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BG PPT
BG PPT
Thematic Area:
Theme 5: National Resources Management and Biodiversity Conservation
Sub-theme 2: National parks, Endogenous Plant and Animals, and Water Bodies
Sub-theme 3: Environment, Bioremediation
Sub-theme 4: Water Resources
Introduction
Background
Research Objective
Statement of Problem
Methodology
Expected Output
Work Plan
Budget Summary
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Introduction
Remote sensing (RS) approaches are crucial for detecting long-
term lake dynamics.
RS synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter from lakes
exhibits annual variation due to climate variations.
When the lake is not frozen, the challenge in estimating lake surface
area (LSA) is the variability in backscatter caused by lake surface
roughness due to wind-induced.
In the freeze-up period, the lake surface ice causes a challenge to
distinguish water and land, since SAR backscatter from ice can
exhibit very similar intensities to that from the surrounding land.
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Cont...
Additional factor for monitoring lakes with SAR during;
Winter season (lake frozen, or snow cover) can results greater radar
backscatter
Spring (snowmelt or wet snow) makes it challenging to distinguish
the lake edge since SAR backscatter from wet snow on land and lake
are very low, thus giving poor contrast between the surface types.
A few studies have attempted on detection of LSA during this
challenging season, and interpretation of SAR requires a
greater degree of care to extract accurate information.
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Cont...
The study will involves the following:
Uses SAR images RS to detect lake water level (LWL) and LSA
Consider large SAR dataset in terms of;
• Number of images and period of time covered,
• Consistency of the method over many seasons of data and across a range of
sensor resolutions
Develop processing chain of SAR image that used on any lake as
well as capable of recognizing the LSA of Arekit Lake.
Develop the relationship between in-situ LWL and estimated LSA
Evaluate the accuracy of SAR for LSA and LWL estimates.
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Background
Quantifying changes in LWL and LSA are important for:
Understanding hydrological processes
Assessing water resources
Designing water resource projects
Assessing water resource potential, and
Monitoring environmental changes
RS approaches are emerged as powerful tools:
For detecting and monitoring lake dynamics over a large spatial and
temporal extents.
To provide valuable data on LWL and LSA, which helps decision-
makers.
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Cont...
RS approaches are more advantages than ground-based monitoring
methods.
• It offer repeatable measurements, and assess temporal variations in lake
dynamics
RS provides a synoptic view (simultaneous observation of multiple
lakes across vast areas).
• This broad coverage enables the identification of regional patterns and
trends, and
• Provide a comprehensive understanding of hydrological dynamics.
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Cont...
Some of RS techniques used for detecting lake dynamics are;
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
Optical remote sensing
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR)
Thermal remote sensing
Satellite-based altimetry, and
Multispectral/hyperspectral imaging
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Cont...
• SAR provides high-resolution imagery that capture detailed information of
LWL and LSA
• Optical remote sensing enables the analysis of water reflectance and
shoreline changes
• LiDAR offers accurate elevation models to assess water surface variations
• Thermal helps identify temperature-related changes in LWL
• Altimeters measure the distance between the satellite and water's surface
using laser, which allows to measure the LWL
• Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging provide insights into water quality
parameters
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Statement of Problem
Understanding lake's characteristics, utilization, and potential
impacts are important;
To develop effective strategies for sustainable management and
policy-makers.
Lack of quantitative scientific information on Arekit Lake
dynamics poses a significant problem on its;
• Utilization, management, decision-making processes, etc.
Filling this gap is paramount to ensure;
• Utilization and conservation of Lake Arekit,
• Ultimate safeguard of its ecological integrity and the well-being of the
surrounding community.
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Research Objectives
General objective
Detecting lake dynamics through quantifying lake water level and
surface area changes using remote sensing techniques.
Specific objectives
Assessing in-situ measured lake dynamics like water level
Identifying and analyzing drivers and causes of lake level and
surface area changes
Exploring long-term trends and variations in lake water levels and
surface area
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Methodology
Data
SAR remote sensing approach
• SAR remote sensing (Envisat ASAR, RADARSAT-2, and Sentinel-
1A and B) is considered
• Due to ice cover and wind, other SAR datasets lead to poor contrast
between the lake and the surrounding land and erroneous
classifications.
