DR.

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PAKISTAN AFFAIRS
LECTURE 12

DR. SANAWAR IQBAL

B.Sc (PU), B.D.S (PMC) , M.S HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (IAS, PU)
PMS 2015

AD MOD 2019

DEPUTY ACCOUNT OFFICER 2020

ELECTION OFFICER 2020

CSS 2020
AC IRS

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LECTURE 12
 Proxy Wars: Role of External Elements
 The war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and
challenges to Pakistan in the Post 2014 era
 The Palestine Issue

Proxy Wars: Role of External Elements

PROXY WAR

 A proxy war is an armed conflict between two states or non-state actors which act on the
instigation or on behalf of other parties that are not directly involved in the hostilities.
 In order for a conflict to be considered a proxy war, there must be a direct, long-term
relationship between external actors and the belligerents involved.
 The aforementioned relationship usually takes the form of funding, military training,
arms, or other forms of material assistance which assist a belligerent party in sustaining
its war effort.

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Why Proxies?

I. Less Coast
II. Local fight and die
III. Lack of Power projection capacities (Iran VS USA)
IV. Peace at home; conflict far from their borders
V. Safe foreign policy tool (Denial option always open )

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VI. Ideologically driven (Saudia vs Iran )

VII. Political alliance making
VIII. Face saving in international relations
IX. Seeking supremacy/hegemony in global affairs
X. Promoting military industry

Major examples of proxy wars

1. Arab–Israeli conflict 1948

 It continued as a series of proxy wars following Israel's decisive defeat of the
Arab coalitions in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Six-Day War and the Yom Kippur
War.
 The coalition members, upon their failure to achieve military dominance via
direct conventional warfare, have since resorted to funding armed insurgent and
paramilitary organizations, such as Hezbollah, to engage in irregular combat
against Israel.
 The Iran–Israel proxy conflict involves threats and hostility by Iran's leaders
against Israel.

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2. Cuban Missile Crisis

 The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis of 1962 , the
Caribbean Crisis or the Missile Scare, was a 1 month, 4 day (16 October – 20
November 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union
which escalated into an international crisis when American deployments of
missiles in Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of similar ballistic
missiles in Cuba.

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 Despite the short time frame, the Cuban Missile Crisis remains a defining moment in U.S.
national security and nuclear war preparation. The confrontation is often considered the
closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.

 In response to the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and

Turkey, and the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961, Soviet First Secretary Nikita
Khrushchev agreed to Cuba's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter
a future invasion. An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between
Khrushchev and Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro in July 1962, and construction of
a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer.  Meanwhile, the
1962 United States elections were under way, and the White
House denied charges for months that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles
90 mi (140 km) from Florida. The missile preparations were confirmed when an
Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium-range
R-12 (NATO code name SS-4) and intermediate-range R-14 (NATO code name
SS-5) ballistic missile facilities.
 When this was reported to President John F. Kennedy, he then convened a
meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key

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advisers in a group that became known as the Executive Committee of the

National Security Council (EXCOMM). During this meeting, President Kennedy
was originally advised to carry out an air strike on Cuban soil in order to
compromise Soviet missile supplies, followed by an invasion of the Cuban
mainland. After careful consideration, President Kennedy chose a less aggressive
course of action to avoid a declaration of war. After consultation with them,
Kennedy ordered a naval "quarantine" on October 22 to prevent further missiles
from reaching Cuba. By declaring a quarantine rather than a blockade, the
United States was able to avoid a further conflict. This quarantine fell short of a
traditional blockade and so avoided the implications of a state of war. The US
announced it would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and
demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the
Soviet Union.
 After several days of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached between
Kennedy and Khrushchev. Publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive
weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union, subject to United Nations
verification, in exchange for a US public declaration and agreement to not invade
Cuba again. Secretly, the United States agreed that it would dismantle all of the
Jupiter MRBMs, which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union.
There has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as
well. While the Soviets dismantled their missiles, some Soviet bombers remained
in Cuba, forcing the Naval quarantine to stay in place until November 20 of that
year.
 When all offensive missiles and the Ilyushin Il-28 light bombers had been
withdrawn from Cuba, the blockade was formally ended on November 20, 1962.
The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out
the necessity of a quick, clear, and direct communication line between the two
Superpowers. As a result, the Moscow–Washington hotline was established. A
series of agreements later reduced US–Soviet tensions for several years until
both parties eventually resumed expanding their nuclear arsenals.

