stability, predictability, and rule of law that businesses need to thrive.
Body: Two parts

● Significance of Institutional Quality for Economic Performance: Institution based
● Reforms in the Civil Service: Life Cycle of Civil Servant based

Conclusion: Quote based
“Reforming the civil services is not just about changing rules and regulations; it's about changing
mindsets, fostering innovation, and promoting a culture of excellence.”

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Q1) How do pressure groups influence Indian political process?

Do you agree with this

Introduction: Definition based

Body: Two Parts

Write Smart by Dr. Shivin Chaudhary Click Here to Learn More

● Clear hierarchies, ● Loose or The loose and decentralized

● Employ professional ● Rely on grassroots Informal pressure groups

Accountability and Transparency

● More accountable and ● Lack formal Informal pressure groups

Funding and Resources

● Stable and structured ● Resource limitations Formal pressure groups

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Conclusion: Opinion based

Introduction: Role of Micro Financing of SHGs

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Body: Two Parts

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Body: Two parts

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Introduction: Fact based

Body: Cause-Effect Analysis (Provision wise)

The Chief Information The Act removes this ● No security of Tenure:

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Conclusion: Committee Report based

Introduction: Definition based

Body: Two parts

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Government should be accommodative of the demands of Agrarian reforms by the farmer

Write Smart by Dr. Shivin Chaudhary Click Here to Learn More

Introduction: Definition based

Citizen’s Charter is a document of commitments made by a Government organization to the

Body: Three parts

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It is required to undertake large scale implementation of Sevottam model which aims to

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Introduction: Fact based.

Powers and functions of CAG:

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Body: 3P/I Approach

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Introduction: Fact based.

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Introduction: Fact based.

Body: Stakeholder/Component based.

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Air 1) Energy Subsidy in 1) Energy being 1) Due to limited

Land Land resources Land resources Encroachment of water

Forests 1) Forests getting 1) Forests cleaned for 5 states showed

Ecology/Env as a 1)Development of 1)Increased 1)Creation of

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Introduction: Fact based.

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Q13) Implementation of information and Communication Technology (ICT) based

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Body: Component based. (Components of program implementation)

Factors hindering the effective implementation of ICT-based projects/programs:

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