In-situ lake water level (LWL)
• Helps to derive regression equation between LSA and the in-situ
LWL.
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Cont...
Digital elevation model (DEM)
• Terrain correction is applied to the SAR images using DEM
• Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) version type of DEM is used
Climate data
Response on soil degradation, expansion of agriculture and grazing
land, etc., at Arekit Lake
Software
Generic Synthetic Aperture Radar (GSAR)
ArcGIS
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Cont...
Data processing
Steps of geocoding SAR images using GSAR software is as follows:
a. Calibration using an annotated lookup table from Ground Range Detected
(GRD) high resolution product
b. Multi-looking and pixels averaging to suppress speckle
c. Mapping the selected Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)-projected output
grid to the radar coordinates using DEM
d. Projection of the backscatter product to the output grid using the radar
coordinate mapping and cubic interpolation
Geocoding generates mask files for radar shadow and layover
Small portions of the lake are affected by layover/shadow.
• Imaging geometries in the multi-temporal post-processing avoid this
problem.
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Cont...
A flow diagram of processing of SAR from geocoding images to final temporal LSA
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Cont...
Minimum area mask is applied to each image;
• To correct misclassifications due to wind or snow/ice at the lake surface.
Correcting these effects increases the use of a greater proportion of
the dataset instead of discarding poor classifications.
This mask area is determined through mapping all pixels that are
classified as water that mostly present in all June images.
The area continually updated to take into account that the minimum
area in June during one year is not a representative for other years
• This corrects misclassified pixels occurring within the center of the lake due
to wind or other factors that increase surface roughness and/or backscatter.
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Cont...
Minimum water mask area is utilized for summer and winter images
• For winter classifications pixels classified into class 1 or class 2 (mixed
backscatter),
• Reset all class 2 pixels to class 1 if they are contained within the minimum
mask; if class 2 pixels is outside of this mask belong to the land class.
The difference between summer and winter images is that;
• Pixels with class 3 occurring within the minimum area always remain as
class 3 in winter images, whereas in summer images always be reclassified
to 1.
After these corrections, a detected water mask is constructed by;
• Choosing only the lowest class and median filter to remove any remaining
areas of speckle.
The final water mask is used to calculate the LSA.
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Expected Output
Quantitative lake dynamics on LWL and LSA
Long-term temporal trends of lake dynamics
Relationship between in-situ LWL and LSA of SAR remote
sensing
Evaluation for the accuracy of SAR remote sensing
Summary of key insights and implications of the quantified
lake dynamics
Suggestion on management strategies, monitoring approaches
Further research needed to address the identified changes and
support sustainable lake management.
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Work Plan
S.N Tentative time frame
Job breakdown Nov- Feb- Jun-
Jan Apr Jul
1 Literature reviewing
2 Remote sensing (RS) data analysis
3 In-situ data collection and analysis
4 Processing RS image
5 Extracting LSA
6 Analyzing drivers of lake dynamics
7 Quantifying LWL
8 Developing the relationship of LSA with LWL
and validating the results
9 Organizing the all research document and
submitting
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Budget Summary
S. Cost
Main Activity Description of activity Participant
No (ETB)
1 Data collection
• Bench mark determination and
pointing measurement coordinates
Field data collection of lake • In-situ measurement
• Interview and team discussion with Researchers 350000
water level and surface area
selected stakeholders and elders.
• The general condition of station
Secondary data collection • Historical data collection Researchers 75000
2 Data quality assessment • Evaluating data quality Researchers 35000
3 Spatial data analysis • Spatial model purchase and simulation Researchers 25000
Office work (model • Integrating spatial model output with
4 Researchers 15000
simulation) and verification WMO standards
• Validating model output and
5 Analysis and documentation optimizing model output considering Researchers 12000
climate and financial factors
Total 500000
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