3. Afghanistan war 1979-1989 (USA VS SU)

 The Soviet–Afghan War was a conflict wherein insurgent groups (known
collectively as the Mujahideen), as well as smaller Maoist groups, fought a
nineyear guerrilla war against the Soviet Army and the Democratic Republic of
Afghanistan government throughout the 1980s, mostly in the Afghan countryside.
 The Mujahideen were variously backed primarily by the United States, Pakistan,
Iran, Saudi Arabia, China, and the United Kingdom; the conflict was a Cold Warera
proxy war. Between 562,000 and 2,000,000 Afghans were killed and millions
more fled the country as refugees, mostly to Pakistan and Iran. The war caused
grave destruction in Afghanistan and is believed to have contributed to the
Soviet collapse, in hindsight leaving a mixed legacy to people in both territories.

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 The foundations of the conflict were laid by the Saur Revolution, a 1978 coup
wherein Afghanistan's communist party took power, initiating a series of radical
modernization and land reforms throughout the country.
 These reforms were deeply unpopular among the more traditional rural
population and established power structures.
 The repressive nature of the "Democratic Republic",which vigorously suppressed
opposition and executed thousands of political prisoners, led to the rise of anti-
government armed groups; by April 1979, large parts of the country were in open
rebellion.
 The communist party itself experienced deep internal rivalries between the
Khalqists and Parchamites; in September 1979, People's Democratic Party

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General Secretary Nur Mohammad Taraki was assassinated under orders of the
second-in-command, Hafizullah Amin, which soured relations with the Soviet
Union.
 With fears rising that Amin was planning to switch sides to the United States, the
Soviet government, under leader Leonid Brezhnev, decided to deploy the 40th
Army across the border on December 24, 1979. Arriving in the capital Kabul, they
staged a coup (Operation Storm-333),killing General Secretary Amin and installing
Soviet loyalist Babrak Karmal from the rival faction Parcham. The Soviet invasion
was based on the Brezhnev Doctrine.
 The Soviets initially planned to secure towns and roads, stabilize the government
under new leader Karmal, and withdraw within six months or a year. But they
were met with fierce resistance from the guerillas and had difficulties on the
harsh cold Afghan terrain,resulting in them being stuck in a bloody war that lasted
nine years.
 By the mid-1980s, the Soviet contingent was increased to 108,800 and fighting
increased, but the military and diplomatic cost of the war to the USSR was high.
 By mid-1987 the Soviet Union, now under reformist leader General Secretary
Mikhail Gorbachev, announced it would start withdrawing its forces after
meetings with the Afghan government.The final troop withdrawal started on May
15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989, leaving the government forces alone
in the battle against the insurgents, which continued until 1992, when the former
Soviet-backed government collapsed. Due to its length, it has sometimes been
referred to as the "Soviet Union's Vietnam War" or the "Bear Trap" by the
Western media.
 The Soviets' failure in the war is thought to be a contributing factor to the fall of
the Soviet Union.
 It has left a mixed legacy in the former Soviet Union and in Afghanistan.
Additionally, U.S. policies in the war are also thought to have contributed to a
"blowback" of unintended consequences against American interests.

4. Yemen War (2014-Present)

 The Yemeni Civil War is an ongoing multi-sided civil war that began in
late 2014 mainly between the Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi-led Yemeni
government and the Houthi armed movement, along with their
supporters and allies. Both claim to constitute the official government of
Yemen.

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 The civil war began in September 2014 when Houthi forces took over the
capital city Sanaa, which was followed by a rapid Houthi takeover of the
government. On 21 March 2015, the Houthi-led Supreme Revolutionary
Committee declared a general mobilization to overthrow
Hadi and expand their control by driving into southern provinces. The
Houthi offensive, allied with military forces loyal to Saleh, began
fighting the next day in Lahij Governorate. By 25 March, Lahij fell to the
Houthis and they reached the outskirts of Aden, the seat of power for
Hadi's government. Hadi fled the country the same day.Concurrently, a
coalition led by Saudi Arabia launched military operations by using air
strikes to restore the former Yemeni government. Although there was
no direct intervention by Iran, who support the Houthis,the conflict has
been widely seen as an extension of the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
and as a means to combat Iranian influence in the region.

 Houthi forces currently control the capital Sanaa and all of North Yemen
except Marib Governorate. They have clashed with Saudibacked pro-
government forces loyal to Hadi.
 Since the formation of the Southern Transitional Council in 2017 and the
subsequent capture of Aden by the STC in 2018, the anti-Houthi coalition
has been fractured, with regular clashes between pro-Hadi forces backed

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by Saudi Arabia and southern separatists backed by the United Arab

Emirates.
 Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and the Islamic State of Iraq
and the Levant have also carried out attacks against both factions, with
AQAP controlling swathes of territory in the hinterlands, and along
stretches of the coast.
 According to ACLED, over 100,000 people have been killed in Yemen,
including more than 12,000 civilians, as well as estimates of more than
85,000 dead as a result of an ongoing famine due to the war.
 In 2018, the United Nations warned that 13 million Yemeni civilians face
starvation in what it says could become "the worst famine in the world in
100 years."
 The crisis has only begun to gain as much international media attention
as the Syrian Civil War in 2018.
 The international community has sharply condemned the Saudi Arabian-
led bombing campaign, which has included widespread bombing of
civilian areas inside the Houthi-controlled western part of Yemen.
 According to the Yemen Data Project, the bombing campaign has killed
or injured an estimated 17,729 civilians as of March 2019.
 The United States provided intelligence and logistical support for the
Saudi-led campaign. In March 2019, both houses of the United States
Congress voted to pass a resolution to end US support to the Saudi Arabia
war effort.
 It was vetoed by then US President Donald Trump, and in May, the
Senate failed to override the veto.
 However, on 27 January 2021, newly elected President Joe Biden
temporarily froze arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the UAE, and on 4
February 2021, Biden announced that he would end American support
for the Saudi coalition.Arms sales to the UAE proceeded on 13 April 2021,
while arms sales to Saudi Arabia continued to be paused.
 However, the details of the end of American involvement in the war have
yet to be released.
 The Biden Administration did not provide any answer to congressional
queries regarding the level of continuing American involvement in
Yemen.

5. Syrian conflict
 The Syrian Civil War is an ongoing multi-sided civil war, fought in Syria, between the
Syrian Arab Republic led by Syrian president Bashar al-Assad (along with domestic and

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foreign allies) and various domestic and foreign forces that oppose both the Syrian
government and each other (in varying combinations).
 The unrest in Syria (which began on 15 March 2011 as part of the wider 2011 Arab Spring
protests) grew out of discontent with the Syrian government and escalated to an armed
conflict after protests calling for Assad's removal were violently suppressed.
 The war is currently being fought by several factions, including the Syrian Armed Forces
and its domestic and international allies, a loose alliance of mostly Sunni opposition
rebel groups (such as the Free Syrian Army), Salafi jihadist groups (including al-Nusra
Front and Tahrir al-Sham), the mixed Kurdish-Arab Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), and
the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).

 A number of foreign countries, such as Iran, Russia, Turkey, and the United States, have
either directly involved themselves in the conflict or provided support to one or another
faction. Iran, Russia, and Hezbollah support the Syrian Arab Republic and the Syrian
Armed Forces militarily, with Russia conducting airstrikes and other military operations
since September 2015. The U.S.-led international coalition, established in 2014 with the
declared purpose of countering ISIL, has conducted airstrikes primarily against ISIL as
well as some against government and pro-government targets.
 They have also deployed special forces and artillery units to engage ISIL on the ground.
Since 2015, the U.S. has supported the Autonomous Administration of North and East
Syria and its armed wing, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), materially, financially, and
logistically.
 At different times, the Turkish state has fought the SDF, ISIL, and the Syrian government
since 2016, but has also actively supported the Syrian opposition and occupied large

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swaths of northwestern Syria while engaging in significant ground combat.Between 2011

and 2017, fighting from the Syrian civil war spilled over into Lebanon as opponents and
supporters of the Syrian government traveled to Lebanon to fight and attack each other
on Lebanese soil, with ISIL and Al-Nusra also engaging the Lebanese Army.
 Furthermore, while officially neutral, Israel has exchanged border fire and carried out
repeated strikes against Hezbollah and Iranian forces, whose presence in southwestern
Syria it views as a threat.International organizations have accused virtually all sides
involved, including the Ba'athist Syrian government, ISIL, opposition rebel groups,
Russia,Turkey,and the U.S.-led coalition of severe human rights violations and massacres.
The conflict has caused a major refugee crisis.
 Over the course of the war, a number of peace initiatives have been launched, including
the March 2017 Geneva peace talks on Syria led by the United Nations, but fighting has
continued.

Effects

I. Life losses for host countries

II. Political instability in Victim country
III. Economic cost for proxies+Victim nation
IV. Infrastructure losses
V. Unending war legacy
VI. International sanctions
VII. Far-reaching geo-strategic impacts
VIII. Destruction of political culture
IX. Demolished social fabric
X. Threat for global peace

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The war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and challenges
to Pakistan in the Post 2014 era

Soviet-Afghan War
 The Soviet–Afghan War was a conflict wherein insurgent groups (known collectively as the
Mujahideen), as well as smaller Maoist groups, fought a nine-year guerrilla war against the Soviet
Army and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan government throughout the 1980s, mostly in
the Afghan countryside.
 The Mujahideen were variously backed primarily by the United States, Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, China,
and the United Kingdom; the conflict was a Cold War-era proxy war. Between
562,000 and 2,000,000 Afghans were killed and millions more fled the country as
refugees,mostly to Pakistan and Iran.
 Between 6.5%–11.5% of Afghanistan's population is estimated to have perished in the conflict. The war
caused grave destruction in Afghanistan and is believed to have contributed to the Soviet collapse and the
end of the Cold War, in hindsight leaving a mixed legacy to people in both territories.

 The foundations of the conflict were laid by the Saur Revolution, a 1978 coup wherein Afghanistan's
communist party took power, initiating a series of radical modernization and land reforms throughout the
country. These reforms were deeply unpopular among the more traditional rural population and
established power structures.

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 

The repressive nature of the "Democratic Republic", which vigorously suppressed opposition
and executed thousands of political prisoners, led to the rise of anti-government armed groups; by
April 1979, large parts of the country were in open rebellion.
 The communist party itself experienced deep internal rivalries between the Khalqists and
Parchamites; in September 1979, People's Democratic Party General Secretary Nur Mohammad
Taraki was assassinated under orders of the second-in-command, Hafizullah Amin, which soured
relations with the Soviet Union. With fears rising that Amin was planning to switch sides to the
United States, the Soviet government, under leader Leonid Brezhnev, decided to deploy the 40th
Army across the border on December 24, 1979.
 Arriving in the capital Kabul, they staged a coup (Operation Storm-333), killing General Secretary
Amin and installing Soviet loyalist Babrak Karmal from the rival faction Parcham.
 The Soviet invasion was based on the Brezhnev Doctrine.
 In January 1980, foreign ministers from 34 nations of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
adopted a resolution demanding "the immediate, urgent and unconditional withdrawal of Soviet
troops" from Afghanistan.

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 

The UN General Assembly passed a resolution protesting the Soviet intervention.

 Afghan insurgents began to receive massive amounts of support through aid, finance and military
training in neighbouring Pakistan with significant help from the United States and United Kingdom.
 They were also heavily financed by China and the Arab monarchies in the Persian Gulf.
 As documented by the National Security Archive, "the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) played a
significant role in asserting U.S. influence in Afghanistan by funding military operations designed to
frustrate the Soviet invasion of that country.
 CIA covert action worked through Pakistani intelligence services to reach Afghan rebel groups."
 Soviet troops occupied the cities and main arteries of communication, while the Mujahideen waged
guerrilla war in small groups operating in the almost 80 percent of the country that was outside

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 

government and Soviet control, almost exclusively being the rugged, mountainous terrain of the
countryside.

 The Soviets used their air power to deal harshly with both rebels and civilians, levelling villages to
deny safe haven to the Mujahideen, destroying vital irrigation ditches, and laying millions of land
mines.
 The international community imposed numerous sanctions and embargoes against the Soviet Union,
and the U.S. led a boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow.
 The boycott and sanctions exacerbated Cold War tensions and enraged the Soviet government,
which later led a revenge boycott of the 1984 Olympics held in Los Angeles.
 The Soviets initially planned to secure towns and roads, stabilize the government under new leader
Karmal, and withdraw within six months or a year.
 But they were met with fierce resistance from the guerillas and had difficulties on the harsh cold
Afghan terrain, resulting in them being stuck in a bloody war that lasted nine years.
 By the mid-1980s, the Soviet contingent was increased to 108,800 and fighting increased, but the
military and diplomatic cost of the war to the USSR was high.
 By mid-1987 the Soviet Union, now under reformist leader General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev,
announced it would start withdrawing its forces after meetings with the Afghan government.
The final troop withdrawal started on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989, leaving
the government forces alone in the battle against the insurgents, which continued until 1992, when
the former Soviet-backed government collapsed.
 Due to its length, it has sometimes been referred to as the "Soviet Union's Vietnam War" or the
"Bear Trap" by the Western media.
 The Soviets' failure in the war is thought to be a contributing factor to the fall of the Soviet Union.
 It has left a mixed legacy in the former Soviet Union and in Afghanistan.

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 

 Additionally, U.S. policies in the war are also thought to have contributed to a "blowback" of
unintended consequences against American interests.

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 Impacts of Afghan War on Pakistan
 Terror labelling
 Klashankov culture
 Economy declined
 Trade dwindle
 Life loss
 Educational decline
 Zia’s Islamization policies
 Distorted Social fabric of Pakistan
 Tarnished global image of Pakistan
 Border tension and vulnerability  Distorted political culture of Pakistan

Challenges to Pakistan in post-2014 era

 Trade from CARs
 Porous Afghan border
 Economic challenges
 India-Afghan nexus
 Taliban threat
 Security concerns

Assignment:

1.Critically evaluate the pros and cons of

withdrawal of US forces from
Afghanistan.How it can impact
Pakistan?

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 2.Why Afghanistan is called “Graveyard
of Empires”.Did US remain successful in
US -Afghan war?
The Palestine Issue
CHRONOLOGY
 1948: A regional conflict grows amid the end of the British mandate for Palestine
and Israel’s declaration of independence in May 1948. A coalition of Arab states,
allied with Palestinian factions, battle Israeli forces. In the end, Israel controls a
large portion of territory. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians flee or are driven
from their land.
 July 1956: Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal,
a vital trade route connecting the Red Sea and Mediterranean. Israel invades
Egypt, followed by forces from Britain and France. A peace deal, backed by the
United States and Soviet Union, ends the fighting. But the canal was blocked by
sunken ships and did not reopen until 1957.
 June 1967: The “Six-Day War” begins with Israeli warplanes striking Egyptian
airfields and Israeli ground forces entering the Sinai Peninsula. The war broke out
amid lingering conflicts, including Egypt’s continued block of shipping into the
Gulf of Aqaba. Jordan joins the fighting alongside Egypt, but Israeli forces have
the upper hand after nearly wiping out Egypt’s air power. Israel takes control of
the Gaza Strip, Sinai, the West Bank, the Golan Heights and predominantly Arab
East Jerusalem. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians flee or are displaced.
 October 1973: A coalition of Arab nations, led by Egypt and Syria, launch a
surprise attack on Israel. The Arab forces initially gained ground, but were driven
back by an Israeli counteroffensive aided by supplies from allies, including the
United States.
 1978: A peace deal between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime
Minister Menachem Begin, known as the Camp David accords, is brokered on
Sept. 17, 1978, by President Jimmy Carter. Potential Palestinian peace proposals
were discussed, but never carried out.
 December 1987: A Palestinian uprising, or intifada, brings clashes and protests
in the West Bank, Gaza and Israel. Unrest continues for years, with many killed or
injured on both sides.
 1993: The first of two pacts, known as the Oslo accords, are signed between Israel
and the Palestine Liberation Organization, setting out a peace process based on
previous U.N. resolutions. (A follow-up accord was signed in 1995.) The
agreements created the Palestinian Authority, to oversee most administrative
affairs in the West Bank and Gaza. The PLO is recognized by Israel and the United
States as a negotiating partner. Left unresolved, however, are key issues such as

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 Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the status of Jerusalem, which is viewed
by the Palestinians as the capital of any future state.
 2000: The second intifada, or Palestinian uprising, begins after riots broke out
following a visit by right-wing Israeli political figure Ariel Sharon (and later prime
minister) to a compound in Jerusalem venerated in Judaism, Christianity and
Islam. Clashes and other violence continue until 2005, leaving hundreds dead on
both sides.
 2006: The Palestinian militant group Hamas wins elections in Gaza, leading to
political strains with the more moderate Fatah party controlling the West Bank.
 December 2008: Israel begins three weeks of attacks on Gaza after rocket
barrages into Israel by Palestinian militants, who are supplied by tunnels from
Egypt. More than 1,110 Palestinians and at least 13 Israelis are killed.
 November 2012: Israel kills Hamas military chief Ahmed Jabari, touching off
more than a week of rocket fire from Gaza and Israeli airstrikes. At least 150
Palestinians and six Israelis are killed.
 Summer 2014: Hamas militants kill three Israeli teenagers kidnapped near a
Jewish settlement in the West Bank, prompting an Israeli military response.
Hamas answers with rocket attacks from Gaza. A seven-week conflict leaves more
than 2,200 Palestinians dead in Gaza. In Israel, 67 soldiers and six civilians are
killed.
 December 2017: The Trump administration recognizes Jerusalem as the capital
of Israel and announces that it plans to shift the U.S. Embassy from Tel Aviv,
stirring outrage from Palestinians.
 2018: Protests take place in Gaza along the fence with Israel, including
demonstrators hurling rocks and gasoline bombs across the barrier. Israeli troops
kill more than 170 protesters over several months. In November, Israel stages a
covert raid into Gaza. At least seven suspected Palestinian militants and a senior
Israeli army officer are killed. From Gaza, hundreds of rockets are fired into
Israel.
 May 2021: After weeks of tension in Jerusalem led to Israeli police raiding
alAqsa Mosque, one of the holiest sites in Islam, Hamas fired rockets toward the
city for the first time in years, prompting Israel to retaliate with airstrikes. The
fighting, the fiercest since at least 2014, saw thousands of rockets fired from Gaza
and hundred of airstrikes on the Palestinian territory, with more than 200 killed
in Gaza and at least 10 killed in Israel.

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2017.6 December

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  United States recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel: U.S. President Donald Trump
formally announces the United States recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.

2019 25 March

 United States recognition of Israel's sovereignty over the Golan Heights: U.S. President Donald
Trump signed a presidential proclamation to officially recognize Israel's sovereignty over the
Golan Heights.

2021

May 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis

ASSIGNMENT:
1. Various Arab nations have recognized Israel as
a legitimate stayte. Should Pakistan recognize
Israel ? What benefits Pakistan can get by
recognizing Israel ?

2.Why Palestine is important for Pakistan ?How

Pakistan can support Palestine cause?

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